Electrolyte Depletion Research Articles

Development and Optimization of Thin-Lithium-Metal Anodes with a Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Stabilization Coating for Enhancement of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance.

Lithium-ion batteries are dominating high-energy-density energy storage for 30 years. However, their development approaches theoretical limits, spurring the development of lithium-sulfur cells that achieve high energy densities through reversible electrochemical conversion reactions. Nevertheless, the commercialization of lithium-sulfur cells is hindered by practical challenges associated primarily with the use of thick-lithium anodes, low-loading sulfur cathodes, and high electrolyte-to-sulfur ratios, which prevent realization of the cells' full potential in terms of electrochemical and material performance. To solve these extrinsic and intrinsic problems, the effect of lithium-metal thickness on the electrochemical behavior of lithium-sulfur cells with high-loading sulfur cathodes in lean-electrolyte configurations is investigated. Specifically, lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO), a solid electrolyte, is utilized to form an ionically/electronically conductive coating to stabilize lithium-metal anodes, thereby enhancing their lithium-ion pathways and interfacial charge transfer. Electrochemical analyses reveal that an LLTO coating significantly reduces excessive reactions between lithium metal and an electrolyte, thereby minimizing lithium consumption and electrolyte depletion. Further, LLTO-stabilized lithium anodes improve lithium-sulfur cell performance, and most importantly, allow the fabrication of thin-lithium, high-loading-sulfur cells that open a pathway toward high-energy-density batteries.

When and Where Lithium Plating Occurs, Its Correlation with Microstructure Heterogeneity, and the Mechanisms That Initiate and Self-Regulate Electrochemical Heterogeneity

A microstructure scale electrochemical LIB model was used to investigate lithium plating onset, material non-uniform utilization, and in-plane heterogeneities for an NMC-graphite full cell [1]. Model predicts active material particle surface roughness and size distribution (respectively, non-uniform curvature within and between particles) initiate in-plane heterogeneity, and that particle size heterogeneity at the separator interface controls the lithium plating preferential deposition (“Where”). These in-plane heterogeneities are then exacerbated by through-plane heterogeneities induced at fast charge as electrolyte depletion occurs and concentrates intercalation reaction near the anode-separator interface. Also, overall magnitude and occurrence of lithium plating is controlled by effective, or macroscale, microstructure parameters (“When”).As local states of charge start to diverge between nearby active material regions, overpotential differences induced by OCP difference kick in and contribute to reduce these SOC local heterogeneities. However, for staged materials such as graphite, with OCP profile alternating between plateaus and varying regions, this balancing mechanism is, respectively, inactive and active. This leads to a dynamic, non-monotonic, in-plane heterogeneity time evolution for state of charge and Faraday current density, for which their respective in-plane heterogeneity magnitude alternates. Such behavior has been modeled both for the whole electrode at the microstructure scale and at the particle scale. In-plane heterogeneities are usually considered to be detrimental, as they result in material non-uniform utilization (i.e., under and over stressed regions) and earlier degradations. However, this work provides a more granular approach as it discriminates between a harmful in-plane heterogeneity (non-uniform curvature) that triggers SOC in-plane heterogeneity, and a beneficial in-plane heterogeneity (Faraday current density) that contributes to reduce SOC in-plane heterogeneity.This work comprehensively explains the mechanisms that initiate, exacerbate, and regulate heterogeneity at the microstructure scale, while providing some design suggestions to reduce both in-plane and through-plane heterogeneities, as summarized in the graphical abstract.[1] F. L. E. Usseglio-Viretta, A. M. Colclasure, J. Allen, D. P. Finegan, P. Graf, and K. Smith, Microstructure Scale Lithium-ion Battery Modeling, Part I: on lithium plating prediction and heterogeneity, in preparation. Figure 1

Unlocking the Capability of the Lithium Metal Battery Anode through Organofluorine Additives

Metallic lithium as the anode material in batteries offer extraordinarily high specific capacity and low electrochemical potential, allowing lithium metal batteries (LMBs) to achieve gravimetric energy densities unobtainable by traditional intercalation-based chemistry. However, one must control the morphology and composition of its solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in order to suppress the growth of separator-piercing Li dendrites and combat electrolyte depletion. Here, we find the usage of small amounts of organofluorine additives to the commercial ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (EC-DEC) electrolyte mixture improves the specific capacity and capacity retention (>99% over 100 cycles at C/3 rate) of LiNi8.15Co1.5Al0.35O2 (NCA) LMB cells. Esters, carboxylic acids, and ketoesters with various degrees of fluorination were explored as potential electrolyte additives. Figure 1

Analysis of the effectiveness of different schemes of supportive therapy in the prophylaxis of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Objective: To evaluate, in the scenario of rapid infusion, the effectiveness of the different regimens of supportive therapy employed in the prevention of nephrotoxicity and electrolyte depletion induced by cisplatin (CDDP). Methods: Data from patients who used CDDP weekly (30 to 40mg/m2) with an infusion time of 60-120 minutes were analyzed. The regimens evaluated were: saline solution (A), saline solution and mannitol (B), saline solution and magnesium (C) and saline solution with mannitol and magnesium (D). The following laboratory parameters were evaluated: creatinine (Cr), magnesium (Mg) sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). They were subsequently compiled in Microsoft Office Excel® and analyzed in Software R, using with analysis by means of descriptive statistics, developed in accordance with the recommendations of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. Results: The study population evaluated were 46 patients, who received 218 infusions of CDDP. It was observed that schemes A and B had a progressive decrease in Mg. Scheme B had decreased levels of K, Cr and increased Na. In the individual analysis of each cycle, the different schemes of supportive therapy in rapid infusion were equally effective in preventing nephrotoxicity and electrolyte depletion. The schemes used were evaluated for throughout CDDP administrations, the regimen C and D demonstrated efficacy in maintaining renal function throughout multiple administration of CDDP. Conclusion: In the analysis of cumulative doses, regimen C proved to be effective in preserving renal function throughout CDDP administrations. In the individual analysis of each cycle, regardless of the number of times CDDP was administered, protocols C and D, which contained Mg supplementation associated or not with mannitol, were equally effective in preventing nephrotoxicity.

Conductive layer coupled mesoporous hard carbon enabling high rate and initial Coulombic efficiency for potassium ion battery

Hard carbon with rich mesopores is considered as one of the most promising anodes for potassium-ion batteries, resulting from its shortened ions diffusion distance, good electrolyte penetration ability, and highly released stress. However, the well-developed pore channels tend to separate graphite-domains and enlarge direct contact area between electrode/electrolyte, which easily cause discontinuous electrons transfer paths and extra electrolyte depletion, thus leading to poor rate performance and initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Hence, we propose polyaniline conductive layer coated hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS@PAN) tailored based on local protonation reaction strategy, which can enhance conductivity and simultaneously maintain considerable pore structure, accounting for an ultrahigh-rate performance (233.9 mAh/g at 5 A/g) and long cycling life (216.8 mAh/g at 5 A/g over 2000 cycles). Besides, PAN coating can inhibit the direct contact between inner pore channels and electrolyte and reduce the excessive depletion of active ions in the filling of pores with larger pore size, which is conducive to building an even, stable, and inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, resulting in an excellent ICE (70.7%). This work provides a guidance for the structure design of mesopore hard carbon to improve its rate and ICE.

Synergetic Dual-Additive Electrolyte Enables Highly Stable Performance in Sodium Metal Batteries.

Sodium (Na)-metal batteries (SMBs) are considered one of the most promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage market owing to their high theoretical capacity (1,166 mAh g-1) and the abundance of Na raw material. However, the limited stability of electrolytes still hindered the application of SMBs. Herein, sulfolane (Sul) and vinylene carbonate (VC) are identified as effective dual additives that can largely stabilize propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes, prevent dendrite growth, and extend the cycle life of SMBs. The cycling stability of the Na/NaNi0.68Mn0.22Co0.1O2 (NaNMC) cell with this dual-additive electrolyte is remarkably enhanced, with a capacity retention of 94% and a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.9% over 600 cycles at a 5 C (750mA g-1) rate. The superior cycling performance of the cells can be attributed to the homogenous, dense, and thin hybrid solid electrolyte interphase consisting of F- and S-containing species on the surface of both the Na metal anode and the NaNMC cathode by adding dual additives. Such unique interphases can effectively facilitate Na-ion transport kinetics and avoid electrolyte depletion during repeated cycling at a very high rate of 5 C. This electrolyte design is believed to result in further improvements in the performance of SMBs.

Surface Adaptive Dual‐Layer Protection of Li‐metal Anode for Extending Cycle‐Life of Li–Sulfur Batteries with Lean Electrolyte

AbstractBuilding a lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery with lean electrolytes is essential to far exceed the energy density of today's Li‐ion. However, earlier electrolyte depletion triggered by Li‐metal anodes (LMAs) causes sluggish Li–S redox kinetics and poor S utilization, resulting in a short cycle lifespan. To retard the electrolyte loss effectively, sustainable protection of LMAs is necessary against the dynamic interfacial evolution between LMA and protective layers (PLs). This study elucidates two critical parameters in securing the interfacial adaptivity of PLs upon local Li pitting: surface free energy (SFE) and Young's modulus through solid‐mechanic simulations and experiments using three different PL models. To alleviate the PL delamination at the early stage, a dual‐layer structured, adaptive protective layer (APL) is introduced to adapt the Li pitting‐driven structural evolution of the PL|LMA interfaces. The APL consists of a high‐ SFE polymer as an inner layer, reducing the interfacial energy in contact with LMA surface, and a highly stretchable polymer for outer shield, serving as a physical barrier for the electrolyte and Li polysulfides. APL‐coated LMA demonstrates stable cycling of Li–S cells, achieving a twofold extension of cycle‐life compared to unprotected LMA, even superior to other single‐layer PLs.

Entero-Cutaneous and Entero-Atmospheric Fistulas: Insights into Management Using Negative Pressure Wound Therapy.

Enteric fistulas are a common problem in gastrointestinal tract surgery and remain associated with significant mortality rates, due to complications such as sepsis, malnutrition, and electrolyte imbalance. The increasingly widespread use of open abdomen techniques for the initial treatment of abdominal sepsis and trauma has led to the observation of so-called entero-atmospheric fistulas. Because of their clinical complexity, the proper management of enteric fistula requires a multidisciplinary team. The main goal of the treatment is the closure of enteric fistula, but also mortality reduction and improvement of patients' quality of life are fundamental. Successful management of patients with enteric fistula requires the establishment of controlled drainage, management of sepsis, prevention of fluid and electrolyte depletion, protection of the skin, and provision of adequate nutrition. Many of these fistulas will heal spontaneously within 4 to 6 weeks of conservative management. If closure is not accomplished after this time point, surgery is indicated. Despite advances in perioperative care and nutritional support, the mortality remains in the range of 15 to 30%. In more recent years, the use of negative pressure wound therapy for the resolution of enteric fistulas improved the outcomes, so patients can be successfully treated with a non-operative approach. In this review, our intent is to highlight the most important aspects of negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of patients with enterocutaneous or entero-atmospheric fistulas.

Calendar life of lithium metal batteries: Accelerated aging and failure analysis

Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are prime candidates for next-generation energy storage devices. Despite the critical need to understand calendar aging in LMBs; cycle life and calendar life have received inconsistent attention. For acceptance into an application, especially electric vehicles, batteries are required to have sufficient calendar life which is defined as periods of low or intermittent use. In this study, an in-depth exploration into the calendar aging of LMB (Li||Li[Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1]O2 in pouch cell format) is conducted across multiple states-of-charge, temperatures, and pressures. The work identified the key limiting factors in calendar life as electrolyte depletion and increased cell impedance. Consumption of lithium did occur but due to cell design the losses were masked by the excess lithium in the cell design. Application of pressure extends calendar life. Moderate aging condition (i.e., OCV, 70 % SOC, 25 °C, and 10 psi) leads to <1 % reduction in capacity over 18 months. For this condition, the calendar life is conservatively projected at 31 months with an optimistic projection of 13.6 years. Additionally, this work contributes to the development of accelerated aging methods which can include elevated temperature (45 °C) and extended voltage holds which lead to intermittent impacts to cell passivation. The findings of this work strongly suggest that electrode mechanical aspects in addition to the chemical and electrochemical reactivities are important for long LMB calendar life.

Bioactive Ion-Based Switchable Supercapacitors

Switchable supercapacitors enable a reversible electrically driven uptake and release of bioactive ions by polarizing nanoporous carbon electrodes. In this work we demonstrate the first example of a bioactive ion-based switchable supercapacitor. Based on choline chloride and nanoporous carbons with defined porosity we unravel the mechanism of physisorption vs. electrosorption by nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, and impedance spectroscopy. Weak physisorption leads to pronounced electrically driven electrolyte depletion enabling the release and capture of electrolyte ions in highly controllable and reversible manner. A new 4-terminal device structure is proposed, with a main capacitor and a smaller inserted detective capacitor for monitoring bioactive ions electrosorption in situ. Controlling the ion concentration in a printed switchable supercapacitor based on bioactive ions realizes switching down to 8.3% residual capacity.The exploration of electrically driven adsorption mechanisms in printable microdevices will open an avenue of manipulating bioactive ions for the further application of drug delivery, neuromodulation, or neuromorphic devices. Figure 1

Probing the Effectiveness in Stabilizing Lithium Metal Anodes through Functional Additives.

A variety of electrolyte additives were comprehensively evaluated to understand their relative capability in stabilizing lithium metal anode. Although the Li||Cu test is an effective test to rule out ineffective additives, a reliable assessment of individual additives cannot be obtained just by a single evaluation method. Therefore, various methods must be combined to truly assess the stabilization of a lithium anode. Moreover, it was also discovered that a significant depletion of electrolytes occurred during the end-of-life of the lithium batteries, which partially contributed to the sudden failure of the lithium batteries during cycling. However, the main culprit of the sudden failure was identified as the significant increase in the resistance of the lithium metal anode. When used as an additive, cyclic fluorinated carbonates are the most effective in stabilizing the lithium anode and improving the cycling performance of lithium batteries among all the common additives. Despite its cost-effectiveness, the additive in the conventional electrolyte approach provides insufficient protection for lithium metal due to the complete consumption of the additive materials, which is necessary to repair the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Therefore, it is suggested that a larger ratio (>15 wt %) of the SEI former should be employed to achieve effective lithium stabilization.

Understanding the Knee Point of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Physics-Based Modeling of Electrolyte Dry-Out and Gas Bubble Entrapment

This research addresses the performance and degradation characteristics of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), focusing on the implications of electrolyte depletion and gas bubble entrapment within the cell. Using a comprehensive electrochemical-thermal model, this study provides simulation results of electrolyte depletion and gas bubble entrapment and their influence on the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Th study notably explores the battery life beyond the critical “knee-point” - a transition point marking the shift from linear to accelerated capacity decline. An intricate exploration of the relationship between electrolyte saturation levels and various battery parameters, including performance, thermal behavior, and transport properties, is carried out through a detailed mathematical model. The findings highlight the critical impact of electrolyte levels on LIB performance and thermal behavior. It also shows that electrolyte depletion can facilitate lithium plating. Providing insights into electrolyte depletion and gas production processes paves the way for strategies to enhance battery life, safety, and performance, ultimately fostering a deeper understanding of LIB degradation mechanisms.

In situ electrolyte replenishment with atmospheric pressure-chemical/electrochemical vapour deposition for molten carbonate fuel cells

Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) offer several advantages in energy applications, but their lifetime is limited especially by electrolyte depletion. In this study, a novel in situ method for replenishing the electrolyte in MCFCs by injecting gaseous electrolyte precursors (EP) that form liquid electrolyte through reactions with CO2/O2 gases or CO32- ions is introduced. The selection of EP species (LiI, NaI, and KOH) are guided by thermodynamic considerations including high vapour pressures and conversion rates to Li/K or Li/Na carbonates. The proposed approach addresses two electrolytic depletion stages: consumption of the electrolyte in the electrode (Stage 1) and in the matrix pores (Stage 2). Atmospheric-pressure electrochemical vapour deposition (AP-EVD) and atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition (AP-CVD) are demonstrated to replenish electrolyte in the electrode and matrix pores, respectively. The applied techniques sustained a cell with a low (Li/Na)2CO3 electrolyte level for long-term operation (>1,000 h) while maintaining stable performance (>0.8 V at 150 mA cm−2). The method also returned an inactive cell to its normal operating conditions (OCV: 1.054 V, RΩ: 0.61 Ω cm2, (Li/K)2CO3 electrolyte). These results promise enhanced durability of MCFCs and render them much more viable for use in energy applications.

Functional Laminated Fiber Scaffold Based on Titanium Monoxide for Lithium Metal-Based Batteries.

Lithium metal-based rechargeable batteries are attracting increasing attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity and energy density. However, the dendrite growth leads to short circuits or even explosions and rapid depletion of active materials and electrolytes. Here, a functionalized and laminated scaffold (PVDF/TiO@C fiber) based on lithiophilic titanium monoxide is rationally designed to inhibit dendrite growth. Specifically, the bottom TiO@C fiber sublayer provides rich Li nucleation sites and facilitates the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase. Together with the top lithiophobic PVDF sublayer, the prepared freestanding scaffold can effectively suppress the growth of Li dendrite and ensure stable Li plating/stripping. Based on the dendrite-free deposition, the Li/PVDF/TiO@ C fiber anode enables over 1000h at a current density of 1mA cm-2 in a symmetrical cell and delivers superior electrochemical performance in both Li || LFP and Li-S batteries. The functional laminated fiber scaffold design provides essential insights for obtaining high-performance lithium metal anodes.

THU447 Hungry Bone Syndrome Secondary To Denosumab Use In A Patient With Sleeve Gastrectomy

Abstract Disclosure: A. Prabha Kumar: None. M. Shakir: None. B. Sharma: None. O. Syed: None. S. Natarajan: None. M. Dominic: None. Our patient is a 60-year-old woman with significant past medical history of morbid obesity, requiring laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, converted to Single Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileostomy (SADI) 4 months ago. Her comorbidities included Crohn’s disease, chronic lower extremity lymphedema treated with torsemide, spironolactone &amp; metolazone, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) &amp; osteoporosis secondary to prolonged use of steroids for suppression of PsA. She was also chronically on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Since the SADI, patient had diarrhea, an expected complication &amp; was symptomatically managed. She received Denosumab (Prolia) injections for osteoporosis. Her 1st shot was nearly 6 months ago &amp; 2nd was 5 days prior to her presentation at the hospital. She presented with symptoms of tingling over bilateral lower extremities and generalized weakness causing dizziness and fall at home. Vitals were positive for orthostasis. Labs revealed serum calcium 6.7 mg/dL (8.4 - 10.2 mg/dL), magnesium 1.3 mg/dL (1.5 - 2.6 mg/dL), potassium 3.1 mmol/L (3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L) phosphorus 1.7 mg/dL (2.5 - 4.8 mg/dL), 25-Hydroxy Vit D 39 ng/mL (30 - 50 ng/mL) &amp; serum PTH 152 pg/mL (15 - 65 pg/mL). Physical examination and EKG were unremarkable. She received aggressive resuscitation of fluids &amp; electrolytes &amp; was discharged on calcium carbonate 600 mg TID, Vit C 500 mg BID, Vit D 1000 units daily and calcitriol 0.5 mcg BID. PPI was discontinued as it is known to reduce calcium &amp; magnesium absorption. Metolazone was discontinued to prevent electrolyte depletion. Serum calcium normalized to 8.4 mg/dL. She was advised to taper off steroids to avoid further progression of osteoporosis, thereby eliminating the need for Prolia. Prolia is a RANK-L inhibitor given as a subcutaneous injection every 6 months. It works by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts, thereby, preventing bone remodeling &amp; bone loss. It has shown to improve bone mass, microstructure &amp; strength, thus reducing fractures. As a result, regular calcium turnover is affected &amp; serum calcium is housed within bones, causing hypocalcemia &amp; state of “hungry bones”. Risk is especially high in patients with reduced renal function, have recently undergone thyroid surgery, are concurrently on meds like loop diuretics which cause calcium loss. Malabsorptive diarrhea after SADI is an understood complication and can result in Vit D deficiency, hypocalcemia with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Daily calcium &amp; Vit D is recommended after gastric bypass &amp; in patients receiving Prolia, if indicated. Another take away for physicians is to pay special attention to medication reconciliation on admission as medications like Prolia could easily be missed given the infrequent administration. Careful risk stratification &amp; prophylactic supplementation is required in such patients to prevent hypocalcemia. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Polydopamine layer-coated porous Ni foam host for Li metal batteries under lean electrolytic cell operations

Li metal batteries (LMBs) face challenges such as volume change, dendrite growth, electrolyte depletion, and safety concerns. To address these issues, employing three-dimensional (3D) porous substrates and artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers has been proposed for uniform Li ion distribution and interfacial stability. Here, we present a dendrite-free Li metal anode for LMBs operating under lean electrolytic conditions. This is achieved by synergistically combining oxidized 3D Ni foam as a conductive substrate and polydopamine (PDA) coating as an artificial SEI layer. The oxidized 3D Ni foam provides abundant lithiophilic sites with a large surface area for Li-ion deposition, effectively mitigating volume expansion due to its high elastic modulus. The PDA artificial SEI layer acts as a protective barrier, enhancing electrolyte wettability and preventing direct contact with Li metal surface. The PDA-coated oxidized 3D Ni foam demonstrates stabilized operation in full cell even with a small amount of electrolyte, achieving a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 99 % over 150 cycles and an exceptionally low voltage hysteresis (∼10 mV) for over 400 h. Our approach utilizing the highly conductive 3D foam substrate and the passivating PDA SEI layer enables outstanding electrochemical performance, opening avenues for future research on commercially viable LMBs.

Mckittrick- Wheelock syndrome (MKWS) - Rare cause of recurrent electrolyte derangements with hypotension and falls in elderly patients

We report a case of an 82-year-old gentleman presenting with recurrent hypokalaemia, renal impairment, postural hypotension and falls. Further investigations revealed large villous recto-sigmoid tumour associated with secretary diarrhoea in the closed bowel loop causing electrolyte depletion leading to hypotension and falls.

Perspective on the mechanism of mass transport-induced (tip-growing) Li dendrite formation by comparing conventional liquid organic solvent with solid polymer-based electrolytes

A major challenge of Li metal electrodes is the growth of high surface area lithium during Li deposition with a variety of possible shapes and growing mechanisms. They are reactive and lead to active lithium losses, electrolyte depletion and safety concerns due to a potential risk of short-circuits and thermal runaway. This work focuses on the mechanism of tip-growing Li dendrite as a particular high surface area lithium morphology. Its formation mechanism is well-known and is triggered during concentration polarization, i.e. during mass (Li+) transport limitations, which has been thoroughly investigated in literature with liquid electrolytes. This work aims to give a stimulating perspective on this formation mechanism by considering solid polymer electrolytes. The in-here shown absence of the characteristic “voltage noise” immediately after complete concentration polarization, being an indicator for tip-growing dendritic growth, rules out the occurrence of the particular tip-growing morphology for solid polymer electrolytes under the specific electrochemical conditions. The generally poorer kinetics of solid polymer electrolytes compared to liquid electrolytes imply lower limiting currents, i.e. lower currents to realize complete concen­tration polarization. Hence, this longer-lasting Li-deposition times in solid polymer electro­lytes are assumed to prevent tip-growing mechanism via timely enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation on fresh Li deposits, while, as stated in previous literature, in liquid electrolytes, Li dendrite tip-growth process is faster than solid electrolyte interphase forma­tion kinetics. It can be reasonably concluded that tip-growing Li dendrites are in general practically unlikely for both, (i) the lower conducting electrolytes like solid polymer electro­lytes due to enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation and (ii) good-conducting electro­lytes like liquids due to an impractically high current required for concentration polarization.

Heavy Use of Diuretics vs. Ultrafiltration in Cardiorenal Overload Syndrome: A Literature Review

The Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS) is a complex clinical entity that involves a bidirectional interaction between the heart and kidneys, with a high incidence among patients with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Volume overload is a central feature of CRS, and its optimal management poses a challenge for healthcare professionals. In this context, both the intensive use of diuretics and ultrafiltration have gained prominence as therapeutic strategies to address volume overload and alleviate systemic congestion in patients with CRS. Objective: This review aims to critically compare the efficacy, safety, and practical considerations of the intensive use of diuretics versus ultrafiltration in the management of volume overload in CRS. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, encompassing studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses comparing the two therapeutic approaches in CRS. Results: The intensive use of diuretics, particularly loop diuretics, has been widely employed due to its rapid action and availability in various clinical settings. Diuretics effectively increase sodium and water excretion, resulting in reduced circulating volume and relief of pulmonary and peripheral congestion. On the other hand, ultrafiltration offers a more precise and controlled elimination of fluids, potentially benefitting patients sensitive to fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Ultrafiltration may be a viable option in patients with diuretic resistance or those at risk of electrolyte depletion. However, current evidence is limited and inconclusive regarding the superiority of one strategy over the other in terms of efficacy. Conclusion: The choice between the intensive use of diuretics and ultrafiltration should be based on individualized patient assessment, considering the severity of volume overload, renal function, diuretic tolerance, and comorbidities. Both therapeutic approaches have advantages and drawbacks, and a one-size-fits-all approach is not suitable for CRS management. Further large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are required to establish the optimal therapeutic approach in CRS. Multidisciplinary collaboration and personalized treatment based on evidence and clinical experience are crucial for optimizing clinical outcomes and improving the quality of life of patients with CRS and volume overload.

Hybrid High‐Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Graphite Cathodes Enabling Rechargeable Batteries with Simultaneous Anion‐ and Cation Storage

AbstractA hybrid cathode concept that targets combining the specific advantages of Li‐ion batteries and dual‐ion batteries is proposed. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), (de)inserting Li+, and graphite, capable to (de)intercalate PF6− present in the electrolyte, are combined in one cathode, aiming for synergy effects due to the presence of two electrochemically active species to overcome rate limitations caused by electrolyte depletion. Hybrid cathodes of different compositions and designs are prepared and investigated regarding their properties and the storage mechanism using electrochemical analyses combined with operando XRD and extensive materials characterization, including scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Finally, hybrid cathodes with higher areal capacity are prepared and investigated regarding rate performance. Model‐based analysis of the results reveals design criteria and material properties required to achieve synergistic effects between the components in hybrid cathodes. These insights lay the foundation for a new type of battery with advantageous properties in terms of cost, environmental friendliness, and electrochemical performance.