Electrode Materials For Supercapacitors Research Articles

β-Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles@activated sugarcane bagasse carbon nanocomposites as an advanced hybrid electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors

β-Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles (NPs)@activated sugarcane bagasse carbon (ASBC) nanocomposites (N@ASBC NCps) with different Ni loadings were synthesized using a hydrothermal process. The products were characterized using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy (FE-SEM and TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Electrochemical performance of the products was studied. Interestingly, the maximum specific capacitance of 1213.32 F/g at 1 A/g could be achieved in a 3N@ASBC NCps positive electrode. Concurrently, the ASBC negative electrode revealed a high specific capacitance of 233.34 F/g at 1 A/g. Additionally, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC), ASC-ASBC//3N@ASBC NCps, had a specific capacitance (Csc) of 34.03 F/g at 1 A/g with a specific energy density (Ed) and specific power density (Pd) of 9.93 Wh/kg and 181.26 W/kg, respectively. Moreover, the device could maintain 69.47% of its capacity after a 5000-cycle test.

Non-preoxidation synthesis of MXene integrated flexible carbon film for supercapacitors

Although the flexible carbon film integrated with MXene has been proven to be a new generation of supercapacitor material with good energy storage prospects, the MXene oxidation and the lack of active sites during the preparation of the carbon film can lead to irreversible capacity loss. Herein, a flexible carbon film constructed by MXene-integrated N-doped cavity-interconnected porous carbon nanofibers was prepared by a non-pre-oxidation synthesis strategy combining electrospinning and metal–organic framework derivatization. This flexible carbon film overcomes the oxidation problem of MXene during the stabilization of polyacrylonitrile, and the derived porous structure of cavity interconnection exposes more active sites. Due to its unique structural characteristics and ideal chemical composition, this independent flexible carbon film exhibits significantly enhanced electrochemical performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors. It exhibits an energy density of 26.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1, and a capacitance retention rate of 96.3 % after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. This study provides a unique strategy for the preparation of high-performance flexible carbon films, and this technology can also be extended to other integrated CNF composites for the design of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.

Biomass nanoarchitectonics with activated rice husk char for nanoporous carbon as electrode material: Enhancing supercapacitor electrochemical performance

Nanoporous carbon from activated rice husk char was prepared via KOH activation at different ratios of rice husk: KOH, for using as electrode material in supercapacitor. The electrode could exhibit high performance in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolytes, particularly in terms of specific capacitance and power density. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed a high specific surface area of 2833 m²/g with a mesoporous structure in a sample activated with a 1:3 ratio of rice husk to KOH. In this sample, a high specific capacitance of 195.36 F/g was obtained at a current density of 1 A/g with excellent cycle stability of 99.87 % after continuous charge/discharge test for 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g. Furthermore, the fabricated symmetric coin cell exhibits a power density of 526.88 W/kg and an energy density of 14.77 Wh/kg. The practical application of this cell is demonstrated by its ability to power a 3 V LED light bulb for over 900 s.

Algae Derived Carbon from Hydrothermal Liquefaction as Sustainable Carbon Electrode Material for Supercapacitor

With the worldwide awareness of sustainability, biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors have attracted growing attention. In this research, for the first time, we explored the feasibility of making use of the carbon byproduct from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae, termed herein as algae-derived carbon (ADC), to prepare sustainable carbon electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor development. Specifically, we investigated carbon activation with a variety of activating reagents as well as N- and Fe-doping of the obtained ADC with the intention to enhance its electrochemical performance. We characterized the structure of the activated and doped ADCs using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and BET surface area and pore analysis, and correlated the ADCs’ structure with their electrochemical performance as evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), impedance, and cycle stability through an assembled symmetric two-electrode cell with 1 M H2SO4 as electrolyte. It was found that the ADC that is activated using KOH (KOH-ADC) showed the best electrochemical performance, and its specific capacitance was 14.1-fold larger with respect to that of the raw ADC and reached 234.5 F/g in the GCD test at a current density of 0.5 A/g. The KOH-ADC also demonstrated excellent capacitance retention (97% after 10,000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A/g) for stable long-term operations. This research pointed out a promising direction to develop sustainable electrode materials for supercapacitors from the carbon byproduct produced after HTL processing of algae.

Fabrication of porous Ni–Co LDH@rGO nanocomposites as efficient electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor

Fabrication of porous Ni–Co LDH@rGO nanocomposites as efficient electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor

Sputter Deposited Crystalline MoO2 Films as a High-Capacity and Stable Electrode Material for Supercapacitors: Mechanistic/Electrochemical Insights

In this work, we have optimized and fabricated pristine molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) electrodes over the Silicon (Si) substrate and examined the impact of various ion-loaded aqueous electrolytes on their electrochemical behavior. The sputtered electrodes exhibited a high crystalline structure and a very low resistivity. These highly conductive electrodes were tested in three different aqueous electrolytes (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) to establish a relation between the electrode and the nature of the electrolyte to achieve optimal electrochemical performance and cyclability. The electrochemical kinetics showed that the charge storage mechanism was unique for all the electrolytes. The capacitive current was dominant in the neutral electrolyte, whereas it was diffusive dominant in alkaline and 70% capacitive in the acidic electrolyte. Our findings indicated that the MoO2@Si electrode exhibited superior electrochemical activity in an acidic electrolyte. The electrode showed a voltage window of 0.6 V with an areal capacity of 24 mF/cm2 at 0.1 V/s scan rate. Moreover, the electrode also demonstrated excellent cyclability and capacitance retention (∼145%) till 5000 cycles. These results highlighted that the binder-free MoO2@Si electrode showed outstanding electrochemical activity and stability, which makes it suitable for sulfuric acid electrolyte-based energy storage systems.

Development of lignin hydrogel reinforced polypyrrole rich electrode material for supercapacitor and sensing applications

The preparation of natural polymer-based highly conductive hydrogels with reliable durability for applications in supercapacitors (SCs) is still challenging. Herein, a facile method to prepare alkaline lignin (AL)-based polypyrrole (PPy)-rich, high-conductive PPy@AL/PEGDGE gel was reported, where AL was used as a dopant, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) as a cross-linking agent, and PPy as a conducting polymer. The PPy@AL/PEGDGE gel electrode materials with hollow structures were prepared by electrochemical deposition and chemical etching method and then assembled into sandwich-shaped SCs. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanotactic charge discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cycling stability tests of the PPy@AL/PEGDGE SCs were performed. The results demonstrated that the SCs can achieve a conductivity of 25.9 S·m−1 and a specific capacitance of 175 F·g−1, which was 127.4 % higher compared to pure PPy (77 F·g−1) electrode. The highest energy density and power density for the SCs were obtained at 23.06 Wh·kg−1 and 5376 W·kg−1, respectively. In addition, the cycling performance was also higher than that of pure PPy assembled SCs (50 %), and the capacitance retention rate can reach 72.3 % after 1000 cycles. The electrode materials are expected to be used as sensor and SCs devices.

Designing the redox activity of CuMoO4 electrodes on N-rich reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for high performance supercapacitor

In this investigation, environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrode materials of CuMoO4 coated on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (CMO/NRGO) nanocomposite were fabricated using a low-cost hydrothermal method. This supercapacitor has currently attracted devices and long-time stability. The electrochemical behavior of the system was investigated with working electrodes coated on Ni foam substrate in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. The findings revealed substantial advancements in specific capacitance for the fabricated electrode, attaining a value of 629.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. An asymmetric capacitor was fabricated by using CMO/NRGO (CuMoO4/N doped rGO) and activated carbon (AC). It design enables the hybrid capacitor to attain a balance between EDLC and PC characteristics, making it suitable for applications requiring both efficient energy storage and rapid charge/discharge capabilities. In 1.4 voltage range, an asymmetric capacitor shows good energy and power (42.85 Wh kg−1 at 580.36 W kg−1) density. After 6000 cycles, it retains 87.2 % of capacitance value. The obtained results suggest that CMO/NRGO electrode exhibits significant for developing the effective and long-lasting energy storage systems.

FeMn-LDH/Ni(OH)2 with unique flower-like heterostructure as electrode material for supercapacitor

FeMn-LDH/Ni(OH)2 with unique flower-like heterostructure as electrode material for supercapacitor

Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole-Protected Y2O3 Binary Composite: A Promising Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole-Protected Y2O3 Binary Composite: A Promising Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

Onion Seed Essential Oil-Grafted Zerovalent Copper Nanoparticles as Promising Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes in Energy Storage Device

Onion Seed Essential Oil-Grafted Zerovalent Copper Nanoparticles as Promising Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes in Energy Storage Device

Mechanism research progress on transition metal compound electrode materials for supercapacitors

Mechanism research progress on transition metal compound electrode materials for supercapacitors

Conducting Polymers–Metal Chalcogenides Hybrid Composite: Current Trends and Future Prospects Toward Supercapacitor Applications

Conducting polymers have grown in popularity as electrode materials in supercapacitors due to their polymeric mechanical structure and outstanding conductivity. Nanostructured conducting polymers, in particular, have been the focus due to unique properties such as higher surface area, shorter diffusion lengths for ion transport, and a high electrochemical nature. Nonetheless, the volumetric expansion of conducting polymer electrodes after long charge–discharge cycles reduces capacitance retention. Metal chalcogenides, on the other hand, are distinguished from other metallic compounds by their distinctive 2D structure, large theoretical capacities, abundant electrochemical active sites, and tunable shape, enabling them as a potential candidature when combined with conducting polymers to produce a composite material taking “material mutualism” to enhance the properties. Hence, the review focuses on recent advancement in the field of creating conducting polymers–metal chalcogenides composite for supercapacitors. It especially covers how nanoarchitecture, composition, and doping affect the electrochemical characteristics of these composites. A brief introduction of several synthesis procedures is also offered, which includes chemical approaches with and without templates or binder additives. Furthermore, noteworthy works on the fabrication of symmetric and asymmetric devices are highlighted.

Synergistic effect of co-sputtered tungsten-titanium nitride as electrode material for efficient hybrid supercapacitors

The dawn of bimetallic transition metal nitrides has attracted considerable interest as battery grade electrode material for potential energy storage applications. In addition, it is essential to investigate binder-free processes to improve the performance of the fabricated electrodes. In this study, binder-free tungsten‑titanium nitrides (W-TiN) are deposited through RF/DC magnetron co-sputtering onto the conducting nickel foam (NF). SEM, EDX and X-ray diffraction are exploited to investigate surface morphology, elemental composition, and structural properties of sputtered materials. The W-TiN electrodes are characterized through electrochemical investigation in half-cell configuration. The tested W-TiN electrode is further utilized with activated carbon (AC) electrode to develop hybrid supercapacitor device W-TiN//AC. The hybrid device revealed a maximum energy density (Es) of 88.8 Wh/kg and power density (Ps) 1700 W /kg. To further understand the mechanism of hybrid devices, the capacitive and diffusive contributions are computed using linear and quadradic models. This study provides a new direction to integrate co-sputtered binder-free electrode materials and devices for large scale production of advanced hybrid energy storage devices.

Heteroatom(S) (N, S, P) Co‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Based Binder‐Free Novel Energy Storage Electrode Material for High Energy Density Supercapacitor

AbstractThis manuscript reports a one‐pot synthesis of ternary heteroatoms (N/S/P) co‐doped reduced graphene oxide as an electrode material by simultaneous reduction/doping of/into graphene oxide employing eco‐friendly natural molecule(s) (thiamine monophosphate (TM) and thiamine pyrophosphate (TP)) under mild heating (≤60 °C) and near‐neutral pH (≤8) conditions. It produces N, S, P co‐doped rGO‐TM and N, S, P co‐doped rGO‐TP nanohybrids displaying a well‐connected porous microstructure with significantly doped atomic(%) ‐N (10.0%), S (4.1%), P (0.1%) and N (6.7%), S (2.0%), and P (0.5%), respectively. The symmetric supercapacitor designed using N, S, P‐rGO‐TM‐10 in water‐in‐salt 17 m NaClO4 electrolyte exhibits stable cell voltage of 3.0 V, superb gravimetric energy density (areal energy density) of 47.9 Wh kg−1@522.8 W g−1 (0.2363 Wh cm−2@ 2.5 W cm−2); the excellent cyclic stability (88.8 %) and Coulombic efficiency (99.2%) even after 20 000 cycles. Their energy storage capability is corroborated by the illumination of 109 white LEDs upon lighting a single SSC for 50 s each, driving a motor to run a fan, and forming the tandem device by joining three such cells in series.

Characterization of manufacturing material and carbon nanohybrid for renewable energy and storage systems

Scientists are exploring advanced energy alternatives to compete with rising fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions due to population growth and technological advancements. Supercapacitors are highly efficient systems for storing energy due to their specific capacitance and power density, meeting modern energy storage demands. Perovskite and carbon-based materials have emerged as the most effective materials in this respect. In this work, SrSnO3/rGO nanohybrid is chosen as the supercapacitor electrode material for the very first time and a range of characterization techniques are employed to ascertain the structural and textural characteristics of the composite. The physicochemical properties of the SrSnO3 included rGO are shown to have a greater surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and a lower resistance. It is demonstrated that the rGO improved quicker ion diffusion channels for the increased redox performance in the SrSnO3/rGO nanohybrid. Additionally at 1 A/g, the SrSnO3/rGO nanohybrid has an elevated specific capacitance of 1385 F/g along with energy and power density of 66 Wh/kg and 293 W/kg, respectively in a three-electrode system. During the two electrode observations, the revealed Cs of SrSnO3/rGO nanohybrid was 122 F/g at 1 A/g with 66 Wh/kg and 293 W/kg of energy density and power density, respectively. The SrSnO3/rGO nanohybrid has exceptional functionality, as demonstrated by its 65 h stability examination via chronoamperometry and a modest drop in its CV polarization curve area after the 5000th cycle of the CV stability analysis. These evaluated results point to the nanohybrid's promising future.

Synthesis of polythiophene with zigzag morphology on pencil graphite electrode and investigation of energy storage properties in supercapacitors

AbstractHerein, polythiophene-based supercapacitor electrode materials were successfully synthesized by the electropolymerization method. Thymol blue, bromothymol blue, and bromophenol blue were added to the polythiophene polymerization medium as dopants, and the energy storage properties of the thiophene-based electrode material were investigated. Polythiophene/bromothymol blue (PTh/BTB) gave the polythiophene an interesting zigzag morphology, which is unique in the literature (specific surface area of PTh/BTB and PTh: 32.629 m2 g−1 and 13.812 m2 g−1). The electrode performance of PTh/BTB shows a maximum specific capacitance of 443.5 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. The symmetrical supercapacitor achieved a maximum energy density of 9.7 Wh kg−1 and a maximum power density of 5000 W kg−1. The capacitance retention value exhibited a steady state of 79.2% up to 10,000 cycles. Graphical abstract

Ultrafast Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Porous NiCo Layered Double Hydroxide Nanospheres for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Currently, new clean energy storage technology must be effective, affordable, and ecologically friendly so as to meet the diverse and sustainable needs of the energy supply. In this work, NiCo-LDH containing intercalated EG was successfully prepared within 210 s using an ultrafast microwave radiation technique. Subsequently, a series of characterization and systematic electrochemical tests were conducted to analyze the composition, structure, and energy storage mechanism of the NiCo-LDH material. The Ni:Co ratio of 5:5 results in the highest capacitance value of 2156 F/g at 1 A/g and an outstanding rate performance of 86.8% capacity retention rate at 10 A/g. The results demonstrated that the unique porous structure of NiCo-LDH and large layer spacing were conducive to more electrochemical reactions. Additionally, an electrochemical test was carried out on the NiCo-LDH as a hybrid supercapacitor electrode material, with NiCo-LDH-5:5 serving as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode, the asymmetric supercapacitor can achieve a maximum energy density of 82.5 Wh kg-1 and power density of 8000 W kg-1. The NiCo-LDH-5:5//AC hybrid supercapacitors own 81.5% cycle stability and 100% coulombic efficiency after 6000 cycles at 10 A/g.

Investigations on supercapacitor performance of novel ZnO-CeO2-rGO nanohybrid prepared via hydrothermal method for energy storage applications and their charge storage mechanism

Nanohybrids which can utilize the synergistic effect to enhance the electrochemical activity as an electrode material for supercapacitor has gained immense interest recently.Here,we report a ZnO-CeO2-rGO ternary nanohybrid synthesized via hydrothermal method which can combine the pesuedocapacitance nature of transition metal oxide and electric double layer behavior of reduced graphene oxide. The electrochemical activity was thoroughly investigated using cyclic voltammometry(CV) and galvanostatic charge discharge for the ternary using a two electrode set up with 2 M KOH as the electrolyte. Cyclic stability analysis was done and impedance analysis was carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the samples the best electrochemical performance was observed for ZnO –CeO2-rGO (Ter-2) with weight ratio 85:10:5. Ter-2 exhibited specific capacitance of 26 F/g from CV in the 2-electrode setup and a capacity retention as high as 93 % even after 5000 cycles of charge-discharge. It was observed that the addition of rGO improved the cyclic stablity as well as specific capacitance. Systematic analysis of charge storage mechanism was done using Dunn's and Trasatti's method. The results substantiate that Ter-2 is a potential supercapacitor electrode material with excellent electrochemical activity.

The incorporation of cobalt ions into hydroxyapatite nanostructure for a novel range of electrochemical energy storage applications

Supercapacitors (SCs) have garnered extensive attention for their notable advantages, including extended cycle life, high energy density, and cost-effectiveness. Due to their large energy storage capacity and high output power, the development of pseudocapacitive materials for energy-oriented applications has been of great importance. The integration of nanoscale active materials in batteries results in faster redox kinetics. Consequently, alters the material's electrochemical characteristics from battery-like to pseudocapacitive-like behavior driven by enhanced surface area and reduced diffusion routes. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of pure hydroxyapatite and Co2+-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles as electrode materials for SCs. The pure HAP and Co2+-doped HAP nanoparticles were synthesized via the Sol-Gel method. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the developed electrode. The highest values of specific capacitance (Csp) and energy density for the SC with Co2+-doped HAP nanoparticles electrode were obtained at 324 F g−1 and 145.8 Wh kg−1, respectively, at a current density of 1.2 A g−1. According to the data above, Co2+-doped HAP nanoparticles can be used as a substitute to improve electrochemical performance in energy storage applications.