Electrode Material For High-performance Supercapacitors Research Articles

Direct solid–vapor approach to 2D FeCoNiP@N-graphene-CNTs as robust electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

Carbon supported bi(tri)-metallic phosphides are well known high-active electrode nanomaterials as it poses multiple redox sites, excellent electrochemical reversibility, and stability. In spite of that the synthesis of metal phosphides are limited as it involves multiple steps, harsh preparation conditions and often pose poor metal-support interactions. Herein, a simple and direct one-step solvent-free solid–vapor method was developed for the fabrication of bi(tri)-metallic phosphides supported N-graphene/N-CNTs 2D-nanosandwidch, first report to the best of our knowledge. Unique surface morphology, high surface area, good thermal stability and strong metal-support interaction, were confirmed for the as prepared electrocatalysts (FeNiP/NCNTs, FeCoP/NCNTs and FeNiCoP/NCNTs). In three electrode system, the FeNiCoP/NCNTs showed highest specific capacitance of 1479F/g at 1 A/g in 3 M KOH and excellent cycling stability, with capacitance retention of 90.8 % over 5000 cycles. Interestingly in the two-electrode system, the FeNiCoP/NCNTs demonstrated impressive capacitance of 245F/g at 1 A/g, power density of 10567 W/kg and energy density of 66.7 Wh/kg, with excellent retention of 91.5 % over 5000 cycles. The direct one-step preparation and high electrochemical performance inclusively promote the present FeNiCoP/NCNTs (with low metal loading of less than 10 wt%) as a promising supercapacitor electrode nanomaterial for energy storage applications.

Ni-In-oxalate nanostructure as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors

Energy storage technologies play a crucial role in addressing the intermittent characteristics of renewable energy sources, improving the stability of electrical grids, and decreasing the release of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we presented nickel indium oxalate (Ni1-xInxC2O4) as a promising material with potential applications in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The as-prepared Ni-In- oxalate sample was subjected to different physical characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Regarding the electrochemical energy storage capability, the Ni1-xInxC2O4 electrode material exhibited a specific capacitance of 835 F g-1 (417.5 C g-1) at 1 A g-1. The incorporation of nickel into the indium oxalate nanoplates enhances their electrochemical performance. The presence of nickel in the nanoplates generated from substrate, improving the overall conductivity of the material and enhances its electrochemical reactions, thus leading to improved energy storage capabilities.

Preparation of lignite-based porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor and the correlation between pore structures and electrochemical performance

Porous carbon exhibits considerable potential in energy storage field due to its remarkable electrical conductivity and adjustable pore structure. Nevertheless, the electrochemical performance of the material will be significantly impacted by its unreasonable pore structure. In this study, lignite was used as raw material to prepare lignite-based porous carbon by one-step activation method and the pore structure was optimized to improve its electrochemical performance and expand the utilization of low-rank coal. The results reveal that the porous carbon prepared at 600 °C has a higher specific surface area (940 m2 g−1) and a suitable pore structure (71 % mesopore), which enable adequate charge storage and fast transport of electrolyte ions, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. In the three-electrode system, the lignite-based porous carbon exhibits a notable specific capacity of 331 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and retains 96.4 % initial capacitance after undergoing 10,000 cycles. When assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor, the device provides an energy density of 6.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 250 W kg−1. Even after 10,000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate is kept at 91 %, and the coulombic efficiency remains close to 100 %. These findings demonstrate that cost-effective porous carbon can be prepared by a simple route using lignite, hence exhibiting promise as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

MOF-derived dessert rose like ZnMn2O4 electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

MOF-derived dessert rose like ZnMn2O4 electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

Tin sulfide dendritic hybrids enhanced by metallic carbon nanotubes for superior supercapacitor performance

This study presents a facile, one-step solvothermal approach to enhance the performance of SnS2-based supercapacitor electrodes through the incorporation of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWNTs) via a one-step solvothermal method. The resulting dendritic heterostructures exhibit significantly improved electrochemical properties compared to pristine SnS2. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, XPS, FE-SEM, and BET analysis reveals that m-SWNT incorporation leads to a significant 111.3 % increase in specific surface area and a 255.1 % increase in pore volume for the optimized SNSC5 sample. This structural modification translates to enhanced electrochemical performance, with SNSC5 demonstrating a high specific capacitance of 161 F.g−1 at 1 A.g−1, excellent cyclic stability (94.2 % retention after 5000 cycles), and a high power density of 84.7 Wkg−1. The synergistic effect of the dendritic morphology and m-SWNT network facilitates improved electron transport and ion accessibility. Furthermore, a symmetric solid-state supercapacitor device based on SNSC5 successfully powered LEDs when charged by a solar panel, showcasing its potential for practical energy storage applications. This work provides valuable insights into the design of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation supercapacitors.

A High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials Based on Carbon Quantum Dots Originated from Bamboo Leaves of Southeast Sulawesi Doped with nanomagnetite Derived from Iron Sands

A High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials Based on Carbon Quantum Dots Originated from Bamboo Leaves of Southeast Sulawesi Doped with nanomagnetite Derived from Iron Sands

Hierarchical porous MXene film with diffusion path optimization for supercapacitor

MXenes have immense potential in electrochemical energy storage owing to their outstanding physicochemical properties such as their oxygen-containing groups that impart additional pseudocapacitance to acidic electrolytes. However, during electrode assembly, MXene nanosheets undergo restacking because of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, which causes electrolyte ions to traverse long diffusion pathways between the long and narrow nanosheets. Exploiting the oxidative properties of Ti3C2Tx, a hierarchical porous MXene film with micro-, meso- and macroporous structures was successfully prepared using a simple hydrothermal oxidation and etching process to create micro- and mesoporous structures, followed by ice templating to prepare three-dimensional (3D) linked macroporous structures. Because these hierarchical pores have synergistic effects on electrochemical activity and electrolyte ion diffusion, the film attained a specific capacitance of 539F/g at a current density of 2 A/g when it was used as a supercapacitor electrode, which corresponds to one of the highest values reported for MXene-based electrodes. The film retained 83% of its specific capacitance when the current density was increased to 40 A/g, and exhibited excellent cycling stability. By using this multi-porous MXene design, synergistic improvement in ion diffusion was successfully realized and thus a new strategy to prepare high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials was developed.

V2O5-MnO2 nanocomposites as an efficient electrode material for high-performance aqueous supercapacitors

Redox-active supercapacitors are very interesting due to their high energy density (>25 Wh kg−1 at device level) and redox charge storage mechanism. In this work, V2O5-MnO2 nanocomposites are synthesized by a scalable hydrothermal approach. MnO2 in V2O5 provides better structural stability with reasonable electrochemical performance, in which V2O5 enhances the cyclic stability and rate capabilities. The V2O5-MnO2 -based electrodes deliver a specific capacitance of 266 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and are stable up to 6500 cycles with 97 % capacitance retention at 5 A g−1. The kinetic study depicts that composite electrodes have a 64 % diffusive and 36 % capacitive charge storage contribution to the overall charge storage at 1 mV s−1. In symmetric full cells, the composite materials show a wide active potential window of 2.5 V and retain 83 % capacitance after 10000 continuous GCD cycles at an applied current density of 2 A g−1. The promising charge storage performance is due to a suitable conducting matrix and the effective coating of MnO2 nanoparticles over the unique V2O5 niddle shape (two-dimensional) micro-rods.

Electrochemical analysis of sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesized mesoporous strontium titanate spherical nanoparticles as electrode material for high-performance flexible supercapacitors

Perovskite oxides with large specific surface areas present a promising avenue for enhancing supercapacitor efficiency. This study investigates the remarkable charge storage capabilities of strontium titanate (SrTiO3, STO) synthesized via sol-gel and hydrothermal techniques for electrochemical energy storage applications. The cubic crystal structure of STO, confirmed from X-ray Diffraction analysis, synthesized at lower temperatures through both methods, provides three-dimensional diffusion channels for oxygen anion movement, which is crucial for improving charge storage capacity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the elements’ oxidation states and their spin-orbit splitting. The spherical nanoparticle morphology was observed in the FESEM images, BET characterization revealed a high specific surface area contributing to more charge storage and mesoporous nature facilitates excellent mass transfer rates of electrolytic ions. Electrochemical measurements and calculations confirmed that sol-gel and hydrothermally synthesized STO electrodes exhibit maximum specific capacitances of 130 F g−1 and 156 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1, respectively. A fabricated flexible supercapacitor device in an aqueous medium maintains a constant voltage of 1.2 V, capable of powering a digital watch. Hence, this study demonstrates the potential of STO electrode-based supercapacitors for a wide range of electrochemical energy storage applications.

Capacitive behaviors for surface-sulfonated polyaniline nanofibers in different acidic electrolytes

Abstract Unique surface-sulfonated polyaniline nanofibers (PANI-S) were fabricated through one-pot polymerization to evaluate the feasibility of their applications as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors that can be operated in relatively weak acidic electrolytes. Benefiting from the self-doping effect and improved dispersion in aqueous solution for the nanofibers, as well as the effective buffering function of the electrolyte, the PANI-S exhibits excellent capacitive performance across a broad pH value range in acidic electrolytes. More clearly, the specific capacitance of the PANI-S remains remarkably stable, ranging from 752.4 to 754.4 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 and from 575.4 to 536.8 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, as the pH value of the electrolyte varies from 0 to 6. However, the capacity retention rate of PANI-S gradually decreases from 79.2% to 37.2% as the current density increases from 1 A g−1 to 20 A g−1, with the pH of the buffered solution increasing from 0 to 6. The excellent electrochemical activity in low acidic electrolytes for PANI nanofibers can be attributed to the compensation effects of the self-doped local proton reservoir.

High-performance NF-loaded F-NiFe-LDH/rGO nanoflower/nanosheet composite electrode material achieving enhanced specific capacitance and energy density for supercapacitor

High-performance nanostructured F-NiFe-LDH/rGO composite electrode materials with F-NiFe-LDH nanoflowers and rGO nanosheets are synthesized in a controlled hydrothermal method by leveraging the strong synergistic effects between the components, enabling the construction of F-NiFe-LDH/rGO//AC asymmetric supercapacitors. The incorporation of rGO significantly enhances electron transport, resulting in an exceptional specific capacitance of 2860 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, with a remarkable capacity retention of 102 % after 1000 cycles. This represents a notable improvement in electrochemical energy storage, with surface-controlled capacitance contributing more in alkaline electrolytes for F-NiFe-LDH/rGO composite compared to F-NiFe-LDH alone. The asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibits a specific capacitance of 354 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, maintaining 92.31 % of its initial capacitance after 1000 charge/discharge cycles at 5 A g−1, and achieves an impressive energy density of 110 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g−1. The innovation of this work lies in the controllable preparation of nanostructured F-NiFe-LDH-rGO supercapacitor electrode material with enhanced specific capacitance and energy density by the synergistic effect between F-NiFe-LDH and rGO. This work offers a solid foundation for creating high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials and devices for energy storage applications.

NiMoO4@NiSe2 microspheres as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor

Supercapacitors as novel sustainable energy conversion systems have been a hot spot owing to their high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stabilities. However, the poor electron conductivity limits their further applications. Herein, we synthesize NiMoO4@NiSe2 samples by a controllable hydrothermal route. The heterogeneous structure consists of high conductive nanosheets and high capacitive particles. It can slow down the collapse of electrode materials and enhance the conductivity of material. It also facilitates ion diffusion and faradaic redox reaction, thereby improves the electrochemical performance. The as-synthesized electrode presents a specific capacity of 1193 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 and maintains 82.9 % of the initial capacitance after 10,000 times cycles. A hybrid capacitor is constructed using the composites as the electrode material. It possesses a capacitance of 101 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 and 85.8 % of the retention rate after 10,000 times charging-discharging. This impressive performance of composite could be attributed to their mesoporous surface with high specific surface area (48 m2g-1). Moreover, the supercapacitor shows excellent flexibility after folding, exhibiting a wide application prospect in the field of supercapacitors.

Synthesis of rice husk derived porous carbon as low-cost and high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors

Porous carbon electrode materials derived from agricultural by-products of food processing have attracted widespread interest. Rice husk (RH) is a promising raw material owing to its abundance and low price. In this study, a supercapacitor electrode was prepared by using recycled RH and secondarily activated with ZnCl2 to enhance its electrochemical energy storage performance. RH carbonized at the optimum temperature (i.e., 800 °C) was activated to synthesize RH-800-X (X = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, representing the mass ratio of ZnCl2 to RH-800). Sample RH-800-3 exhibited the highest specific surface area (1348.29 m2 g−1) and mesoporous pore volume (0.8375 cm3 g−1) among the samples. In a three-electrode system, the prepared electrodes delivered a high specific capacitance (242 F g−1 at 0.3 A g−1 in 6 M KOH solution). Furthermore, the capacitance retention of RH-800-3 remained at 99.9 % after 17,000 charge/discharge cycles. The results demonstrate the excellent capacitive behavior and superior electrochemical performance of RH-800-3. In addition, symmetrical capacitors prepared using RH-800-3 have an energy density of up to 101 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 900 W kg−1. Therefore, this study presents a simple and effective method for preparing a high-performance electrode material from biomass-derived porous carbon (i.e., recycled RH) and offers a new perspective for the efficient utilization of waste biomass resources.

Marigold flower-like structured battery-type Cu2O/Co(OH)2 composite electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

Addressing the limitations of individual Cu2O and Co(OH)2 components, this study aims to develop a high-performance supercapacitor electrode by synergistically combining these materials. A composite electrode material of Cu2O/Co(OH)2 was effectively synthesized on nickel foam via a facile hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications. The as-fabricated Cu2O/Co(OH)2 composite electrode exhibits a hierarchical marigold flower-like morphology that comprises of many interspersed nanoflakes. This unique morphology offers several advantages, including increased surface area, abundant electroactive sites, and enhanced electrolyte accessibility, all of which contribute to superior electrochemical performance. The Cu2O/Co(OH)2 electrode demonstrates exceptional battery-type supercapacitor behavior, characterized by prominent redox peaks in cyclic voltammetry curves and a well-defined potential plateau during galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. The electrode delivers an outstanding specific capacitance of 90.21 mA h g⁻1 at a current density of 1.25 A g⁻1 and retains a remarkable 81.91 % capacitance at a high current density of 12.5 A g⁻1. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits impressive cycling stability, maintaining approximately 107.84 % of its initial specific capacity value after 200 cycles at 7.5 A g⁻1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal low solution resistance and charge-transfer resistance, signifying efficient charge-transfer kinetics within the electrode. These findings highlight the potential of Cu2O/Co(OH)2 composite electrodes as promising candidates for high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Activated biomass-derived 3-dimensional porous graphene-like carbon for high-performance energy storage electrode materials

This article reports studies on the fabrication of active material for supercapacitor electrodes, from 3D porous graphene-like carbon (GLC), synthesized by carbonization from coffee waste (CW) and tea waste (TW) at 550 °C, followed by thermochemical activation in KOH at 850 °C in a quartz tubular furnace. The microstructure of coffee and tea waste shows the form of micro- and mesopores during carbonization and further chemical activation forms hierarchically highly porous 3D graphene-like carbon. GLC-CW exhibited a higher specific surface area (SSA) of 3486 m2/g according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, compared to GLC-TW, which had an SSA of 2407 m2/g. These results highlight the effectiveness of graphene-like carbon derived from coffee and tea waste, demonstrating its potential as a promising material for high-capacity supercapacitors. The electrochemical characteristics of the assembled supercapacitors using GLC-CW and GLC-TW revealed significantly higher specific capacitance values of 214 F/g and 182 F/g respectively, along with cycling stability of 98 % and 95 % during 5000 cycles of charge and discharge at 2 A/g current density. This approach can produce high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors at a reasonable cost and with easy scalability.

Shape tailored nano-ceria as high performance supercapacitor electrode material

Electrochemical energy storage devices herald a brighter future, offering efficient and sustainable solutions to meet the escalating global energy demands. The current work investigates the development and characterization of different ceria nanostructures (nanorod, nanocube, and nanopolyhedra) as effective electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. The electrode materials are systematically characterized using various spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic techniques. Galvanostatic charge-discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry techniques are used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials. The optimum material for the said application is cerium nanorod which has the maximum specific capacitance of 437.27 F/g in acid electrolytes. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the ceria nanostructures exhibit hysteresis behavior; ceria nanorod showing coexistence of memristive and memcapacitive nature. The loop area of the hysteresis curve, derived from the ratio of OFF resistance to ON resistance (ROFF/RON) at 4 V, yields approximate values of 1.08, 1.33, and 1.57 for ceria nanocubes, ceria nanopolyhedra, and ceria nanorods, respectively. Impedance vs. frequency analysis of the samples was also carried out to study their electrical and transport properties. The results obtained from electrochemical analyses are complimented by electrical studies.

Self-sulfur doped mesoporous novel carbon electrodes derived from poly-anthraquinone sulfide for high-performance supercapacitors! A comparative study

Carbon materials are suitable electrode candidates in supercapacitors (SCs) because of their availability, well-defined microstructures, and ultrahigh surface areas. Herein, a universal chemical activation method was utilized to obtain activated carbon (C-KOH) from poly-anthraquinone sulfide (PAQS) at 850 °C and reduced activated carbon (C-KOH-H) from C-KOH via a mild hydrogen reduction process at low temperature. The electrochemical performances of the PAQS derived activated carbon electrodes were investigated by assembling electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Electrodes fabricated from C-KOH and C-KOH-H showed 174 and 182.3 F g−1 specific capacitances at 0.5 A g−1 current density, respectively. Whereas their energy densities were 44 and 46 Wh kg−1 at 350 and 423 W kg−1 power densities, respectively. SCs assembled from C-KOH-H showed excellent rate performance, that retained 140 F g−1 even at high current density (20 A g−1), while the one assembled with C-KOH stored 54 F g−1. Furthermore, the C-KOH-H electrode retained 98 % of the initial capacitance at 1 A g−1 over 20,000 continuous cycles. The experimental results revealed that C-KOH-H showed the best electrochemical performance in SCs, which is attributed to the presence of less sulfur and oxygen than C-KOH after the mild reduction. These results prove that PAQS show excellent activation with KOH to produce well-organized porous activated carbons having high specific surface areas, which can be utilized as high-performance electrode materials in SCs.

Synthesis of NiFeCo ternary layered hydroxides and their performances of electrochemical energy storage for solar cells

Ternary layered hydroxide are high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this study, nickel–iron-cobalt ternary layered hydroxides (NiFeCo-LDHs) with different nickel–iron molar ratios were grown on nickel foam using a one-step hydrothermal method. The effect of nickel–iron molar ratio on the electrochemical performance and morphology of NiFeCo-LDHs was investigated, and the electrode material at a nickel–iron molar ratio of 3:7 had better electrochemical performance up to 7.01F/cm2 (at 1 mA/cm2). The specific capacitance of the assembled hybrid supercapacitor reached 1575.00 mF/cm2 at 3 mA/cm2. In addition, the fabricated all-solid-state hybrid capacitor（742.86 mF/cm2 at 4 mA/cm2) was capable of lighting an LED after charged by a solar cell. The results indicated that the electrochemical performance of NiFeCo-LDHs was affected by the nickel–iron mole ratio and demonstrated the potential application of NiFeCo-LDHs in electrochemical energy storage.

Corncob-Derived Activated Carbon as Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitor.

In this study, corncob was explored as a low-cost and abundant precursor for the preparation of activated carbon via carbonization and the KOH activation method. The alkaline/biochar ratios varied from 3:1 to 5:1, and the activation temperatures ranged from 700 to 900 °C. The characterized results reveal that the alkaline/biochar ratios and activation temperatures had a remarkable influence on the morphology and microstructure of as-prepared activated carbon (CACT-R). The CACT-R presented a porous structure with a large number of micropores and a small number of mesopores. The reasonable distribution of micropores and mesopores endows the ideal structure for ion transfer and charge storage. The optimal sample CAC700-4 exhibited the best capacitive performance with a specific capacitance of 260 F/g at 1 A/g. Moreover, the assembled CAC700-4//CAC700-4 symmetric supercapacitor showed a high energy density of 14.3 Wh/kg at a power density of 250 W/kg in 6 M KOH electrolyte. It also has a capacitance retention of 95.5% after 10,000 cycles, indicating its excellent cycle stability. These results indicate that corncob-derived activated carbon provides the possible application of biomass waste in high-performance supercapacitors.

Luffa vines-derived N, O doped porous carbon with high surface area for supercapacitors

Considerable attention has been devoted to creating porous carbons with exceptional surface area and porosity from biomass waste for energy storage devices. Herein, we employed a straightforward high-temperature carbonization and KOH activation method to synthesize nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) co-doped porous activated carbons derived from luffa vines (LVACs). The impact of varying KOH concentrations on the morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of LVACs was thoroughly investigated. The optimal mass ratio of KOH to LVACs at 1:6 achieved the maximum specific surface area of 3369 m2 g−1. At a current density of 1 A g−1, the LASC-6 electrode exhibits an impressive specific capacitance of 348.5 F g−1. It also demonstrates exceptional rate performance, retaining 70.6 % of its capacitance at a current density of 20 A g−1. The electrode possesses robust cycling stability, retaining 90 % of the initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. We assessed the practicality of LVAC-6 by constructing symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs) using KOH and [BMIM]BF4 electrolytes. The KOH and [BMIM]BF4 SSCs achieved specific capacitances of 86.75 and 50.31 F g−1, respectively, at a current density of 0.25 A g−1. Moreover, the [BMIM]BF4 SSC exhibited an impressive energy density of 51.05 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 346.15 W kg−1. Therefore, we propose a simple and cost-effective strategy to produce porous carbon materials with excellent electrochemical performance from discarded biomass waste, facilitating the preparation of environmentally friendly electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.