Electrode Material For Supercapacitor Devices Research Articles

Hydrothermal synthesis of BaCeO3@rGO nanohybrid as electrode material for supercapacitor devices

In recent years, supercapacitors attracted researchers as a potential replacement for electrochemical energy storage devices primarily because of their remarkable power density and significantly extended cycle life. This research focuses on synthesis of novel BaCeO3 and BaCeO3@rGO nanohybrids fabricated via hydrothermal route for supercapacitor devices. Various physical and electrochemical analytical techniques used for characterization of fabricated electrode samples. The galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) plot used to analyze prepared pure BaCeO3 and BaCeO3 @rGO samples. The specific capacitance value for BaCeO3 646 F g−1 and 1488 F g−1 for BaCeO3@rGO. The energy density was also measured to be 65 Wh Kg−1 and power density 324 W kg−1 at 1 A g−1. The incorporation of reduced graphene oxide into BaCeO3 improves conductivity provides more active number of sites enhanced surface area and favors quicker charge transportation which leading to an increase in capacitance. The electrochemical stability fabricated composite that it exhibits stability even after undergoing 5000th cycles. The outstanding efficiency of supercapacitor applications is attributed to mechanical versatility, strong cooperation and combined effects of BaCeO3 and rGO nanosheets. The Nyquist plot investigates lower value of charge transfer resistance 0.87 Ω for BaCeO3@rGO nanohybrids. The observed significant stability of material suggests its potential as a highly prospective candidate for advancing next-generation energy storage devices.

Hollow Cobalt Carbide Cubes / Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite via Cyanide Coordination Polymer for Supercapacitor Applications

Coordination polymers, a broad class of porous hybrid materials resulting from the connection of metal ions with organic ligands, showcase enduring porosity, well-organised crystalline structures, and open metal active sites that augment their metal ions' redox activity. This investigation focuses on examining a nanocomposite composed of cobalt carbide/reduced graphene oxide (Co3C/rGO) prepared through the copolymer method, serving as an electrode material for supercapacitor devices. The nanocomposite's structure and hollow cubic morphology were confirmed through X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. Electrochemical properties were thoroughly assessed using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge in 6M KOH with a voltage window of 0 V to 0.5 V. The Co3C/rGO electrode exhibited notable electrochemical performance, displaying a specific capacitance of 486.6 F g-1 at 1 mV s-1 and a low internal resistance of 0.58 Ω, surpassing existing literature due to its porous morphology. Additionally, to evaluate the nanocomposite's cycling stability, 5000 charge/discharge cycles were conducted, revealing a capacitive retention of 82% of its original capacitance after 5000 cycles. This underscores its excellent long-term durability as a high-performance material for supercapacitor applications.

Biomass-based nitrogen-doped carbon/polyaniline composite as electrode material for supercapacitor devices

Nitrogen-doped activated carbon (N-AC) was prepared from water hyacinth stems for loading polyaniline (PANI) by in-situ polymerization to synthesize N-AC/PANI composites for utilization as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Using potassium hydroxide as the activating agent, stems of water hyacinth were carbonized and activated in a single step to produce N-AC powders. Raman, FTIR, SEM, BET, TGA, and XPS techniques were used to characterize the resultant N-AC materials. The findings revealed that the N-AC materials had a porous structure and high specific surface area. Neat PANI was synthesized by varying the reaction time to 8, 16, and 24 h. During the reaction time of 16 h, the maximum specific capacitance was obtained. For the synthesis of N-AC/PANI composites, in-situ polymerization of aniline was performed for 16 h. Tests of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/ discharge were conducted on the electrode materials to assess their electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. Because of the synergistic effect of PANI and N-AC, the produced N-AC/PANI composite showed good supercapacitor performance compared with neat PANI and N-AC. In the case of the N-AC/PANI composite, the specific capacitance was determined by the electrochemical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) of N-AC and the pseudocapacitance resulting from the redox reaction of PANI.

Development of Poly(2-Methyl Thioaniline)/Vanadium Pentoxide Hybrid Electrode Material for High Performance Supercapacitor Applications

To satisfy the constantly growing demand for energy, it is crucial to design electrode materials that have high specific capacitance and excellent reversibility to be used in applications such as portable electronics, backup power supplies, smart grids, hybrid vehicles, transportation and wearable electronics fields. This report presents a novel approach to creating such materials through the electrochemical deposition of a poly(2-methyl thioaniline)/vanadium pentoxide (PMTA/V2O5) hybrid material. The hybrid material was tested as a supercapacitor electrode material by means of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The PMTA/V2O5 hybrid demonstrated excellent charge-storage capabilities within a large potential window (–1.0 to 1.0 V), with a specific capacitance of 698 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g for samples that had a 1 mm thickness. This value is higher than the specific capacitance of V2O5 and resulted from the organic-inorganic synergistic effect between PMTA and V2O5. Facilitated charge-transfer between the two components owing to the presence of a strong electron-donating group (-SCH3) in PMTA led to a superior electrochemical performance of the PMTA/V2O5 hybrid. This strategy can be applied to produce thin films based on PMTA/V2O5, which have the potential to serve as active electrode material in supercapacitor devices.

DDQM][TFSI]: a room temperature ionic liquid as an active electrode material for supercapacitor devices and a catalyst for rapid synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles under microwave irradiation

A multifunctional room temperature ionic liquid [DDQM][TFSI] has been designed and its properties have been investigated to be used as an electrolyte.

Facile Synthesis and Optimization of CrOOH/rGO-Based Electrode Material for a Highly Efficient Supercapacitor Device.

New electrode materials for supercapacitor devices are the primary focus of current research into energy-storage devices. Besides, exact control of the proportions of these new materials while forming electrodes for coin cell supercapacitor devices is very important for the large-scale manufacturing or at industrial scale. Here we report a facile synthesis of CrOOH with ascorbic acid and explore an exact composition with reduced graphene oxide to achieve a highly efficient electrode material for supercapacitor devices. The rGO is synthesized by modified Hummer's method followed by reduction with ascorbic acid, whereas ultrasmall CrOOH nanoparticles result via hydrothermal treatment of the reactants Cr(NO3)3, NaOH, and ascorbic acid at 120 °C for 12 h. The ultrasmall CrOOH nanoparticles show an amorphous phase with particle size range 3-10 nm and a calculated band gap of 3.28 eV. Six different composites are prepared by varying the proportion of CrOOH and rGO materials and further utilized as active electrode materials for fabrication of the coin cell supercapacitor devices. We report the highest specific capacitance for the 70% CrOOH and 30% rGO composite that exhibits a capacitance of 199.8 mF cm-2 with a long cyclic stability up to the tested 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. The proposed supercapacitor device exhibits a high energy and power density of 8.26 Wh kg-1 and 3756.9 W kg-1, respectively, at Ragone Plot, showing the commercial viability of the device.

Spongy-Network-like Polyaniline Thin Films as Electrodes for a Supercapacitor

An easy and cost-effective route is demonstrated to grow spongy-network-like polyaniline (SpN-PANI) thin films on stainless steel (SS) by galvanostatic electrodeposition. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations, the physicochemical properties of the SpN-PANI thin films were fine-tuned for supercapacitor application. The hydrophilic nature of SpN-PANI thin films was examined by using contact angle measurements. Next, the capacitive behavior of the SpN-PANI thin film was assessed by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charging-discharging (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Specifically, these results show that SpN-PANI thin films can exhibit a maximum specific capacitance of 580 F.g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV.s−1 in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution, as well as superior cycling stability (84% capacity retention after 1000 cycles). Thus, the strategy presented here can be applicable to produce a SpN-PANI-based thin film which has prospects as an active electrode material for supercapacitor devices.

High-temperature deoxygenation-created highly porous graphitic carbon nanosheets for ultrahigh-rate supercapacitive energy storage

Developing carbon-based supercapacitors with high rate capability is of great importance to meet the emerging demands for devices that requires high energy density as well as high power density. However, it is hard to fabricate a nanocarbon with high electro-active surface area meanwhile maintaining superior conductivity to ensure the high rate capability since excellent conductivity is usually realized by high temperature graphitization, which would lead to the structural collapse and sintering resulting in low surface area. Herein, we reported a highly porous graphitic carbon nanosheet with an unprecedented rate capability of 98% of its initial capacitance from 0.5 to 50 A/g for ultrahigh-rate supercapacitive energy storage. These hierarchical mesoporous carbon nanosheets (HMCN) were fabricated by a template induced catalytic graphitization approach, in which sheet-like Mg(OH)2 was employed as catalytic template in situ catalytically polymerizing of catechol and formaldehyde and catalytically graphitizing of the formed carbon skeleton. Upon the co-effect of template (avoiding the sintering) and the deoxygenation (creating the pores) during the high temperature graphitization process, the obtained HMCN material possesses nanosheet morphology with highly porous graphitic microstructure rich in mesoporosity, large in surface area (2316 m2/g), large in pore volume (3.58 cm3/g) and excellent in conductivity (109.8 S/cm). In 1.0 M TEABF4/AN, HMCN exhibits superior supercapacitive performance including large energy density of 52.2 Wh/kg at high power density of 118 kW/kg, long-cycling stability and excellent rate capability, making HMCN a promising electrode material for supercapacitor devices.

A simple conversion of expired medicines into nontoxic activated carbon for energy storage applications

In this work, a simple, nontoxic, and eco-friendly method for recycling organic-based expired medicines into activated carbon was proposed. The formation, structural, and morphological features of the sample were proved by different physico-chemical tools such as Fourier transform infrared, Raman, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Further, expired medicine–derived activated carbon (Em AC) was used as electrode material for supercapacitor devices, and its biocompatibility was studied. The cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the fabricated Em [email protected] foil electrode. The as-fabricated electrode delivered specific capacitance (Csp) value of 480 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g. Also, the electrode exhibited superior cyclic stability and maintained 88% of its capacitance value upto the completion of 8000 GCD cycles at the current density of 2 A/g. Further, Em AC–based symmetric device achieved the energy density of 28.33 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 666.01 W kg−1. Hence, the porous Em AC sample was identified as the promising electrode material for future energy storage devices without distracting any damage to the biological system.

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices.

Supercapacitor devices are interesting owing to their broad range of applicability from wearable electronics to energy storage in electric vehicles. One of the key parameters that affect the efficiency of supercapacitor devices is selecting the ideal electrode material for a specific application. Regarding this, recently developed metal oxides, specifically nanostructured ZnO, and MXenes with their defect structures, size effects, as well as optical and electronic properties have been presented as electrode material in supercapacitor devices. The discussion of MXenes along with ZnO, although different in chemistry, also highlights the differences in dimensionality when it comes to defect-driven effects, especially in carrier transport. The volume under the influence of the defect centers is expected to be different in bulk and 2D structures, regardless of composition. Hence, analysis and discussion of both materials provide a fundamental understanding regarding the manner in which 2D structures are impacted by defects compared to bulk. Such an approach would therefore serve the scientific community with the material design tools needed to fabricate the next generation of supercapacitor devices.

Confinement of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids [CnMPyrr]+[Tf2N]− with long cationic alkyl side chains (n = 10 and 16) to nanoscale pores: Dielectric and calorimetric studies

Ionic liquids (ILs) with long cationic side chains have shown potential applications in wide fields such as phase-change materials for seasonal energy storage, environmentally friendly herbicides, components of ideal electrode material for supercapacitor devices, and more. In this paper, we investigated the glass transition dynamics, charge transport and structure properties of two pyrrolidinium-based ILs, [CnMPyrr]+[Tf2N]− with n = 10 and 16. Differential scanning calorimetry studies demonstrated the poor glass forming ability (GFA) of the tested materials, especially [C16MPyrr]+[Tf2N]−. Temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction measurements suggested the layered structures in the crystalline and liquid phases of both ILs. Through the dielectric measurements of [C10MPyrr]+[Tf2N]−, we noticed its higher conductivity than the homologues with shorter cationic alkyl chains, in the supercooled liquid state. Additionally, the derivative spectra, εder′′ = (−π/2)[∂ε′/∂ ln (f)], of [C10MPyrr]+[Tf2N]− at temperatures above Tg were examined, and no evidence of the slow sub- α mode associated with the self-aggregation of alkyl chains is detected. Next, we checked how [C10MPyrr]+[Tf2N]− and [C16MPyrr]+[Tf2N]− behaved when geometrically confined in alumina nanopores with various sizes ranging from 10 nm to 120 nm. With respect to the bulk material, confined [C10MPyrr]+[Tf2N]− samples are featured by the drastically enhanced GFA but up to 300-fold decrease in ionic conductivity. In addition, for [C16MPyrr]+[Tf2N]−, vitrification is unfulfilled even when confined into 10 nm nanopore. Nonetheless, nanoscale constraints bring pronounced melting temperature depression and enhanced conductivity to the crystalline confined samples relative to the bulk counterpart. The results of this study contribute to a more comprehensive picture of various confinement effects on ILs and will benefit the rational design of ILs-containing nanodevices.

Two-dimensional (2D) electrode materials for supercapacitors

Abstract Development of supercapacitors have been experienced a fast growth to respond to the energy storage demand and to address the energy and environmental concerns. The selection of electrode materials has great importance to enhance the electrochemical properties of supercapacitor devices such as specific capacitance, energy and power density, cyclic stability, etc. Two-dimensional (2D) materials show a considerable potential to become a promising candidate for electrode material in supercapacitor devices. 2D nanomaterial and their composites have attracted increasing attraction due to their unique properties. In the current review, novel two-dimensional materials such as MXene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal nitrides (MNs), black phosphorus (BP), and perovskite are presented. Furthermore, their recent application as electrode material in supercapacitor devices is comprehensively discussed. Incorporation of 2D materials as supercapacitor electrodes have exhibited improved electrochemical properties such as high specific capacitance, larger energy and power density, excellent capacitive properties, and long charging-discharging rate, etc.

Synthesis of N-doped graphene aerogel/Co3O4/ZnO ternary nanocomposite via mild reduction method with an emphasis on its electrochemical characteristics

In this study we report a tunable chemical method for the synthesis of nitrogen doped graphene aerogel decorated with Co3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles. The subtle synthesis method was based on the mild reduction graphene hydrogel (GH) whereas before reduction step, Co and Zn were adsorbed on graphene oxide (GO); this pre-adsorption step (at pH = 6) prevented the graphene sheets aggregation and provided favorable reduction conditions at next step of the synthesis process. Eventually, after freeze drying and heat treatment, the ternary composite aerogel was obtained. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Co3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles were randomly dispersed on the graphene sheets due to the prior adsorption step. According to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analyses, the synthesized N-doped graphene aerogel/Co3O4/ZnO ternary nanocomposite had a specific surface area and a pore volume of 215 m2 g−1 and 1.2 cm3 g−1, respectively. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to evaluate the mechanisms of nanocomposite formation. Owing to the synergic effect of the nanocomposite constituents, the synthesized material exhibited a high specific capacitance (543 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), an excellent cycling stability (78.5% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1) and an adequate capacitive performance (74% capacitance retention by an increase in current density from 1 to 5 A g−1) with low internal resistance (about 0.007 V). The findings of this work present a promising candidate as a graphene based electrode material in supercapacitor devices.

Mesoporous Ce2Zr2O7/PbS Nanocomposite with an Excellent Supercapacitor Electrode Performance and Cyclic Stability

AbstractIt remains a challenge to fabricate a suitable electrode with high specific capacitance (Csp) and excellent cyclic stability that can enhance the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor. In the present work, Ce2Zr2O7/PbS nanocomposite has been synthesized and its electrochemical properties has been evaluated for supercapacitor electrode application. The high BET surface area (46 m2/g) and small pore size (11.15 nm) enable better intercalation of electrolyte and confer better capacitive performance on the surface of the nanocomposite electrode. The nanocomposite electrode exhibits an excellent pseudocapacitive performance in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte having specific capacitance of 219 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Furthermore, it presents an excellent cycling stability and retains ∼100% Csp after 1000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles. The better electrochemical performance and 100% retention of Csp up to 1000 cycles is attributed to the unique microstructure of nanocomposite i. e., due to the combination of the conductive nature of sulfide and stability of the oxide nanomaterials. These results suggest that Ce2Zr2O7/PbS nanocomposite can be an excellent candidate to be used as an electrode material in supercapacitor devices.

Manganese dioxide/ reduced graphene oxide composite an electrode material for high-performance solid state supercapacitor

Transition metal oxides with many reversible oxidation states are normally considered as potential active materials for supercapacitor applications. The composite of graphene with MnO2 nanorods is obtained using hydrothermal oxidation of Mn-precursor on a graphene surface and tested as an electrode material in supercapacitor devices. In microstructural exploration, a fine distribution of MnO2 nanorods over the entire graphene surface is evinced by transmission electron microscopy. The galvanostatic charge-discharge performance of the composite electrode in a symmetric device formation displayed a high energy density of 42.7 Wh kg−1 corresponding to a specific capacitance of 759 F g−1. This composite electrode material shows enhancement in the charge storage capacity by the factor of 2 and long life cycle with better retention of capacitance with small diffusion resistance. The excellent performance achieved for solid state supercapacitor device, in the present case, is attributed to the MnO2/graphene composite structure, which not only provides the passage for the electrons but also increases the ion transportation during the fast charge-discharge reaction.

Hierarchical VOOH hollow spheres for symmetrical and asymmetrical supercapacitor devices.

Hierarchical VOOH hollow spheres with low crystallinity composed of nanoparticles were prepared by a facile and template-free method, which involved a precipitation of precursor microspheres in aqueous solution at room temperature and subsequent hydrothermal reaction. Quasi-solid-state symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor (SSC and ASC) devices were fabricated using hierarchical VOOH hollow spheres as the electrodes, and the electrochemical properties of the VOOH//VOOH SSC device and the VOOH//AC ASC device were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of the VOOH//AC ASC device was better than that of the VOOH//VOOH SSC device. After 3000 cycles, the specific capacitance of the VOOH//AC ASC device retains 83% of the initial capacitance, while the VOOH//VOOH SSC device retains only 7.7%. Findings in this work proved that hierarchical VOOH hollow spheres could be a promising candidate as an ideal electrode material for supercapacitor devices.

Hierarchical ternary Ni-Co-Se nanowires for high-performance supercapacitor device design.

Large-scale uniform Ni-Co-Se bimetallic ternary nanowires have been successfully synthesized through a successive cation exchange. First, NiSe nanowires in situ grown on nickel foam (NF) were prepared by a facile solvothermal route. Next, a series of ternary materials possessing different proportions of Ni and Co were fabricated by a Co-exchange method using the Ni@NiSe material as a template, which effectively achieved morphological inheritance from the parent material. To explore the electrochemical performance, all synthetic materials were assembled into asymmetric supercapacitor devices. Among asymmetric supercapacitor devices, the Ni@Ni0.8Co0.2Se//active carbon (AC) device exhibited a high specific capacitance of 86 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and excellent cycling stability with virtually no decrease in capacitance after 2000 continuous charge-discharge cycles. This device still delivered an energy density of 17 Wh kg-1 even at a high power density of 1526.8 W kg-1. These superior electrochemical properties of Ni@Ni0.8Co0.2Se as an electrode material for supercapacitor devices confirmed the synergistic effect between Co and Ni ions, suggesting their potential application in the field of energy storage.

Graphdiyne nanostructures as a new electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors

The utility of carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage devices has been rapidly increasing in the recent years. In this study, graphdiyne nanostructures have been prepared via a cross-coupling reaction and their electrochemical properties were investigated for supercapacitor applications. Spectroscopic studies such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman analysis confirmed the formation of graphdiyne with high order and low defects. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed the quasi-rectangular profiles suggesting the presence of electrochemical double layer and Faradaic capacitance in graphdiyne. The graphdiyne electrode delivered a specific capacitance of about 71.4 F/g from the galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis measured at a constant discharge current density of 3.5 A/g. Moreover, the cyclic stability tests demonstrated excellent capacitance retention of about 97% for the graphdiyne electrode. These studies suggested the potential applications of graphdiyne as an electrode material for supercapacitor devices.

Carambola-like Ni@Ni1.5Co1.5S2 for Use in High-Performance Supercapacitor Devices Design

Studies on supercapacitor devices constitute one of the most meaningful research topics in hastening the industrialization of electrode materials. Herein, uniform nanosheet-based carambola-like Ni@Ni1.5Co1.5S2 was successfully synthesized and assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor device with a high specific capacitance of 109 F g–1 at a current density of 1 A g–1. The large mass loading of this device, at ∼20 mg cm–2, is compatible with the industry standard and considerably higher than those obtained in previous reports. The Ni@Ni1.5Co1.5S2-based supercapacitor device exhibited excellent cycling stability with virtually no decrease in capacitance after 2000 cycles, and achieved a high energy density of 65.7 W h kg–1 at a power density of 22.2 W kg–1 and a high power density of 3 kW kg–1 at energy density of 6.2 W h kg–1. These outstanding characteristics of Ni@Ni1.5Co1.5S2 as an electrode material for supercapacitor devices verify its promising applicability in the energy storage field.

Fabrication of highly ordered P3HT:PCBM nanostructures and its application as a supercapacitive electrode

In this paper, we successfully demonstrated the fabrication of highly ordered and large-scale P3HT:PCBM nanowires via a slow-drying method, which allows for the convenient and cost-effective preparation of well-defined P3HT:PCBM nanostructures with large domains. The formation of the organic nanowires can be explained by the self-organization of polymer chains under favorable thermodynamic conditions in the slow-drying process. Furthermore, the C-V measurements revealed that the P3HT:PCBM nanowires possess high capacitance. This supercapacitive behavior of the nanowires is related to their large surface area and open structure, which can facilitate ion transport and accumulation. Owing to their extremely easy preparation and excellent capacitance performance, the P3HT:PCBM nanowires offer a promising electrode material for supercapacitor devices.