Electrocoagulation Process For Treatment Research Articles

Removal of Chromium (Cr) and Formaldehyde [CH<sub>2</sub>O (H−CHO)] from Leather Tannery Effluents Using Electrocoagulation Treatment Process

Removal of Chromium (Cr) and Formaldehyde [CH<sub>2</sub>O (H−CHO)] from Leather Tannery Effluents Using Electrocoagulation Treatment Process

Insight into the corrosion inhibition of the iron anode with electro-deposited polyaniline during the electrocoagulation treatment process of electroplating wastewater

In this study, polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) coatings were applied to modify iron plate anodes to treat electroplating wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) treatment.

Investigation of selected physico-chemical quality parameters in industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation process, Ethiopia

Nowadays, there are more than fourteen major state and private owned textile industries and garment factories in Ethiopia. However, these textile effluents are directly discharged without treatment to the surrounding environment, as a result, the pollutants bring serious problem to the surrounding community including health such as skin diseases, asthma, abortion, carcinogenic effect, biodiversity loss and mutagenic effect on the. The main objective of this study is characterization and treatment of the textile effluent using aluminum electrodes in the electrocoagulation process. EC experimental setups were designed and different parameters were optimized. Electrocoagulation treatment process eliminates physicochemical quality indicators such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC); turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia; nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen (TN) and phosphate were determined using standard procedures. From the result, the maximum removal efficiency of phosphate, ammonia, TN, electrical conductivity, turbidity and BOD were obtained 97, 87, 88, 89, 99 and 66%, respectively. Analyses of the electrochemically generated sludge by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the expected crystalline aluminum oxides (bayerite (Al(OH)3 diaspore (AlO(OH)) were found in the sludge. The amorphous phase was also found in the floc. Therefore, a treatment technology was good and encourages the community to apply the technique for the treatment of textile effluent before discharging into the environment.

Electrocoagulation process for greywater treatment: Statistical modeling, optimization, cost analysis and sludge management

The present study investigates the removal of greywater pollutants such as COD, BOD, nitrate, and phosphate using the electrocoagulation treatment process. The influence of operating parameters such as current density (CD) (1–5 A/m2), contact time (CT) (10–90 min), and initial pH (3–11) of the solution was investigated using aluminum electrode. The results demonstrate that 70% COD removal, 87.5% BOD removal, 82.7% nitrate removal, and 84.7% phosphate removal is achieved at optimum operating condition (CD = 3 A/m2, CT = 60 min, and pH = 7, energy consumption = 0.153 kWhm−3, and operating cost = 0.114 US$m−3). The kinetics study analysis confirms that the electrocoagulation process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The combination of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) based statistical models were employed to optimize the electrocoagulation process parameters as well as to accomplish the individual limitations. The correlation coefficient value closer to ∼ 1 and lower error governs the feasibility of the developed models. The results exhibited that, the ANN model had a higher R2 and a lower MSE value than the RSM model, indicating that ANN is better at predicting process output than RSM, although RSM appropriately predicts process parameter interaction and its relevance. The study found that using a combinational approach to represent the electrocoagulation process for greywater treatment is more effective.

Development of solar power system for Sarawak peat water continuous electrocoagulation treatment process

Sarawak state government has established Sarawak Alternative Rural Water Supply (SAWAS) programme in order to serve as a purpose of providing safe and clean water to the rural communities not connected to municipal clean water supply. In the rural areas of Sarawak, particularly on the coastal region where municipal water supply is not available, the villagers are normally resorted to utilize rainwater and peat water for daily usage. Some of these rural areas are even not connected to electricity grid. Subsequently, one of the proposed methods to eradicate these problems in supplying clean water without electricity supply grid is to implement stand-alone water treatment system with solar power system. As such, the main aim of the study is to design a solar power system to support Sarawak peat water electrocoagulation treatment process. The study is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the study designs a solar power system to support the treatment process of peat water for both batch and continuous electrocoagulation systems. This includes designing and fabrication of a small-scale solar power system. The second stage of the study involved experimental studies on both batch and continuous electrocoagulation systems in order to study the effectiveness of solar power system to supply electricity for the electrocoagulation systems. Overall, the study has developed a solar power system for both batch and continuous electrocoagulation of peat water system. From the experiments conducted, the developed systems are capable to reduce 18.8% and 46.15% of peat water turbidity for batch and continuous electrocoagulation systems respectively. However, in order to meet a more stringent drinking water standards, some improvements on the designed systems are indispensable.

Elongation the duration of steel anode with polypyrrole modification during the electrocoagulation treatment process of electroplating wastewater

In this study, the stainless steel (SS) plate with polypyrrole (PPy) coating was adopted as a modified anode for the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of electroplating wastewater. It was found that the PPy/PTS (Sodium p-toluene-sulfonate) coated anode could largely prevent the anodic corrosion. With the optimized EC operating parameters as initial pH at 4, EC process at 70 min and applied current density at 30 mA cm−2, removal efficiency of zinc and nickel from the electroplating wastewater reached 99.9% and 80% respectively. In addition, corrosion inhibition efficiency attained 30% even after 10 repeated EC treatment batches. Furthermore, the successful electro-deposition of coatings with dopants could be characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and the smallest gaps between the peaks and valleys of PPy/PTS coating could be observed using AFM as well. Notably, PPy was found being adsorbed parallelly to the Fe (1 1 0) surface, whereas adsorption energy of PPy/PTS obtained from molecular dynamic simulation calculation reached the lowest as − 88.87 kJ mol−1 comparing to any other coating group. Therefore, it seemed that the PPy modified SS anode could achieve a relatively high heavy metal removal rate as well as a better protection, and accordingly would help lengthen the lifespan of the steel anode.

Electrocoagulation Treatment for Wastewaters from some Restaurants in New Damietta City-Egypt

The current investigation entails the application of an electrocoagulation treatment process to the kitchens’ wastewaters discharged from five of the most popular restaurants in New Damietta city – Egypt. The electrocoagulation process was carried out using aluminum electrodes at variable electrolysis times. The specifications of the applied system were; pH 7.03, temperature 25oc, distance between the two used electrodes 20 mm, the applied current 1 ampere, voltage 20 volt, current density 40 mA/cm2, plate shape of the electrode, and dimensions of 100 mm x 50 mm x 0.095 mm, with a surface area of 25 cm2 for each electrode. The system was investigated to treat the food processing effluents of the restaurants prior to their discharge to the public sanitary network, in order to comply with the Egyptian Environmental Regulation (Decree 44/2000) of the wastewaters discharged to the public sewer system. Total operating cost including the energy and electrode consumption, and theoretical amount of hydrogen gas produced were calculated. The results revealed good removal efficiency percentages, especially for the removal of organic matters. The COD removal efficiency for the restaurants 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 84.6, 74.5, 89.15, 68.5, and 92.79%, respectively. At the same time, oil & grease was almost fully removed from the wastewater of the restaurants 1 and 2, while restaurants 3, 4, and 5 had a very good removal efficiency percentage of 92.42, 94.5, and 87.76%, respectively.

Comparative degradation study of remazol black B dye using electro-coagulation and electro-Fenton process: Kinetics and cost analysis

Water pollution from textile industries is a great concern in developing countries. To address the textile wastewater treatment, this study investigated the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, dye, and turbidity from synthetic textile wastewater containing remazol black B (RBB) dye under electro-coagulation (EC) and electro-Fenton (EF) processes by using an electrochemical cell comprising two stainless steel electrodes. The impacts of the addition of Fe2+ concentration, H2O2 concentration and their dual effect on the process performances and operating costs of the processes were also assessed. Over 76 %, 94 %, 95 % and 95 % of COD, color, dye, and turbidity removals were observed, respectively, from the EF process after 50 min of treatment. The EC process was efficient to degrade dye (86.5 %) and to remove color (91 %), however, the process was not effective to remove turbidity (60.4 %) and to mineralize the dye (19.8 %). About 4 times higher dye mineralization was observed in the EF process as compared to the EC process. The kinetics analysis demonstrated that the degradation process of RBB dye followed first order kinetic model and the value of reaction rate constant was 1.5 times higher in the EF treatment process than achieved in the EC treatment process. The analysis of operating costs suggested that the EF processes had about 3 times lower operating costs than the operating cost evaluated for the EC process. Therefore, the outcome of this study revealed that the EF process can be a good option for the treatment of textile wastewater for the sustainable development of textile industries.

Airlift Bubble Column Electrocoagulation Treatment Process for Carwash Wastewater

Airlift Bubble Column Electrocoagulation Treatment Process for Carwash Wastewater

Raw landfill leachate treatment using an electrocoagulation process with a novel rotating electrode reactor.

In this work, landfill leachate treatment by electrocoagulation process with a novel rotating anode reactor was studied. The influence of rotating anode speed on the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of raw landfill leachate was investigated. The influence of operating parameters like leachate pH, leachate temperature, current, and inter-distance between the cathode rings and anode impellers on the electrocoagulation performance were also investigated. The results revealed the optimum rotating speed is 150 rpm and increasing the rotating speed above this value led to reducing process performance. The leachate electrocoagulation treatment process favors the neutral medium and the treatment performance increases with increasing current intensity. Furthermore, the electrocoagulation treatment performance improves with increasing leachate temperature. However, the performance reduces with increasing inter-electrode distance.

Potential of Ti2O3/Zn Electrodes versus Zn by Electrocoagulation Process for Disperse Dye Removal

Electrocoagulation methods are being used for the alternative treatment process for the remediation of textile waste water. This work primarily deals with the treatment of textile dyeing waste water followed by the utilization of waste material. The purpose of the proposed study is to evaluate the potential of electrocoagulatison process using Ti2O3/Zn electrode prepared by spray pyrolysis using TiCl3 and compared the performance with Zn electrodes. The surface morphology, structural analysis and percentage composition of the elements of the Ti2O3/Zn electrode was studied by SEM, XRD and EDS analysis. The efficiency of electrocoagulation treatment process to treat synthetic waste water containing Coralene Navy RDRLSR, Coralene Red 3G, Rubru RD GLFI dye was studied for the effect of operational parameters. The result indicates that this process was able to achieve colour removal (97.2 %) at pH 8.5, with 34.42 % less energy consumption with Ti2O3/Zn compared with zinc electrodes.

Phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater in electrocoagulation reactor using aluminium and iron plate hybrid anodes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of initial pH (pHi = 4.0–7.0), current density (j = 10–40 A/m2), initial phosphorus (P) concentration (Ci of 5.01–52.13 mg/L) and electrocoagulation (EC) time (tEC = 10–100 min) on phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater by a batch EC reactor using hybrid aluminium (Al)-iron (Fe) anodes and titanium cathode. Phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater containing 52.13 mg/L PO4-P was obtained to be 99.99% at optimum conditions (pHi = 4, j = 20 A/m2 and EC time = 80 min). The energy and electrode consumptions at optimum conditions were calculated as 3.422 kWh/m3 and 0.328 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of removed P per electrochemically dissolved total metal electrode (qe) was calculated as 55.69 mg P/g, while the dissolved metal to removed phosphorus ratio (Me/P, mol/mol) was 4.40 (Fe/P = 2.63 and Al/P = 1.77) at optimum conditions. It can be concluded that phosphorus removal by hybrid Al-Fe anodes is as effective as using only Fe or Al anodes as per the results present in literature. In addition, the effluent pH after EC treatment process at optimum conditions was 8.8, hence requiring no pH adjustment before discharge.

Operating Cost and Treatment of Boron from Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation in Low Concentration.

The objective of this study is to determine the optimum parameters of electrocoagulation process in treatment of boron in low concentrations. Especially, studies on electrode optimization in low boron concentrated waters are insufficient. Therefore, the effect of electrode combination (Al–Al, Al–Fe, Al–SS, Fe–Al, Fe–Fe, and Fe–SS), pH (5–9), current density (8–24 mA cm−2), distance (1–3 cm), and electrolysis time (10–90 min) on treatment of boron containing wastewater is studied to obtain maximum removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency of boron is obtained as 95.6%. Operation conditions for maximum removal are the electrode combination of Fe–Al, current density of 16 mA cm−2, pH 7.0, concentration of 30 mg L−1 and the reaction time of 70 min. Operating cost of the electrocoagulation process is calculated as 2.35 $ m−3. This study indicates that the electrocoagulation process can be successfully applied in order to treat boron‐polluted wastewaters at low initial concentrations.

Treatment of laundry wastewater by biological and electrocoagulation methods

The present study describes an improvement in the current electrocoagulation treatment process and focuses on a comparative study for the clean-up of laundry wastewater (LWW) after each wash and rinse cycle by biological and electrocoagulation treatment methods. For biological treatment, the wastewater was treated with a Bacillus strain of aerobic bacteria especially suited for the degradation of fats, lipids, protein, detergents and hydrocarbons. Treatment of the LWW by electrocoagulation involved the oxidation of aluminium metal upon the application of a controlled voltage which produces various aluminium hydroxy species capable of adsorbing pollutants from the wastewater. The efficiency of the clean-up of LWW using each method was assessed by determination of surfactant concentration, chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids. A rapid decrease in surfactant concentration was noted within 0.5 hour of electrocoagulation, whereas a notable decrease in the surfactant concentration was observed only after 12 hour of biological treatment. The rapid generation of aluminium hydroxy species in the electrocoagulation cell allowed adsorption of pollutants at a faster rate when compared to the aerobic degradation of the surfactant; hence a reduced period of time is required for treatment of LWW by electrocoagulation.

Remediation of Feedlot Nutrients Runoff by Electrocoagulation Process

Nutrient runoff from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) may cause ground and surface water pollution. Scientists and researchers are continually searching for appropriate technologies to mitigate feedlot nutrient runoff pollution. In this study, suitability of electrocoagulation treatment process was examined under laboratory conditions to mitigate nutrient pollutants from the feedlot runoff. Feedlot runoff was treated with three different type of electrodes such as aluminum (Al-Al), iron (Fe-Fe) and hybrid (Al-Fe) at different electrical voltage potentials (5, 10 and 15 Volts) for a designated time step (up to 30 min). The electrocoagulation cell consisted of two parallel rectangular plate electrodes, immersed in a beaker with 500 mL feedlot runoff and powered by a Direct Current (DC) supply. This study was conducted in batches at room temperature. Results indicated that Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration reduced significantly irrespective of electrode types. Overall, TP concentration reduction was higher (100%) followed by COD (50-75%) and TN (25-60%) concentration. Nutrient removal and specific electrical energy consumption increased with increasing voltage level. Aluminum electrodes were more effective than the other two electrodes for TP reduction at all applied potentials and COD reduction was better at lower applied potential. Hybrid electrodes (Al-Fe) reduced TN better than the other two electrodes.

Removal of Reactive Red 24 Dye by Clean Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron and Aluminum Electrodes

In this research, the efficiency of electrocoagulation treatment process using iron and aluminum electrodes to treat synthetic wastewater containing Reactive Red 24 (RR 24) was studied. The effects of parameters such as current density, pH, type of electrolyte, initial dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, temperature, and inter electrode distance on dye removal efficiency were investigated. The results showed that dye and chemical oxygen demand removals were 99.6% and 91.5% by using iron and were 97.9% and 83.8%, by using aluminum electrodes. The removal of dye exhibited pseudo first order with good correlation coefficients (0.955 and 0.990 for Fe and Al electrodes respectively. It can be concluded that electrocoagulation process by Iron electrode is very efficient and clean process for reactive dye removal from colored wastewater

Remediation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Landfill Leachates by Electrocoagulation

A process for the determination of anaerobic‐oxic biologically treated perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in leachates from a landfill in Beijing, China, is provided. The applicability of electrocoagulation (EC) with aluminum electrodes for the remediation of PFASs in landfill leachates is investigated in detailed. With reaction time of 45 min, plate distance of 1 cm, current density of 35 mA/cm2 and plate amounts of four pairs, the EC reactor achieved the optimal removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand and PFASs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was not detected in the treated leachates after the EC treatment. The average removal efficiencies of perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorooctanoate acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorodecanoic acid were 65.1, 58.5, 75.2, and 33.8%, respectively. However, perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluorododecanoic acid concentration increased by about 20.2 and 18.6% after the EC treatment process.

Electrocoagulation pretreatment of wet-spun acrylic fibers manufacturing wastewater to improve its biodegradability

The electrocoagulation (EC) process was used to pretreat wastewater from the manufacture of wet-spun acrylic fibers, and the effects of varying the operating parameters, including the electrode area/wastewater volume (A/V) ratio, current density, interelectrode distance and pH, on the EC treatment process were investigated. About 44% of the total organic carbon was removed using the optimal conditions in a 100min procedure. The optimal conditions were a current density of 35.7mAcm−2, an A/V ratio of 0.28cm−1, a pH of 5, and an interelectrode distance of 0.8cm. The biodegradability of the contaminants in the treated water was improved by the EC treatment (using the optimal conditions), increasing the five-day biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand ratio to 0.35, which could improve the effectiveness of subsequent biological treatments. The improvement in the biodegradability of the contaminants in the wastewater was attributed to the removal and degradation of aromatic organic compounds, straight-chain paraffins, and other organic compounds, which we identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The EC process was proven to be an effective alternative pretreatment for wastewater from the manufacture of wet-spun acrylic fibers, prior to biological treatments.

Optimization of electrocoagulation process to treat grey wastewater in batch mode using response surface methodology

BackgroundDischarge of grey wastewater into the ecological system causes the negative impact effect on receiving water bodies.MethodsIn this present study, electrocoagulation process (EC) was investigated to treat grey wastewater under different operating conditions such as initial pH (4–8), current density (10–30 mA/cm2), electrode distance (4–6 cm) and electrolysis time (5–25 min) by using stainless steel (SS) anode in batch mode. Four factors with five levels Box-Behnken response surface design (BBD) was employed to optimize and investigate the effect of process variables on the responses such as total solids (TS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and fecal coliform (FC) removal.ResultsThe process variables showed significant effect on the electrocoagulation treatment process. The results were analyzed by Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA) and second order polynomial models were developed in order to study the electrocoagulation process statistically. The optimal operating conditions were found to be: initial pH of 7, current density of 20 mA/cm2, electrode distance of 5 cm and electrolysis time of 20 min.ConclusionThese results indicated that EC process can be scale up in large scale level to treat grey wastewater with high removal efficiency of TS, COD and FC.

An alternative treatment process for upgrade of petroleum refinery wastewater using electrocoagulation

An electrocoagulation treatment process was developed for treatment and upgrade of petroleum refinery effluent (wastewater), instead of the conventional methods, which can consume higher amounts of chemicals and produce larger amounts of sludge. The effect of the operation parameters, such as current density, initial pH, anode material, anode dissolution, energy consumption and electrolysis time, on treatment efficiency was investigated. The experimental results showed that the effluent can be effectively treated under optimal conditions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the effluent, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) of the sludge produced, revealed that the unwanted pollutants can be eliminated. The electrocoagulation treatment process was assessed by using the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and the general physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, and the results showed that the electrocoagulation is an efficient process for recycling of petroleum wastewater; it is faster and provides better quality of treated water than the conventional methods.