Electrochemical Treatment Research Articles

Fabrication of 3D‐printed graphene/polylactic acid and carbon nanofiber/polylactic acid electrodes: New solvent‐free electrochemical activation method for hydrogen evolution reactions

AbstractIn this study, polylactic acid (PLA) composites containing different ratios (5%–15%) of graphene (GRP) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) were filamented using an extruder and then, 3D printed electrodes were produced by fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using the obtained GRP‐PLA and CNF‐PLA based filaments. The Electrochemical measurements of the 3D electrodes toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were investigated. According to the results obtained from the cathodic curves; It was determined that the current densities of 15% GRP/PLA and 15% CNF/PLA 3D electrodes were higher than the other electrodes and these values were around 0.325 and 0.329 mA cm−2, respectively. From the EIS results, the resistance values (Rct + Rad) for 15% GRP/PLA and 15% CNF/PLA 3D electrodes were found to be around 1465 and 9135 Ω cm2, respectively. It was determined that these two 3D electrodes had the lowest resistance values compared to other ratios. To increase the efficiency for HER, after soaking in 1 M KOH for 1 h, the activation process was carried out using the CV method by taking 100 cycles in the 0/−3 V range. The results were compared with the activation method reported in the literature (DMF and 2.5 V electrochemical treatment).

Минимизация опасности металлизированных шахтных стоков

Increase in ore production volumes and the use of large-sized equipment contribute to the loss of ores during mining, which gives rise to the phenomenon of natural leaching. On the example of deposits of the Sadon ore cluster, the hazard of metallized mine effluents for living matter and humans is shown. Of the relatively young methods of mine water purification, the most promising is the combination of electrochemical softening of mine effluents with electrodialysis desalination and concentration. The improvement of environmental protection technologies is developing on the basis of the managed disposal of mining and processing waste as a generator of natural leaching. The results are presented related to the experimental study of the parameters of metals extraction from the mine effluents by electrodialysis desalination with simultaneous concentration. The mechanism is formulated related to the development of oxidative processes of sulfide minerals in the presence of carbon dioxide of the mine atmosphere with the occurrence of electrochemical bonds between the crystals and mineral grains. The process of electromembrane treatment of metal-containing wastes is detailed. It is shown that during the electrochemical decomposition of salt systems, associated commercial products are formed. The dynamics of pollution of the Ardon river washing the Sadon deposit is given. The chemical processes of leaching of lost ores are described. An installation for electrochemical wastewater treatment is recommended, and a quantitative assessment of its efficiency is given. It is noted that the processes of electrochemical wastewater treatment are adequate, described by linear graphs and subject to correction. It is shown that the drains of mines are hazardous for living matter. It is indicated that the improvement of environmental protection technologies will be developed in the direction of waste disposal of mining and processing. The general principle of mine water hazard reduction is a combination of electrochemical softening with electrodialysis desalination and concentration.

Materialization of a Novel Decorated Nanowire Biosensor Platform Based on Field Effect Transistor under Electrochemical Gate Modulation

The highly sensitive and cost-free field effect transistor (FET) biosensor for specific detection of DNA and streptavidin based on Zinc Oxide Nanowires (NWs) to develop the next generation biosensors in label-free approach under electrochemical gate modulation has been materialized. The electronic properties of NWs were changed by binding of charged analytes to NWs surface under electrochemical gate modulation. Due to highly chemically inertness, immobilization of the target analyte receptors on the NWs could be conducted through electrochemical treatment. For materialization of DNA binding, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were used to functionalize ZnO NWs surface. In this work, a liquid gated FET based on NWs was configured to detect the complementary DNA strand hybridization as well as the protein streptavidin at very low concentration. The biosensor could reach to sensitivity of attomolar. The sensitivity of response was check and biosensor showed the sensitivity ranges from 10−18 to 10−12 mol.L−1. The FET biosensor could distinguish a complementary strand from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing strand. The limit of detection (LOD) reached to15 aM. The NPs decoration on the NWs surface brought about the high detection limit. The NPs decoration was being a promising method and scientific approach for biomolecules detection.

Differential Pulse Voltammetric Tuning of the Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Surface to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance and Multiplex Detection

Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) has shown tremendous scope for the miniaturization and commercialization of low-cost electrochemical sensors and biosensors devices. But the commercial SPCEs have a narrow potential window (PW) that limits their versatile applications for various analytes owing to the presence of some inherent redox peaks in the wider PW. In this work, we have explored the most effective and innovative electrochemical tuning of the SPCE surface using DPV (differential pulse voltammetry) for the removal of those inherent redox peaks that are responsible for narrowing the working PW. After that, the electrochemical performance of the tuned SPCE electrode was evaluated in terms of a range of electrochemical parameters including reproducibility by CV (Cyclic Voltammetry), DPV and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) measurements using [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as a model redox analyte. In addition, the suitability of the tuned electrode for multiple analytes detection was tested in presence of a mixture of Cd2+ (cadmium), Cu2+ (copper) and Hg2+ (Mercury) ions using CV and DPV techniques. The electrochemical analysis data show that after electrochemical DPV treatment, the SPCE surface exhibits excellent reproducibility and electrochemical performance within a wider PW minimizing their inherent drawback creating a wide scope of their precise applications in various fields.

Exploring the Potential and Challenges of Electrochemical Processes for Sustainable Waste Water Remediation and Treatment

Emerging as an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sound approach, electrochemical treatment methods hold significant promise for sustainable remediation and wastewater treatment. This review elucidates recent progress in electrochemical techniques used for site decontamination and wastewater management. It elucidates the fundamental electrochemical processes, detailing the principles of electrocoagulation, electroflocculation, electrochemical membranes, electrochemical oxidation (EO), and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The broad applicability of these methods for contaminant removal, inclusive of heavy metals, organic pollutants, complex organic compounds, and suspended particulate matter, is underscored. Notwithstanding, the adoption of these techniques encounters notable challenges. These involve the heterogeneity of soil conditions, the presence of intricate contaminant mixtures, and the risk of electrode fouling and degradation. Suggestions for overcoming such challenges include refining the comprehension of electrochemical treatment processes in field-scale applications, investigating innovative electrode materials, and developing advanced modeling and simulation tools. This review offers a robust overview of electrochemical treatment strategies for sustainable wastewater management and can guide researchers, engineers, and policymakers towards the successful adoption and implementation of these techniques to meet environmental challenges and foster sustainable water management.

Electrochemical-based approaches for the treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater

In recent times, emerging contaminants (ECs) like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater have become a major concern in the environment. Electrochemical treatment technologies proved to be more efficient to degrade or remove PPCPs present in the wastewater. Electrochemical treatment technologies have been the subject of intense research for the past few years. Attention has been given to electro-oxidation and electro-coagulation by industries and researchers, indicating their potential to remediate PPCPs and mineralization of organic and inorganic contaminants present in wastewater. However, difficulties arise in the successful operation of scaled-up systems. Hence, researchers have identified the need to integrate electrochemical technology with other treatment technologies, particularly advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Integration of technologies addresses the limitation of indiviual technologies. The major drawbacks like formation of undesired or toxic intermediates, s, energy expenses, and process efficacy influenced by the type of wastewater etc., can be reduced in the combined processes. The review discusses the integration of electrochemical technology with various AOPs, like photo-Fenton, ozonation, UV/H2O2, O3/UV/H2O2, etc., as an efficient way to generate powerful radicals and augment the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The processes are targeted for PPCPs such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, polyparaben and carbamezapine. The discussion concerns itself with the various advantages/disadvantages, reaction mechanisms, factors involved, and cost estimation of the individual and integrated technologies. The synergistic effect of the integrated technology is discussed in detail and remarks concerning the prospects subject to the investigation are also stated.

Statistical analysis of the effect of the electrochemical treatment and the acid concentration on the leaching of NMC cathodes from spent Li-ion batteries

Electric mobility has sharply increased the demand for batteries, making a European priority their sustainability throughout their entire lifecycle. However, battery recycling still needs to be improved, since it relies on industrial processes that require high amounts of energy, are not selective and require chemical reagents such as concentrated acids and reducing agents. In this work, the effect of acid concentration and electrochemical treatment on the leaching of Li, Ni, Mn, Co from electric vehicle LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) batteries was studied at room temperature. A factorial 32 experimental design was considered to deconvolve the effect of the chemical leaching from the electrochemical treatment in NMC batteries. An analysis of the variance was performed to determine which factors have a statistically significant effect on the initial leaching rate and the final leaching yield of each one of the metals. The main advantage and novelty of this work is that the combination of the electrochemical treatment and the acid concentration is proved to be significant for the extraction yield of the metals contained in Li-ion batteries of NMC cathode. All the experiments have been done in galvanostatic mode, with no pre-treatments and at room temperature with no addition of reducing agents. Based on the results obtained from the statistical analysis, a novel environmentally friendly process for recycling the cathodes of spent batteries was proposed. This 3-sequencial-step process would allow to recover separately the Al foil, the Li fraction, the Mn fraction, and the Ni-Co fractions.

Sustainable environment through using porous materials: A review on wastewater treatment

AbstractPorous materials play an important role in creating a sustainable environment by improving wastewater treatment's efficacy. Porous materials, including adsorbents or ion exchangers, catalysts, metal–organic frameworks, composites, carbon materials, and membranes, have widespread applications in treating wastewater and air pollution. This review examines recent developments in porous materials, focusing on their effectiveness for different wastewater pollutants. Specifically, they can treat a wide range of water contaminants, and many remove over 95% of targeted contaminants. Recent advancements include a wider range of adsorption options, heterogeneous catalysis, a new UV/H2O2 procedure, ion exchange, Fenton oxidation, membrane activities, ozonation, membrane bioreactor, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, and a carbon capture methodology utilizing various porous materials. A particular focus for innovative research is on developing technologies to synthesize porous materials and assess their performance in removing various pollutants from wastewater at varying experimental conditions. Porous materials can be essential in designing wastewater treatment systems to address the critical environmental issues of water stress and safe drinking water worldwide.

Design of a Batik Coloring Waste Treatment Tool Using the Electrocoagulation Method with a Capacity of 50 Liters

Batik coloring still uses synthetic dyes, so the disposal of coloring waste should not be careless. Most batik craftsmen process their batik waste by settling the waste liquid for a long time. The process is very ineffective. The purpose of this research is to design a batik processing tool that is cheap and effective. The research method uses the electrocoagulation method. The electrocoagulation method is an electrochemical water treatment. The design of this batik waste treatment tool consists of five parts including: (1) Electrocoagulation Tub, (2) Skimmer, (3) Electrode, (4) Sand Filter, and (5) Studge Drying Bed. This tool works with 900 watts of power with an output of 20-40 volts DC. The capacity of liquid waste is 50 liters. Duration of waste treatment for 2 hours. The electrocoagulation method is able to reduce the values of BOD5, COD, TSS, and TDS in batik dye waste. The pH of wastewater which is still high can be reduced by giving alum.

The Effect of the Iridium Alloying and Hydrogen Sorption on the Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Palladium.

Thin layers (up to 1 µm) of Pd-Ir alloys were electrodeposited from aqueous, galvanic baths of PdCl2 and IrCl3 mixtures. The morphology of the electrodeposits was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The composition of alloys was determined with the use of energy-dispersive spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. For the studies of the electrochemical properties of alloys, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry were used. It was found that Pd-Ir alloy electrodes were surface-enriched with Pd. Pd-Ir alloys subjected to different electrochemical treatment involving hydrogen sorption changed their surface state. The continuous hydrogen sorption enhanced the Ir ions' dissolution. The values of thermodynamic functions of hydrogen sorption in strong alkaline electrolytes were comparable with those in acidic electrolytes, whereas the kinetics of the process in alkaline medium was hindered. The miscibility gap in the Pd-Ir-H system vanished for the electrode containing ca. 93.7 at.% Pd.

Impact of different anode materials on electro-Fenton process and tannery wastewater treatment using sequential electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation

The influence of anode materials on the electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater (TWW) was evaluated using Pt, Ti/RuO2–IrO2 (DSA), Ti/SnO2–Sb, Ti/PbO2, and Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2 electrodes. The comparison of the degradation mechanism of these electrodes in the electro-Fenton (EF) treatment was evaluated. The Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2 anode was efficient, with high electrocatalytic activity, stability, and reproducibility of the degradation results. Further, the study was extended to define the ability of sequential EF and electrocoagulation (EC) processes to clean TWW. The EC treatment was conducted using Al electrodes, and the performance of the combined treatment was evaluated by the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), sulfide, and Cr removal. The role of chlorides and sulfate salts during both treatments was evaluated by monitoring the concentration changes of these anions during the whole treatment using ion chromatography (IC). A sequential 1.5 h EF and 1 h EC treatment were applied to achieve a satisfactory degradation of (81.2 ± 3.9)% COD, >98% Cr, >99% turbidity, TSS, and sulfide removal. Additionally, the combined treatment was found to be more efficient towards the COD removal, achieving about 22.5% higher COD removal consuming almost the same amount of electrical energy.

Effect of Post-Processing Treatment on Fatigue Performance of Ti6Al4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Fatigue properties of parts are of particular concern for safety-critical structures. It is well-known that discontinuities in shape or non-uniformities in materials are frequently a potential nucleus of fatigue failure. This is especially crucial for the Ti6Al4V alloy, which presents high susceptibility to the notch effect. This study investigates how post-processing treatments affect the mechanical performance of Ti6Al4V samples manufactured by laser powder bed fusion technology. All the fatigue samples were subjected to a HIP cycle and post-processed by machining and using combinations of alternative mechanical and electrochemical surface treatments. The relationship between surface properties such as roughness, topography and residual stresses with fatigue performance was assessed. Compressive residual stresses were introduced in all surface-treated samples, and after tribofinishing, roughness was reduced to 0.31 ± 0.10 µm, which was found to be the most critical factor. Fractures occurred on the surface as HIP removed critical internal defects. The irregularities found in the form of cavities or pits were stress concentrators that initiated cracks. It was concluded that machined surfaces presented a fatigue behavior comparable to wrought material, offering a fatigue limit superior to 450 MPa. Additionally, alternative surface treatments showed a fatigue behavior equivalent to the casting material.

Apparent and true mineralization during combined electro‐oxidation and electro‐coagulation on stainless steel anode

AbstractPresent study is a novel attempt to experimentally verify that electrochemical treatment of organic pollutants on stainless steel (SS) anode is a combination of electro‐oxidation (EO) and electro‐coagulation (EC) with quantitative estimation of individual contributions of the two mechanisms. Target organic pollutants, metformin HCl (MET‐HCl) and lamotrigine (LAM), were electrochemically treated with SS anode for this purpose. Experiments were designed using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to assess the effect of current density (CD) and supporting electrolyte concentration (SEC) as independent process parameters. Under all conditions, the process was experimentally verified to be a combination of EO and EC. For MET‐HCl, true mineralization (TM) as a result of EO contribution varied between 50.13% and 66.64%. EO contribution and resulting TM for LAM ranged from 37.5% to 61.83%. EC contributed 30.6%–31.84% towards MET‐HCl remediation causing the TOC to be transferred from the liquid to the sludge produced (SP). EC contribution was 23.68%–35.89% for LAM remediation. Thus, apparent mineralization (AM), the sum of EO and EC contributions, ranged from 80.63% to 97.79% for MET‐HCl and 61.18% to 96.82% for LAM.Process parameters were statistically optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to simultaneously maximize TM and AM with minimal energy consumption and maximal current efficiency. The optimized conditions were 0.83 mA/cm2 CD and 86.66 ppm SEC for MET‐HCl. The corresponding values were 1.31 mA/cm2 CD and 79.51 ppm SEC for LAM.

Construction of MXene/Ti membrane electrode with Ti3C2TX via electrophoretic deposition for high-efficient electrochemical degradation of antibiotic wastewater

The introduction of antibiotics into the environment leads to serious environmental problems and public health concerns. Along these lines, in this work, a facile strategy to fabricate the MXene/Ti membrane was developed by loading 2D ultrathin Ti3C2Tx nanosheets on the porous Ti membrane through electrophoretic deposition, which was used as anode material for the degradation of the tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) wastewater in the electrocatalytic membrane reactor (ECMR). From the acquired degradation results, it was demonstrated that the removal efficiency of TCH and total organic carbon (TOC) was nearly 100 % and 90.4 % with the obtained MXene/Ti anode in the ECMR, respectively, under a temperature value of 20 °C, a current density of 0.8 mA cm−2, a residence time of 10 min, an electrolyte Na2SO4 concentration of 15 g L−1, a TCH concentration of 50 mg L−1, and a pH of 7.0 reaction conditions. These values were much higher than that of pristine Ti membrane anode and other reported electrochemical treatment processes, such as electrocatalysis, photo-electrocatalysis process etc. The excellent stability of the MXene/Ti anode was also demonstrated by performing 15 cycles test. The superior removal efficiency of TCH and the mineralization ability of antibiotics could be ascribed to the formation of 2D nanocomposites of Ti3C2Tx and TiO2. Our work paves the way for the utilization of MXene/Ti membrane electrodes and ECMR for the efficient removal of antibiotics from wastewater.

Synergistic, adaptive, continuous-flow, and low-carbon solar evaporation and electrochemical treatment (SEET) system – a combined numerical and experimental study

A synergistic, adaptive, continuous-flow, and low-carbon solar evaporation and electrochemical treatment (SEET) system was proposed and researched for energy-efficient and sustainable decentralized water treatment. The hybrid system integrated anodic oxidation with solar evaporation to enhance organic degradation and optimize mass transport through the photo-thermal effect. A novel four-step numerical simulation method was proposed to design the system and examine the water evaporation process and mass transport of salts and organics. A case study was implemented, revealing that system parameters related to evaporation and organics degradation exhibited strong interdependence. The relationships between these parameters were well-established, and adaptive water flow rate ranges were also identified to prevent salt accumulation while ensuring efficient organic degradation. The adaptability demonstrated the system's potential for use in varying influent scenarios. A prototype of the system was constructed, and the experimental data matched well with the simulation results. In the experiments, the local water temperature reached 45–50 °C in the continuous-flow mode under one sun condition, resulting in a 2–5 times reduction in outlet organic concentrations compared to traditional electrochemical systems. Energy analysis confirmed that the system primarily relied on clean and sustainable solar energy, maintaining a low carbon footprint. In conclusion, this innovative approach offers significant potential for addressing the clean drinking water crisis and enhancing pollutant removal in future decentralized water treatment systems.

Optimisation of a Ce–Mn co-doped SnO2–Sb anode based on a nanotubular TiO2 array for electrochemical decolourisation of wastewater

ABSTRACT In this study, Ce and Mn co-doped SnO2–Sb electrode was prepared onto a Ti/TiO2 nanotubes surface. The nanostructure of the novel electrode was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and specific techniques were used to study the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode. SEM analysis results showed that TiO2 nanotubes could reduce the crack morphology and provide a larger surface area for loading the electrochemically active material. EDS analysis showed that Ce and Mn were doped into the electrode successfully. Under optimised conditions, the electrode prepared with Sn:Sb:Ce:Mn mole ratio of 100:10:3:3 has the best electrocatalytic performance. Ethylene glycol was used as the solvent in cerium-manganese co-doped Ti/TiO2–NTs/TiO2–SnO2–Sb electrode. Ce–Mn co-doped TiO2NTs/SnO2–Sb electrode has a high oxygen evolution potential of 1.79 V (vs. SCE) and a lower charge transfer resistance. The decolourisation extent of 30 mg L−1 methylene blue wastewater reaches 98.5% within 30 min. Finally, the main intermediates were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and possible pathways for dye degradation were proposed. This study opens a door to the rapid electrochemical decoloursation treatment of wastewater by using an easily obtainable multi-metal co-doped electrode.

Electrochemical Treatment of Dye Wastewater in a Filter Press Type Electrochemical Reactor

Electrochemical Treatment of Dye Wastewater in a Filter Press Type Electrochemical Reactor

ACTUAL METHODS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT

In this work, we have studied the methods of electrochemical processing of materials in order to give them new functional properties. Experimental data on the production of corrosion-resistant coatings based on Zn-Ni and Zn-Co alloys from ammonium oxalate electrolytes and the study of their protective properties are presented. The questions of electrochemical production of carbon nanomaterials by anodic exfoliation of graphite in sulfuric acid electrolytes are considered. The influence of the dispersed phase of electrochemically exfoliated graphite on the electrodeposition of tin from sulfate and stannate electrolytes has been established. The influence of the additive on the aging of tin coatings and their ability to solderability was studied. Data are given on the effect of chloride ions in a solution of chemical polishing of brass on solderability. For citation: Shekhanov R.F., Gridchin S.N., Bratkov I.V., Ershova T.V., Dontsov M.G. Actual methods of electrochemical surface treatment. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 7. P. 151-158. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236607. 6841j.

Study of helminth eggs (Ascaris suum) inactivation by anaerobic digestion and electrochemical treatment

Background: The use of insufficiently treated wastewater or faecal sludge in agriculture raises concerns because of the pathogen content. Helminth eggs are one of the most crucial pathogens for ensuring public health and safety. Widely used disinfection treatment methods do not guarantee the complete inactivation of helminth eggs. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion and electrochemical process on helminth (Ascaris suum) egg inactivation. Methods: Lab-scale biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was conducted by spiking A. suum eggs in a serum bottle. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), pH, biogas production and its composition, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were analyzed along with A. suum inactivation every third day for the initial 15 days and fifth day for 45 days. In the second set of experiments, a hypochlorite (4700 ppm) solution was generated by electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution in a membrane-less electrochemical cell. The hypochlorite was diluted (940, 470, 235, and 156ppm) in wastewater, spiked with A. suum eggs and then examined for inactivation at regular intervals. Results: The results of the anaerobic digestion treatment documented 98% inactivation of A. suum eggs (0.15 eggs/mL) in 35 days and remained at 0.14 eggs/mL until day 45. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between non-viable eggs and pH and a negative relationship with all the other parameters. Electrochemical treatment achieved 10% inactivation at 940 ppm concentration in 24h. Conclusions: This study revealed that the inactivation of A. suum eggs by anaerobic digestion or electrochemical treatment is a combined effect of more than one parameter.

Conformational and functional changes from deamidation of wheat gluten with electrochemical treatment.

In this paper, wheat gluten (WG) was modified by electrochemical deamidation. The effects of electrochemical treatment time on the conformation and functional properties of WG and its mechanism were studied. Wheat gluten demonstrated a maximum deamidation of 50.94%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a decrease in α-helix and β-sheets and an increase in β-turns and random coils, indicating that the secondary structure of WG became looser and more disordered with increased molecular flexibility. Electrochemical deamidation significantly increased the net charge and solubility of WG, the emulsifying activity index (EAI) increased from 8.53 to 15.66 m2 g-1 , the foaming capacity (FC) increased from 4.55 to 13.72 cm3 , and the water-holding capacity (WHC) and oil-holding capacity (OHC) reached maximum levels of 8.42 g g-1 and 7.45 g g-1 , respectively, at 90 min. Electrochemical deamidation appears to be a useful technique to improve the processing characteristics of WG. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.