Electrochemical Tests Research Articles

Exceptionally-fast antimony removal by hollow rod assembly of Fe@MnO2 nanosheets: Sequential utilization as aqueous alkaline battery anode

The recovery and reuse of antimony resources is crucial to suppress the increasing antimony pollution. In this study, Fe@MnO2 composite was prepared by continuous redox etching, which showed a hollow rod-like structure stacked of nanosheets with a large specific surface area and rich pore shell structure. It can reach an exceptionally-fast adsorption equilibrium in 200s, and a maximum capacity of 252.7mg/g. Adhering to the concept of sustainable development, the waste adsorbent is reused in antimony ion batteries. In electrochemical testing, the used-adsorbent exhibits a high specific capacity of 158 mAh g-1 and excellent stability. This study provides new insights into the removal of antimony and opens new ways for the reuse of resources.

Investigation of the effects of tri-ammonium citrate electrolyte additive for lead-acid battery using lead foil as negative grid

This study aims to create a lead foil anode for lead-acid batteries with high specific energy, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant. The research also discovered that incorporating tri-ammonium citrate (AC) into the electrolyte significantly enhances the cycling performance of the pure lead level foil negative electrode under high-rate-partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) conditions. This addition also increases the specific capacity at high rates, resulting in a 2.3-fold improvement in HRPSoC cycling performance at a 1C rate and a 52 % increase in discharged capacity at a 4C rate, compared to the control blank plate without AC. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and other material characterization methods, as well as electrochemical tests, it is proved that AC improves the morphology of lead sulfate into a lamellar stacked structure. It can also effectively refine lead sulfate grains and inhibit sulfation. In addition, pure lead foil batteries exhibit superior capacity cycle stability at a high multiplication rate compared to grid lead-based alloy batteries. Pure lead foil batteries also have a significantly longer cycle life, with a 65 % increase in discharge-specific capacity at a 4C multiplication rate and a 2.2 times and 1.8 times increase in cycle life at 1C and 2C multiplication rates, respectively.

Multidimensional octahedron (de) intercalation cathode for aqueous zinc-ion battery

CuS is a suitable material for use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, the Zn2+ reaction between CuS is challenging due to the high radius and the considerable electrostatic force between the Zn2+ and CuS cathode. In this work, CuS nanosheets were in situ grown on a template surface via the hydrothermal method. The composition, surface morphology, and microstructure were then studied in detail. The zinc storage properties and mechanism were investigated through electrochemical testing, density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation. The findings demonstrate that CuS nanosheets are formed in situ along the octahedral surface, resulting in the development of multistage structures. The distinctive configuration is capable of efficaciously preventing nanosheet aggregation, augmenting the specific surface area and active site of electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, the formation of a hollow structure through ion exchange reduces the intercalation energy barrier of Zn2+, facilitates rapid ion diffusion, enhances the charge transfer rate, and markedly improves battery performance.

Mango leaves extract as sustainable corrosion inhibitor for X70 steel in HCl medium: Integrated experimental analysis and computational electronic/atomic-scale simulation

Mangoes are one of the most abundant fruit tree crops in most countries. Unfortunately, mango leaves are generally dumped as agricultural waste due to their abundance, resulting in significant waste and environmental pollution. In this study, electrochemical and weight loss techniques were utilized to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of mango leaves extract (MLE) on the corrosion of X70 steel in 1 M HCl. The results indicated that MLE was an excellent corrosion inhibitor for X70 steel to resist corrosion in an acidic environment, and the inhibition efficiency was effectively improved by increasing the inhibitor concentration and decreasing the temperature. Electrochemical tests have shown that MLE functions as a corrosion inhibitor with a mixed-type mechanism. Fitting the adsorption isotherm with electrochemical data, confirmed that MLE demonstrates corrosion resistance on metal surfaces through adsorption, and this adsorption conforms to the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption phenomenon was deeply investigated by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MLE is further proven to interact with the steel surface to generate an adsorption layer that prevents steel corrosion in an acidic environment. In particular, the density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) calculations results also suggest that the π electron and lone-pair electrons in the main components of MLE are conducive to enhancing the adsorption of corrosion inhibitor molecules on the iron surface, to achieve a more effective inhibition effect. Furthermore, the toxicity prediction indicates that the MLE components are nearly non-toxic, which complies with environmental protection regulations. MLE has excellent corrosion resistance, with a corrosion inhibition efficiency of nearly 90 % at a concentration of 400 mg/L, while also helping to solve agricultural waste management challenges.

Influence of the dual-current method on the properties and growth mechanisms of micro-arc oxidation coatings

Although the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique can significantly enhance metal properties, the numerous variables involved in the preparation of MAO coatings lead to inconsistent properties. This study prepared MAO coatings using both single-current and dual-current methods with varied current parameters. The effects of these methods on the coating properties were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the microscopic and cross-sectional morphologies of the coatings prepared using both methods. Subsequently, the physical phase composition of the coatings was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the coatings' tribological and corrosion resistance properties were evaluated through tribological and electrochemical tests. The results demonstrate that coatings prepared using the decreased-current method in dual-current mode exhibit outstanding abrasion and corrosion resistance. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the method is proposed, which provides a new idea and method to enhance the performance of MAO coatings in a simple and efficient way.

Effect of voltage and time on microstructure and corrosion resistance of anodic oxidation film on Al-5.5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.03Ti-0.08Sn alloy

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films were prepared on the surface of Al-5.5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.03Ti-0.08Sn alloy in a 160g/L H2SO4 electrolyte. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immersion weight loss, and electrochemical testing were used to analyze the element and phase composition, surface and cross-section morphology and corrosion resistance of AAO films in NaCl solution. The effects of anodic oxidation voltage and time on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of AAO films were discussed. The results show that the AAO film on the surface of Al-5.5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.03Ti-0.08Sn alloy was mainly composed of Al2O3, with a dense barrier layer near the aluminum matrix and a porous layer on the outer layer. With the increase of anodic oxidation voltage and oxidation time, the thickness and pore diameter of AAO film increases gradually, and the corrosion resistance increases gradually. After anodizing for 15V-60min, the thickness of AAO film on the surface of Al-5.5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.03Ti-0.08Sn alloy reached 45.51μm, the corrosion current density decreased to 0.79µA/cm2, and the weight loss decreased to 0.19µg·cm-2·h-1, showing the best corrosion resistance. This study provides a new method to improve the corrosion resistance of Al-5.5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.03Ti-0.08Sn alloy used in the Marine environment and discusses the corrosion behavior of Al-5.5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.03Ti-0.08Sn alloy with AAO films in the Marine environment.

Efficient degradation of emerging organic pollutants via activation of peroxymonosulfate over Fe-N co-doped carbon materials: Singlet oxygen and electron-transfer mechanisms

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is widely recognized as an effective reactive species for the targeted oxidation of organic contaminants. However, producing 1O2 with high selectivity and efficiency remains a significant challenge. This study describes the synthesis of a N-C-loaded Fe catalyst (Fe/NC) loaded with nitrogen-doped carbon materials. The Fe/NC catalyst efficiently produces 1O2 via the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), demonstrating exceptional degradation capabilities for p-chlorophenol (4-CP). Compared to the control samples of nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) and Fe/NC-x under identical conditions, the Fe/NC/PMS produced a significantly greater degradation rate (0.794min-1) for 4-CP (50mg⋅L-1) within 14min. The content of zinc was regulated to enhance the degradation of 4-CP. The durability of the catalyst was tested with a fixed-bed flow reactor, maintaining almost 100% removal efficiency over 36h on stream. The 4-CP degradation within this system was shown to be a non-radical process predominated by 1O2 and electron transfer, as shown by electrochemical methods, quenching studies, and electron paramagnetic resonance test (EPR). Moreover, Fe/NC demonstrated exceptional resistance to pH changes (3-10), natural organics, and inorganic ions while degrading organic contaminants. The degradation process of 4-CP over the Fe/NC catalyst was examined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. The results of the phytotoxicity evaluation indicated a significant decrease in their toxicity within the Fe/NC/PMS/4-CP system. The satisfactory activity, stability, and universality enabled Fe/NC to serve as a promising candidate for PMS activation. This study presents a novel approach for the selective production of 1O2, enabling targeted pollutant degradation in wastewater treatment.

Feasibilty of UVC-LED/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Processes as a Hybrid Water Treatment System Uniting Secondary Battery and Microbial Fuel Cell

An innovative hybrid water treatment system consisting of an ultraviolet C light-emitting diode sequentially connected to a secondary battery and microbial fuel cells was developed and systematically optimized via an electrochemical performance test. According to standardized bio-dosimetry, the generated ultraviolet intensity powered by a pre-charged battery was determined to be 2.3×10-1 μW cm-2. The quantified UV intensity was used in calculating the fundamental kinetic parameters for the inactivation of microbial entities and the degradation of organic pollutants during UVC-LED and UVC-LED/H2O2 treatment processes. The fluence-based first-order rate constants were 1.07 and 2.43 cm2/mJ for Escherichia coli and 0.10 and 0.18 cm2/mJ for MS-2 bacteriophage, respectively. The study detected 2.76–8.00×10−16 M hydroxyl radicals at steady-state during UVC-LED/H2O2 treatment with 0.3–1mM H2O2. The second-order rate constant for atrazine during UVC-LED/H2O2 treatment was 1.90×109M−1 s−1 according to linear regression analysis of atrazine elimination over •OH exposure. This comprehensive investigation expands the application of microbial electrochemical systems in water treatment, providing a fundamental kinetic dataset for quantifying and predicting the microbial and (persistent) organic pollutants abatement.

Ni-CoS2 nanoparticles loaded on 3D RGO for efficient electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction

The development of efficient non-precious metal electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is still a huge challenge. In this study, we designed and synthesized an efficient electrocatalyst for Ni-doped cobalt sulfide supported on 3D RGO (Ni-CoS2/3D RGO) using a simple one-step solvent-thermal method. Ni doping adjusted the charge distribution on the surface of the material, significantly improved the catalytic activity, and then accelerated the reaction kinetics. The high specific surface area and high stability of 3D RGO greatly improved the intrinsic activity of the material, making Ni-CoS2/3D RGO exhibit superior catalytic activity in both electrochemical hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution. We evaluated the morphology and properties of the catalysts through a series of characterization methods and electrochemical performance tests. When the current density is 10 mA cm−2, the HER overpotential of Ni-CoS2/3D RGO under acidic condition reaches 138 mV, and the Tafel slope is 61 mV dec−1. Under alkaline conditions, the OER overpotential reaches 286 mV, and the Tafel slope is only 48 mV dec−1. And the OWS overpotential of the catalyst is 1.41 V and 1.82 V under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively, indicating that the catalyst has ideal water splitting performance. This work provides a new idea for the application of 3D reduced graphene oxide in electrochemical direction, and also provides a new strategy for the design and preparation of non-precious metal catalysts for the efficient electrochemical water splitting.

Construction of an S-scheme AgBr/BiOBr heterojunction by in situ hydrolysis for highly efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into CO

To improve the performance of CO2 photoreduction to CO, S-scheme AgBr/BiOBr heterojunctions with strong interfacial interactions were prepared using a simple in situ hydrolysis strategy by regulating the stoichiometric ratio of BiOBr and AgNO3. Furthermore, the synthesized AgBr/BiOBr heterojunctions were subjected to microstructure analysis and electrochemical properties testing. The experimental date show that AgBr/BiOBr heterojunctions, which have tight interfacial contact characteristics, boost visible light utilization and facilitate the separation and shift of photogenerated carriers, leading to strong CO2 redox capability. Among the AgBr/BiOBr heterojunctions, the AB-2 specimen has the best selectivity for the product CO. The rate of CO2 photoreduction to CO for AB-2 is 25.36 μmol·g-1·h-1, which is about 2.48 and 11.91 times higher than those of acquired BiOBr and AgBr, respectively. After several cycles, it still exhibits high stability. Furthermore, the electric charge transfer and CO2 reduction mechanism for the S-scheme AgBr/BiOBr heterojunction were investigated. A promising method for the construction of efficient photoreduction CO2 catalyst is proposed in this study.

Embedding Pt in Ni-MOF/CdS organic-inorganic hybrid materials as electron channel to promote photogenerated carrier separation for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light

CdS exhibits a high photogenerated carrier yield, yet it is susceptible to photocorrosion due to the limited number of active sites. Ni-MOF boasts a considerable specific surface area and a plethora of active sites, yet it displays a low photogenerated carrier yield and suboptimal conductivity. In this study, the incorporation of Pt into a Ni-MOF/Pt/CdS hybrid material served as an electron transport channel, effectively addressing the limitations of CdS, Ni-MOF, and electrical conductivity. The results of electrochemical tests demonstrate that the electron transport and separation efficiency of the hybridised material is noteworthy. Following the performance test, the optimal visible photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of the Ni-MOF/Pt/CdS hybrid material was found to be 14.1 mmol h−1g−1, representing a significant enhancement of approximately 61.3 times compared to that of pure CdS. Furthermore, XPS analysis indicates the presence of Pt-S bonds, which effectively inhibit the oxidation of S2− to S on the CdS surface, thus alleviating the photocorrosion phenomenon and enhancing the cycling stability. This level of stability is maintained at 92.6 % after five cycles. This work offers a novel approach to addressing the limitations of inorganic catalysts, including the scarcity of active sites and the low photogenerated carrier yield, as well as the poor conductivity observed in organic catalysts.

Intrusion kinetics and interfacial degradation mechanism of PU-steel system in chloride ion environment: a multiscale study

This study utilised density functional theory (DFT) to predict the movement pathways and rates of chloride ions within polyurethane (PU), as well as their molecular dynamics and charge distribution during the erosion process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical tests revealed chemical and electrochemical changes at the PU/steel interface after immersion in sodium chloride solution. Shear strength and nanoindentation tests were used to examine the impact of microscale erosion on macroscale mechanical properties. The results showed that chloride-ion penetration into PU requires overcoming a substantial energy barrier driven by the concentration gradient between the saline solution and PU. After immersion in sodium chloride solution, the −N=C=O functional groups in PU were disrupted, reducing chemical stability and molecular elasticity. This process accelerates the hydrolysis of ester bonds, leading to a decline in interfacial mechanical properties. Electrochemical results showed that the resistance of the PU coating decreased over time, indicating a transition in the electrochemical reactions that eventually led to interfacial corrosion. After prolonged immersion, both the interfacial shear strength and modulus significantly decreased, whereas the shear ductility initially increased but later decreased.

Mechanism of action of persulfate activation based on humic acid modified sludge biochar: Enhancement of electron transfer mechanism

Humic acid (HA) was used to modify sludge biochar (SBC) in order to prepare HBC with higher defect structure and abundant oxygenated functional groups. The degradation of TC by HBC was up to 90 % much higher than that of SBC (30 %). HBC possessed a large number of defective structures and oxygenated functional groups, which contributed greatly to the activation of PMS. The co-regulation of highly exposed active sites such as CO, pyrrole N and pyridine N on HBC2, which played a key role in the activation of PMS. In addition, the results of electrochemical tests indicated that an active intermediate (Persistent free radicals PFRs). Oxygen-centered PFRs were implicated in the movement of electrons through conversion to carbon centers. The conductivity of the process was enhanced by the presence of graphite N. A large number of reactive radicals made sufficient preparations for the production of PFRs. Mutual electron transfer between the oxygen and carbon centers of PFRs was the main mechanism. In addition, the PFRs mechanism and the 1O2 mechanism were subjected, which yielded that both degrade TC by electrophilic addition attack and ring-opening reaction, respectively.

Evaluation of Structural and Electrochemical Properties of LaFe0.8Cu0.2-xTixO (x=0.1) Perovskite Oxide

This research employed a simple microwave-assisted precipitation technique to produce a hydroxide phase material, subsequently used as a precursor for synthesizing the stable perovskite oxide LaFe0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O3 by calcination at different temperatures (600 and 800 °C). Microstructural analysis confirmed the creation of a phase-pure stable perovskite oxide after calcination at 800 °C. The initial microwave-assisted precipitation mainly produced a hydroxide phase, as evidenced by XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Further heating of this hydroxide at 800°C resulted in a stable La-perovskite with an orthorhombic structure, unlike the sample processed at 600°C. The successful replacement of Cu/Ti at the B site in the Fe positions of the perovskite's orthorhombic phase, free from any impurities or secondary phases, was confirmed by refined XRD, FTIR, XPS and Raman analysis for the sample calcined at 800°C. Electrochemical testing revealed their promise as supercapatteries electrode materials. The precursor hydroxide phase material exhibited a specific capacitance of 2158.6 F/g at a current density of 0.8 A/g. The materials calcined at 600 °C and 800 °C shown specific capacitances of 1377.8 and 328.5 F/g, respectively, at a current density of 0.8 A/g. Importantly, the sample calcined at 800 °C exhibited distinct redox peaks even at high scan rates, indicating superior electrochemical performance and enhanced retention capabilities compared to other samples in this study.

Embedment of Molybdenum Disulfide in Electrospun Fibers as an Integrated Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

As an important component of LIBs, the electrode material plays a crucial role in determining the lithium (Li) storage performance in LIBs. In this study, MoS2 nano-flowers were synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method. The resulting MoS2 nano-flower, along with PAN, were used as raw materials for electrospinning. After annealing treatment, MoS2/(carbon nanofibers) CNFs nano-composites coated with carbon fibers were formed. The CNFs coating exhibited electrical conductivity and enhanced structural stability of the MoS2 due to the stabilizing effect of the carbon fibers. Additionally, electrochemical tests, including CV and GCD, indicated that the optimal capacity and cycling stability were achieved when the MoS2 content was 10%. The results indicated that the charge/discharge capacity of MoS2/CNFs-10% at a current density of 100 mA/g was ~650 mAh/g. After the cycling current returned to 100 mA/g, the current recovery was ~600 mAh/g, thereby indicating outstanding cycling stability. Accordingly, our fabrication technique and new insight could both widen design strategy of multicomponent composite electrode materials and promote the practical applications of the latest emerging transition metal sulfides in next-generation high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

High‐Performance MCNTs@MoS2(1‐x)Se2x Nanocomposites in Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution

AbstractAdvances in electrocatalysis require the development of high specific surface area materials with high electron conductivity. In this study, a series of MCNTs@MoS2(1‐x)Se2x nanocomposites has been prepared for application in catalytic hydrogen evolution. A uniform growth of MoS2(1‐x)Se2x nanoflower spheres on MCNTs has been achieved, circumventing stacking and aggregation. The introduction of the conducting material accelerated the electron transport rate in the electrode reaction. Structural characterization has confirmed that S doping increased the specific surface area of the catalyst, exposing more edge defects. As a result, the MCNTs@MoS2(1‐x)Se2x nanocomposites exhibited enhanced catalytic activity. Electrochemical tests have established that MCNTs@MoS1.5Se0.5 possessed the lowest overpotential (146 mV) at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 with the smallest Tafel slope (45.1 mV/dec).

Roles and influencing mechanisms of guar gum and polyethylene glycol in copper electrodeposition

ABSTRACT In this paper, the effects of the organics guar gum and polyethylene glycol (PEG) additives on Cu electrodeposition cell voltage, energy consumption and surface morphology were evaluated. Furthermore, the influences of guar gum and PEG on the kinetics of Cu electrodeposition were investigated using electrochemical tests such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and Tafel linear fitting. The results indicated that adding 0.5 mg/L guar gum promoted the Cu electrodeposition. While indicating the lowest overpotential (10 and 100 mA cm−2 were −462 and −561 mV, respectively) and smaller Tafel slope of 50.37 mV dec−1. However, higher concentrations of guar gum and PEG increased cell voltage and energy consumption, with 900 mg/L PEG leading to a 61 kWh energy increase. Elevated organic levels in the electrolyte raised overpotential, inhibiting Cu deposition and causing surface roughness on Cu sheets.

Co-Carbonization of Straw and ZIF-67 to the Co/Biomass Carbon for Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction enables the recovery of nitrate from water under mild conditions and generates ammonia for nitrogen fertilizer feedstock in an economical and green means. In this paper, Co/biomass carbon (Co/BC) composite catalysts were prepared by co-carbonization of straw and metal–organic framework material ZIF-67 for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction using hydrothermal and annealing methods. The metal–organic framework structure disperses the catalyst components well and provides a wider specific surface area, which is conducive to the adsorption of nitrate and the provision of more reactive active sites. The introduction of biomass carbon additionally enhances the electrical conductivity of the catalyst and facilitates electron transport. After electrochemical testing, Co/BC-100 exhibited the best performance in electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia, with an ammonia yield of 3588.92 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 and faradaic efficiency of 97.01% at −0.5 V vs. RHE potential. This study provides a promising approach for the construction of other efficient cobalt-based electrocatalysts.

A Method of Efficiently Regenerating Waste LiFePO4 Cathode Material after Air Firing Treatment.

Waste LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries can be harmful to the environment and lead to waste of resources if not properly disposed of. In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for solid-phase recycling waste LFP cathode material (W-LFP) is proposed. Most of the impurities in the W-LFP are removed by air firing. The regenerated LFP is then obtained by adding lithium carbonate and triethanolamine for repair during heat treatment. The addition of triethanolamine converts Fe3+ to Fe2+ and also allows the formation of an N-doped modified carbon layer on the surface of the LFP particles, which improves the electrochemical properties of the regenerated material. Physical characterization and electrochemical tests are used to investigate the attenuation and regeneration mechanism of LFP. The regenerated LFP possesses a high specific discharge capacity (152.87 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C), which is about 95.32% of the commercial LFP, and the capacity retention rate is 88.52% after 600 cycles at 1 C. It is worth noting that we do not use solvents such as acids and alkalis in the regeneration process, thus avoiding the generation of large quantities of acid and alkaline waste liquids, which is friendly to the environment. This solid-phase regeneration process offers a promising method for the future recycling of used LFP batteries because of its simplicity, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency.

A novel multicomponent micro-alloyed magnesium for orthopaedic applications: a microstructural, mechanical, degradation and bioactivity study

ABSTRACT The current study focuses on development of magnesium based micro-alloy with the composition of Mg–0.5Zn–0.15Ca–0.1Mn–0.1Sn–0.1Ag–0.2Ce–0.2Sr using casting method. Microstructural examinations conducted using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) unveiled a uniform grain distribution in the alloy with minimal intermetallic content, corroborated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis matching the magnesium peak precisely. Tensile testing indicated that the solution strengthening process boosted the alloy’s required yield strength and stiffness, while enhancing magnesium’s ductility up to 19.07% elongation. Electrochemical tests demonstrated an outstanding corrosion resistance rate of 0.91 mm/year, supported by Nyquist plots indicating passivation behaviour and film formation. The pH variations revealed an initial spike to 8.13 within the first 24 hours, gradually declining thereafter. The bioactivity assessment of the developed alloy showcased the formation of near-stoichiometric apatite layers on the alloy surface, confirming its potential as a suitable orthopaedic implant material.