Electrochemical Properties Of Poly Research Articles

Investigation of electrochemical properties of lithium salt/poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polypyrrole blends

AbstractIn this study, structural, thermal, morphological, and electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polypyrrole (PVDF/PPy) blends are investigated. The investigation revealed phase separation between PPy and PVDF, a phenomenon supported by the thermodynamic interaction parameter. Increasing the PPy content from 10 to 50 wt% led to a significant reduction in the crystallinity of PVDF from 55.1% to 39.6%, and a corresponding decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) from 52.2 to 42.3°C. The enhanced interaction between components in the PVDF/PPy blends leads to an increase in local free volume due to the disruption of the polymer matrix. This disruption allows for greater molecular mobility, which in turn decreases the Tg. The increase in local free volume facilitates segmental motion of the polymer chains, thereby reducing the energy required for the transition from a glassy to a rubbery state. Ionic conductivity of the blends decreased with rising temperatures, likely due to interactions between the fluorine groups of PVDF and the NH groups of PPy. Notably, the transference number of lithium ions (tLi+) decreased from 0.30 to 0.14 as the PPy content increased from 10% to 50%, indicating a strong interaction between the cation and the polymer matrix.Highlights Electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polypyrrole (PVDF/PPy) blends are investigated. Interaction parameter‐supported phase separation is seen between PPy and PVDF. Intramolecular interactions of PVDF result in increasing local free volume. Ionic conductivity of the blends decreased with rising temperatures. tLi+ decreased with PPy increasing due to strong interaction of cation/matrix.

On the Electrochemical Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Polythiophene Blends Doped with Lithium‐Based Salt

AbstractIn this study, polymer blends of polythiophene (PTH) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are investigated by focusing on their structural and electrochemical characteristics. These blends displayed immiscibility confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and interaction assessments. PTH's role as a plasticizer is evident, diminishing crystallinity. A rise in PTH level led to a lower glass transition temperature and a higher melting point, suggesting reduced intermolecular forces and increased polymer chain flexibility. Conversely, a dispersed phase presence elevated the melting point, restricting chain movement and crystallization. The thermal properties of blends are enhanced by increased PTH content. Applying the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher model to ionic conductivity measurements, it observed a direct relationship between temperature and free volume, impacting conductivity and ion transport numbers. Certain materials exhibit increased activation energies, indicating substantial thermodynamic barriers to local motion. Higher PTH content within the PVDF matrix notably increased the lithium ion transfer number from 0.22 to 0.71, a change tied to the C–S–C structure of polythiophene. However, elevated PTH levels also led to diminished negative charge transfer and ionic conductivity in the PTH‐PVDF blend compared to pure PVDF, likely due to an ionic conduction hindrance.

Synthesis, characterization, thermal and electrochemical properties of poly (phenoxy-imine)s containing benzothiazole unit

Synthesis, characterization, thermal and electrochemical properties of poly (phenoxy-imine)s containing benzothiazole unit

An ultrasensitive electrochemical platform based on copper oxide nanoparticles and poly (crystal violet) for the detection of brilliant blue FCF from soft drinks

In this study, a highly sensitive and quick electrochemical platform based on poly (crystal violet) film and copper oxide nanoparticles for the detection of brilliant blue FCF from various soft beverages was developed. The synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray. Further, crystal violet was electropolymerized on the surface of the carbon paste electrode modified with copper oxide nanoparticles. The electrochemical properties of poly (crystal) violet/copper oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode were assessed through the utilization of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the signal towards the oxidation of brilliant blue was examined using the differential pulse voltammetry method. Under ideal experimental conditions, the peak current exhibited a linear relationship with the brilliant blue concentration within the range of 0.01–1.00 nmol/L, with a sensitivity of 294.55 µA nmol/L cm−2 and a significant detection limit of 3 pmol/L. In the presence of other dyes and other food additives, the developed platform showed greater selectivity in detecting brilliant blue. The reliability of the designed platform was demonstrated by the 99.19 – 100.67 recovery percentage for the identification of BB in various soft drink samples.

Impact of Side Chain Extension on the Morphology and Electrochemistry of Phosphonated Poly(Ethylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives

AbstractOne factor with great bearing on the electrochemical performance of conjugated polymers is the film morphology. A balance between crystalline and amorphous domains needs to be achieved for the polymer to have an optimal ionic‐electronic conductance. Herein, the morphological and electrochemical properties of poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) polymers functionalized with phosphonate groups separated by methylene and butylene alkyl spacers from the backbone are compared. Extending the spacer from methylene to butylene increases structural ordering in the solid state as revealed by grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. However, the ordered domains are only short range, suggestive of a paracrystalline morphology in which ordered regions are separated by amorphous regions. This has a negative impact on the intermolecular charge transport. The longer spacer appears to have impeded the uptake of hydrated counterions, seen by the increase in the ionization potential and energy requirement for electrochemical switching, as well as the decrease in the volumetric capacitance. These results elucidate the advantages of having the phosphonate pendant group close to the backbone, separated only by a methylene spacer. This synthetic design likely facilitates hydrated counterions to accumulate around the polar phosphonate groups, close to the doped backbone where they can easily compensate the charge carriers formed upon oxidation.

Effects of Molecular Weight on the Electrochemical Properties of Poly(vinylidene difluoride)-Based Polymer Electrolytes.

Polymer-based electrolytes have attracted ever-increasing attention for solid-state batteries due to their excellent flexibility and processability. Among them, poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)-based electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stability window, and good mechanical properties show great potential and have been widely investigated by using different Li salts, solvents, and inorganic fillers. Here, we report the influence of the molecular weight of PVDF itself on the electrochemical properties of the electrolytes by using two kinds of common PVDF polymers, i.e., PVDF 761 and 5130. Our results demonstrate that the electrolyte with a larger molecular weight (PVDF 5130) has a denser structure and lower crystallinity, and thus much better electrochemical performance, than one with a smaller molecular weight (PVDF 761). With PVDF 5130, the LiFePO4-based solid-state cells present a steady cycling performance with a capacity retention of 85% after 1000 cycles at 1 C and 30 °C. The cycle life of the LiCoO2-based solid-state cells is also extended by using PVDF 5130.

Solvent dielectric effect on electrochemical properties of 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene

The present study is focused on the electrochemical properties of poly(3,4-propylene­dioxy­thiophene) (Poly(ProDOT)), electrocoated on the single carbon-fiber microelectrode (SCFME) in different electrolytic media, with different solvent dielectric constants (35.9, 41.7, 47.5, 53.3, 59.1 and 64.9). The highest deposition charge density of 24.49 mC cm-2 and the highest specific capacitance of 23.17 mF cm-2 were obtained for Poly(ProDOT) synthesized in a medium with the lowest solvent dielectric constant (e = 35.9). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results of Poly(ProDOT) coated SCFME measured at open circuit potential showed continuously increased impedance magnitudes as ε was increased from 35.9 to 59.1. For all films, almost capacitive impedance responses at lower frequencies at least were obtained. The highest capacitance was observed for the polymer film synthesized in the medium of e = 35.9. The impedance of this film was also measured in different solvent mixtures with different dielectric constants at open circuit potential.

High-Performance PVDF-HFP Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte Modified by Core-Shell SiO2-PMMA for Electrochromic Devices

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of inorganic core-shell SiO2 nanoparticles modified with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer, on the optical and electrochemical properties of poly vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). The core-shell SiO2 nanoparticles were first modified with PMMA to improve its dispersibility and compatibility in the polymer matrix. The morphology and structural properties of the core-shell SiO2 nanoparticles before and after modification were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis. Then the modified SiO2 nanoparticles were used to prepare the composite GPE, composed of chemically modified core-shell structured SiO2-PMMA and PVDF-HFP polymer matrix. The transformation of nano-silica to SiO2-PMMA nanoparticles shows the better compatibility of PMMA and PVDF-HFP that favours the silica to be well dispersed in the organic matrix and significantly improve the doping effect. Various concentrations of modified SiO2-PMMA were used to dope PVDF-HFP GPEs. The results indicate that the 10% doping shows the highest ionic conductivity i.e. 2.22 × 10−3 s cm−1. In addition, the composite GPEs show the high transmittance and good thermal stability; therefore it can add important insight into developing high-performance materials for electrochromic devices.

Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of poly [Ni(CH3Osalen)] with immobilized poly(styrenesulfonate) anion dopants

Intrinsically conductive polymer poly(N,N′-bis(3-methoxysalicylidene)ethylenediamine nickel(II)) (poly[Ni(CH3Osalen)]:PSS) has been synthesized by electrochemical polymerization from the [Ni(CH3Osalen)] solution containing tetrabutylammonium poly(styrenesulfonate) (TBAPSS). Cyclic voltammetry and in situ EQCM data demonstrated that electrochemical properties of poly[Ni(CH3Osalen)]:PSS are highly dependent on the nature of electrolyte solutions. A wider range of electrochemical activity, higher values of conductance and binary diffusion coefficient in TBAPSS solution are observed than in LiClO4, but the capacity values of films are higher in LiClO4 solution. The introduction of PSS− polyanion during synthesis of polymer film induced cationic mode of charge transport for poly[Ni(CH3Osalen)]. This type of PSS− doped polymers can be used as ion-exchange membranes.The combined electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ conductance measurements on interdigitated electrodes were analyzed using the model concepts of Matthias and Haas, and Einstein relation. This novel approach allowed separating the diffusion coefficient into its ionic and electronic constituents. The ionic diffusion was found to be the limiting factor. Strong association of lithium cation with both the PSS− polyanion and methoxy-groups may be the cause of lower values of diffusion coefficients in LiClO4 solutions. The proposed model is suitable for further studies of similar systems.

Effect of Charge Density on the Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Poly (acrylic acid) Hydrogel Electrolytes Based Flexible Supercapacitors

The conventional hydrogels have lack of structural sites which dissipate energy while applying load, this energy dissipation provides strength to hydrogel structure but due to shortage of energy dissipation mechanism, conventional hydrogels suffer from low stretchability and weak mechanical strength. To tackle this problem, much research has been done to improve the properties of hydrogel. Here, we report double network (DN) hydrogel electrolytes of poly (acrylic acid) synthesized through free radical mechanism. Ammonium persulfate (APS) and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) were used as an initiator and crosslinking agent, respectively. Hydrogel electrolytes were prepared by soaking the as-prepared hydrogels into 1 M KCl, 1 M CaCl2, and 1 M FeCl3 salt solutions. Cations (K+, Ca2+, and Fe3+) ionically interacted with carboxylate ions of poly (acrylic acid) network to form double network AA (KCl), AA (CaCl2), and AA (FeCl3) hydrogel electrolytes. The synthesized hydrogel and hydrogel electrolytes were structurally characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The surface morphology was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The pore size of the hydrogel (AA) and hydrogel electrolytes was measured by Brunauer- Emmet-Teller (BET). Ionic conductivity study was conducted at room temperature and found that AA (KCl), AA (CaCl2), and AA (FeCl3) had ionic conductivity of 7.8 × 10-3, 10.4 × 10-3, 1.3 × 10-3 S/cm at room temperature, respectively. Furthermore, transport analysis was examined to observe the movement of ions in the hydrogel electrolytes. This analysis indicated the transference number of 0.995, 0.997, and 0.902, respectively. The hydrogel electrolytes were used to fabricate symmetric electric double capacitors (EDLCs) (AC/AA (KCl)/AC, AC/AA (CaCl2)/AC, AC/AA (FeCl3)/AC) and electrochemical performance such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanic charge discharge (GCD) was performed. AC/AA (CaCl2)/AC achieved highest performance with a specific capacitance of 158 F/g at 3 mV/s and 144.65 F/g at 0.50 A/g. This cell obtained energy density of 19.54 W h/kg at a power density of 493.29 W/kg. The life cycle of the AC/AA (CaCl2)/AC was accomplished for 5000 reversible charge/discharge cycles at 5 A/g and the cell retained 99.93 % capacitance. In addition, two symmetric cells were connected in series to power up the 2 V light emitting diode (LED). Our results offer a new design strategy to improve the strength of DN hydrogel electrolytes by controlling the structure and interactions in the second network. We hope that this work provides an alternative view for the design of tough hydrogels with desirable properties and is useful for smart flexible electronic devices.

Study of induced structural, optical and electrochemical properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) and their blend as an effect of graphene doping

Composites of graphene with Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) and their blends have been prepared via a facile chemical mixing approach. Graphene has been synthesized using a liquid phase chemical exfoliation method and characterized using imaging, electronic and spectroscopic techniques. Morphological analysis depicts the multi-layered structure of prepared graphene having approximately 9 layers, as estimated from Raman spectroscopy and AFM measurements. The value of energy gap between HOMO and LUMO of the prepared graphene has been determined using UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy and CV measurement, and found to be in close proximity. Further, UV–Visible and Raman spectroscopy suggest the formation of some localized trapping sites in between the band gap region of P3HT/PCBM and P3HT-PCBM blends as an effect of graphene doping leading to change in refractive index and bandgap values. Moreover, CV results also favour decrease in energy gap in composites after graphene loading Thus present study supports the well-dispersion and non-agglomeration of graphene within these polymers proper charge transfer between graphene layer and polymer chain. The sort of transfer of charge carriers from P3HT to graphene to PCBM is also conferring through the Raman measurements in blended films. Such interaction may help in designing of optoelectronic device with optimized photovoltaic performance.

Influence of buffer solution on structure and electrochemical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) hydrogels

Numerous advantages of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) hydrogel make this material appropriable for biosensors developing. Among many of them, it may be exploited as an immobilization matrix for binding bioreceptors. Porous 3-D structure facilitates high loading of the enzyme and extends surface area, what results in better biosensor performance and signal increase. High water content generates hydrophilic environment, thus biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Citrate or phosphate buffers are typically used to provide optimal pH for the immobilized enzyme. The present work reports on the development of the PEDOT-PSS hydrogels synthesized in phosphate buffer or citrate buffer solutions at pH = 5 to verify the influence of the anion present in the polymerization environment on the molecular structure and electrochemical properties of the hydrogel. The water content in each hydrogel sample is estimated by weighting the swelled and dried samples and termogravimetric analysis. It is shown that PEDOT-PSS obtained in phosphate buffer solution comprises much more water than hydrogel synthesized in citrate buffer. This property is of great importance for the electrocatalytic properties of immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Wherefore, the PEDOT-PSS/HRP modified electrode has been used for the amperometric detection of H2O2 at pH = 6. The phosphate containing ph-PEDOT-PSS/HRP biosensor is characterized by a good linear relation with the concentrations of H2O2 with a linear range from 0.0088 to 0.15 mM and from 0.4 to 10 mM and a low detection limit of 9.4∙10-7 M and 4.5∙10−5 M (S/N = 3), respectively. While the citrate containing cit-PEDOT-PSS/HRP sensor shows worse analytical parameters - linear range from 0.05 to 0.25 mM and detection limit of 1∙10−5 M (S/N = 3).

Synthesis, crystal structure and electrochemical properties of poly(cadmium 1,1′-ferrocenediyl-bis(H-phosphinate))

The new redox active coordination polymer [Cd(H2O)2(fc(PHOO)2)·2H2O]n (fc = 1,1′-ferrocenediyl) was synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In this compound cadmium atoms are bound by phosphinate fragments to give infinite chains, the latter are interconnected by ferrocene groups to form 2D coordination polymer. Electrochemical properties of CP were investigated. It’s found that Cd-polymer is harder to oxidize than its isostructural cobalt analogue. This means that increase in the length of the M − O bond in coordination polymer, oxidation becomes harder.

A freestanding electrochromic copolymer for multicolor smart window

Electrochromic devices with low-cost, energy-saving advantages, and controllable color switching have gained widely attention. Yet, electrochromic materials are limited for smart window due to challenges such as difficulty freestanding, monotonous color change, slow switching capability, and low optical contrast. In this work, a freestanding copolymers based on Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 3, 4-ethoxylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) are designed. The copolymer as-synthesized by the good secondary film-forming of PVK not only contains the freestanding property of PVK, but also possesses the excellent electrical and electrochemical properties of poly(3, 4-ethoxylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The freestanding copolymer was used to create the multicolor: brown, dark brown, purple, and blue. A high optical contrast of up to 39.1% and a color efficiency of up to 107.00 cm 2C−1 prove a significant coloration and bleaching effect, which is satisfactory for the application of electrochromic devices. Further, an electrochromic device based on P(PVK-co-EDOT) as coloring materials is constructed. This work contributes new ideas into the design of electrochromic smart materials.

Electrochemical Properties According to the Particle Size Effect of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(propylene oxide)-Poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymer Electrolyte.

The electrolyte of lithium secondary batteries is an important component. Among lithium secondary batteries, the lithium polymer battery, which has similar performance to the lithium secondary battery, is made of a solid polymer electrolyte. Lithium ions in a solid polymer electrolyte exist in the form of a solution by a polar group in a polymer matrix. Lithium ions in the solid polymer electrolyte migrate via the segmental motion of the polymer. That is, the properties of a polymer matrix in a solid polymer electrolyte can affect the conduction of lithium ions. Therefore, this study focused on the electrochemical properties of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-blockpoly( ethylene oxide) copolymer-based solid polymer electrolyte. For this, poly(ethylene oxide)-blockpoly( propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer-based solid polymer electrolytes, which have spherical micelles, and various sizes of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer micelle, were prepared. Amino acids were added to the poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer-based solid polymer electrolyte as an ion dissociator to assist in the dissociation of a lithium salt and increase the ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte. The copolymer-based solid polymer electrolytes was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, impedance analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and linear sweep voltammetry.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of poly(3,4-dihydroxystyrene) and its composites with conducting polymers

The present study reports electrochemical performance of electrode materials based on poly(3,4-dihydroxystyrene) (PDHS) and its composites with conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), deposited on glassy carbon electrodes, in diluted sulfuric acid. Poly(3,4-dihydroxystyrene), bearing redox active hydroquinone groups, was employed to the first time as an electrode material in combination with carbon, binder and conducting polymer. It was found that this quinone-based composite exhibits moderate electrochemical characteristics with specific capacity of about 50–54 mA h g−1. The comparison of rate constants obtained for GC/PDHS and GC/PEDOT/PDHS electrodes confirms the catalytic effect of conducting polymer PEDOT on the redox transformation of PDHS.

Effect of immobilization and release of ciprofloxacin and quercetin on electrochemical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) matrix

Conducting polymers have recently attracted significant interest in biomedical engineering and are often described as robust systems enabling controlled delivery of numerous biologically active compounds. As possibility to control the amount of released drug is strictly dependent on the electrochemical properties of drug-loaded matrices, it is crucial to verify how the presence of drug influences the electrochemical behavior of conducting polymers. In this study, we aim to provide a description of the changes in the electrochemical properties resulting from the incorporation of model drugs, quercetin (Que) and ciprofloxacin (Cpf), into the matrix of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole), PEDOP. Different ionic forms of these drugs and their interactions with PEDOP made it possible to observe variations in the electrochemical properties of drug-loaded matrices as well as their drug release characteristics. Comparing the values of charge storage capacity, resistance, efficiency of doping and the stability of doped state, we indicated PEDOP/Que as a matrix with the best film in terms of electrochemical properties when compared to the pristine PEDOP and PEDOP/Cpf.

Ion-conductive, Thermal and Electrochemical Properties of Poly(ethylene carbonate)-Mg Electrolytes with Glyme Solution

Poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC)-based polymer electrolytes incorporated with magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Mg(TFSI)2) and triethylene glycol dimethylether (triglyme, G3) were invest...

Effect of Li salt addition on electrochemical properties of poly(ethylene carbonate)-Mg salt electrolytes

We report the ion-conductive and electrochemical properties of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) and magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, Mg(TFSI)2, with the inclusion of small amounts of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, LiFSI. The addition of LiFSI improved the ionic conductivity of PEC-Mg(TFSI)2 from ~2.3 × 10−6 S cm−1 to ~1.0 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 80 °C. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the plating/stripping reaction of Mg is enhanced by the addition of LiFSI. Linear sweep voltammetry found that the addition of LiFSI has no negative influence on the electrochemical oxidation stability of the electrolyte, which reached 2 V vs. Mg/Mg2+. The addition of a small amount of LiFSI proves to be an effective method for enhancing the ion-conductive and electrochemical performance of PEC-based Mg electrolytes. Ion-conductive and electrochemical properties of solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) and magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, Mg(TFSI)2, with small amount of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, LiFSI were investigated. The addition of LiFSI improved the ionic conductivity of PEC-Mg(TFSI)2, from ~2.3 × 10−6 S cm−1 to ~1.0 × 10-5 S cm−1 at 80 °C. Cyclic voltammetry measurements for PEC-based electrolytes revealed that the plating/stripping reaction of Mg/Mg2+ is enhanced by the addition of LiFSI.

An investigation into electrochemical properties of poly(ether sulfone)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes by using design of experiment method

Poly(ether sulfone) (PES)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blend heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were prepared by solution casting technique using dimethylformamide as solvent and cation exchange resin powder as functional groups agent. In this study, Taguchi experiment design method was employed for investigating the effects of controlling variables including polymer binder (PVP + PES) to total casting solution ratio, blend ratio of polymer binders (PVP to PES), resin to polymer binder ratio, and casting temperature on electrochemical characteristics of PES/PVP heterogeneous membranes. To this aim, each factor was considered at 4 different levels and therefore, 16 experiments were designed. To improve the quality of the membranes ultrasonic was used for appropriate dispersing of resin particles in the matrix of the membranes. According to the results, the averaged maximum values of 1.535 meq/g and 46.6 mV were obtained for IEC and membrane potential, respectively. Also, the highest obtained value of ion permeability tests was equal to 1.33 m/s. Finally, the synthesis conditions was optimized by considering the IEC and membrane potential as the objective functions which gave the values of 1.55 meq/g and 1.39 m/s for IEC and membrane potential, respectively, which proved that the synthesized membrane can be considered as a promising heterogeneous membrane.