Electrochemical Redox Research Articles

Enhancing the Electrochemical Energy Storage of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Linker Engineering and Size Optimization.

The electric conductivity and charge transport efficiency of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) dictate the effective utilization of built-in redox centers and electrochemical redox kinetics and therefore electrochemical performance. Reticular chemistry and the tunable microcosmic shape of MOFs allow for improving their electric conductivity and charge transfer efficiency. Herein, we synthesized two Ni-MOFs (Ni-tdc-bpy and Ni-tdc-bpe) by the solvothermal reaction of Ni2+ ions with 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (H2tdc) in the presence of conjugated 4,4'-bipyridyl (bpy) and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) coligands, respectively. We also synthesized two thinning Ni-MOFs (Ni-tdc-bpy(0.5) and Ni-tdc-bpe(0.5)) by adjusting the amounts of bpy and bpe, respectively. Experimental investigations revealed that linker engineering by tuning the delocalization of the N-donor dipyridyl coligands and size optimization by controlling the amount of the coligand rendered the Ni-MOF with significantly improved electrical conductivity and charge transport efficiency. Among them, Ni-tdc-bpe(0.5) possessing the bpe coligand with more strong delocalization and an optimized size exhibited an enhanced specific capacitance of 650 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. Moreover, the hybrid supercapacitor constructed from Ni-tdc-bpe(0.5) and activated carbon delivered an excellent energy density of 33.6 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 232.6 W kg-1.

Improving Nitric Oxide Reduction Reaction Activity of TMN4-C Model Catalysts by Axial Atom Coordination.

In comparison with the conventional four-nitrogen coordinated transition metal (TMN4), we clarify that the electrochemical nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR) activity can be significantly improved by axially coordinating nonmetal atoms (O, F, Cl) over the metal sites. In light of an electron-withdrawing effect, the axial fifth ligand disrupts the electron distribution symmetry and regulates the local electronic structure of the metal active center. It subsequently moderates the TM-NO interaction and thus enhances the activity. In particular, MnN4O-C, FeN4O-C, CoN4O-C, and CoN4F-C are identified as promising NORR catalysts with ultralow limiting potential (UL) of -0.07, -0.07, -0.07, and -0.05 V, respectively. In addition, the axial atom can also passivate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), increasing the selectivity toward NH3 formation. It therefore can be concluded that the present work affirms a novel strategy for the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts, highlighting the significance of optimal metal-ligand match and the coordination microenvironment tuning of the active centers.

Electro-Fenton purification of floodwater with a poly(vinyl alcohol)-treated FeNi3@laser-induced 3D-graphene composite anode from Kraft paper

Electro-Fenton process has been recognized in recent decade as a useful method for removing water contaminants via electrochemical redox reactions at large scale. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) with 3D porous structure is an electrically conductive carbon material, which can be used as a promising electrode for electro-Fenton water purification. This work presented a straightforward synthesis of LIG electrode by direct CO2 laser scribing on the lignocellulose-based Kraft paper. The magnetic FeNi3 nanoparticles were sandwiched by two LIGs as a Fenton catalyst, which were then coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in cross-linking solution. The resulting PVA-treated FeNi3@LIG electrode exhibited outstanding electrochemical stability, low resistance (29 Ω/Sq), high conductivity (1,013 S/m), and fast electrochemical reaction kinetic (80 mV/dec) suitable for electro-Fenton water purification. Compared to PVA-treated LIG electrode, PVA-treated FeNi3@LIG did effectively remove contaminants in floodwater that sampled from flood-ravaged He’nan Province, China. Notably for degrading organic pollutants, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous were approximately 86 %, 70 %, 77 % and 96 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the heavy metal ions were adsorbed to cathode and reduced into metal form. The metallic selenium and arsenic ions were also removed via adsorption and precipitation. The concentration of sulfate and nitrate in floodwater decreased rapidly from 76 and 9 mg/L to 54 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. Due to the oxidation stress and cell death during electro-Fenton process, the number of total bacteria was removed by ∼ 73 %, in particular, the fecal coliform was removed completely. The demonstrated lignocellulose LIG electrode is eco-friendly, facile and cheap (∼ 25 USD/m2), which can be made scalable using existing roll-to-roll papermaking line. This work provided new and efficient technology for floodwater treatment.

Achieving Excess Hydrogen Output via Concurrent Electrochemical and Chemical Redox Reactions on P-Doped Co-Based Catalysts with Electron Manipulation and Kinetic Regulation.

Electrolytic hydrogen production is of great significance in energy conversion and sustainable development. Traditional electrolytic water splitting confronts high anode voltage with oxygen generation and the amount of hydrogen produced at cathode depends entirely on the quantity of electric charge input. Herein, excess hydrogen output can be achieved by constructing a spontaneous hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) coupled hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) system. For the hydrazine oxidation-assisted electrolyzer in this work, both the external input electrons and the electrons produced by spontaneous chemical redox reaction can reduce water, producing more hydrogen than traditional electrolytic water splitting system. The ultrafast kinetics of bifunctional P-doped Co-based catalysts plays a key role in the spontaneous feature of HzOR/HER redox reaction and low working voltage of hydrazine oxidation-assisted electrolyzer (12 mV@100mA cm-2). Theoretical calculation results and ex situ/in situ spectra demonstrate that doped P could optimize electronic structure, regulate adsorption energy of intermediates, and thus endows catalysts with ultrafast kinetics. This work provides a new pathway for the development of spontaneous oxidation-assisted hydrogen production, to achieve excess hydrogen output via concurrent electrochemical and chemical redox reactions.

Dynamic Reconstruction of Cu Catalyst Under Electrochemical NO Reduction to NH3.

The electrochemical reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3) offers a sustainable way of simultaneously treating the air pollutant and producing a useful chemical. Among catalyst candidates, Cu emerges as a stand-out choice for its superb NH3 selectivity and production rate. However, a comprehensive study concerning its catalytic behavior in the NO reduction environment is still lacking. Here, we unravel the dynamic rearrangement of Cu catalysts during NO reduction: the emergence of a bundled nanowire structure dependent on the applied potential. This unique structure is closely linked to an enhancement in double-layer capacitance, leading to a progressive increase in current density from 236 mA cm-2 by 20 % over 1 h, while maintaining a Faradaic efficiency of 95 % for NH3. Characterizations of Cu oxidation states suggest that the nanostructure results from the dissolution-redeposition of Cu in the aqueous electrolyte, influenced by the interaction with NO or other reactive intermediates. This understanding contributes to the broader exploration of Cu-based catalysts for sustainable and efficient NH3 synthesis from NO.

A self-reactivated PdCu catalyst for aldehyde electro-oxidation with anodic hydrogen production

The low-potential aldehyde oxidation reaction can occur at low potential (~0 VRHE) and release H2 at the anode, enabling hydrogen production with less than one-tenth of the energy consumption required for water splitting. Nevertheless, the activity and stability of Cu catalysts remain inadequate due to the oxidative deactivation of Cu-based materials. Herein, we elucidate the deactivation and reactivation cycle of Cu electrocatalyst and develop a self-reactivating PdCu catalyst that exhibits significantly enhanced stability. Initially, in-situ Raman spectroscopy confirm the cycle involved in electrochemical oxidation and non-electrochemical reduction. Subsequently, in-situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure reveal that the Pd component accelerates the rate of the non-electrochemical reduction, thereby enhancing the stability of the Cu-based electrocatalyst. Finally, a bipolar hydrogen production device is assembled utilizing the PdCu electrocatalyst, which can deliver a current of 400 mA cm−2 at 0.42 V and operate continuously for 120 h. This work offers guidance to enhance the stability of the Cu-based electrocatalyst in a bipolar hydrogen production system.

Synthesis of New 1,4-Naphthoquinone Fluorosulfate Derivatives and the Study of Their Biological and Electrochemical Properties.

This study presents the synthesis of new fluorosulfate derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone by the SuFEx reaction. Anticancer properties of obtained compounds were studied on PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), SKOV-3 (ovarian cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and Jurkat cell lines. All the studied compounds showed higher cytotoxic effects than Cisplatin. The DFT method was applied to determine the electronic structure characteristics of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives associated with cytotoxicity. A method of determination of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), 3-chloro-2-((4-hydroxyphenylamino)-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ1), and 4-((3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl)amino)phenyl fluorosulfate (NQS) in a pharmaceutical substance using an impregnated graphite electrode (IMGE) was developed. The morphology of the IMGE surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical behavior of NQ, NQ1, and NQS was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M NaClO4 (96% ethanol solution) at pH 4.0 in a potential range from -1 to +1.2 V. Electrochemical redox mechanisms for the investigated compounds were proposed based on the determining main features of the electrochemical processes. Calibration curves were obtained by linear scan voltammetry in the first derivative mode (LSVFD) with the detection limit (LOD) 7.2 × 10-6 mol·L-1 for NQ, 8 × 10-7 mol·L-1 for NQ1, and 8.6 × 10-8 mol·L-1 for NQS, respectively.

Electrochemical Investigation of the Oxidation of Phenolic Compounds Using Hypervalent Iodine Oxidants.

The chemical oxidation of simple phenolic compounds by the hypervalent iodine reagent [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (HTIB) was investigated using electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. HTIB oxidized phenol and benzenediol isomers hydroquinone (HQ), catechol, and resorcinol to form various quinone structures. HQ and catechol, two compounds that show reversible electrochemical behavior, exhibited simple oxidative chemistry to their respective quinone structures that could be electrochemically reduced at a glassy carbon electrode. An HTIB:compound ratio of 2:1 resulted in the complete chemical oxidation of these model compounds. However, phenol and resorcinol, two compounds that are known to readily foul electrode surfaces upon their electrochemical oxidation, required a 6:1 HTIB:compound ratio to achieve complete chemical oxidation. The oxidation of resorcinol resulted in a compound that could not be electrochemically reduced; however, the oxidation of phenol from HTIB resulted in an electrochemical redox couple that suggested the preferential formation of benzoquinone, with the possibility of some o-quinone also being produced. This work serves as a proof-of-concept method for the possible indirect electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds.

Delocalized Polarons in Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Conjugated Polymers: Implications for Near‐Infrared Electrochromism and Beyond

AbstractConjugated polymers with delocalized polarons and near‐infrared (IR) absorption properties are promising materials for applications in electrochemical devices. However, the poor stability of low bandgap polymers in electrochemical redox conditions limits the realization of such devices. Herein, a new family of near‐IR absorbing conjugated polymers based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives with methoxy substituents to achieve reversible p‐type electrochemical doping with bistable near‐IR electrochromism is designed. The extent of volumetric doping in various electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry for optimal electrochemical kinetics and near‐IR contrast is systematically investigated. Further, the spray‐coated films of polymers display high open circuit memory as the methoxylation is increased on the polymer backbone. The contrasting electrochromic memory and kinetics observed for these polymers are mainly ascribed to two factors; i) the effect of backbone structure on the spatial extent of polaron delocalization, and ii) the ionization energy of the polymers. The utility of DPP‐based polymers as energy‐efficient electrochromic optical attenuators (EVOAs) with high near‐IR coloration efficiencies, and an optical attenuation value of 5.1 dB at 1.3 and 1.5 µm wavelengths is demonstrated. Furthermore, the experimental findings are corroborated with theoretical studies to establish that the polaron delocalization length is central to the performance of the device.

Redox Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges in their Unique Functionalities

AbstractThe growing demand for energy‐storage devices has raised inevitable concerns regarding the availability of redox‐active inorganic compounds and metals. It is expected that some of the inorganic compounds will be replaced by organic redox polymers, which are produced from abundant sources using environmentally benign processes, and they exhibit inherent advantages, including flexibility, processability, and biocompatibility. Redox polymers contain groups that can be reversibly reduced and oxidized by gaining and releasing electrons, respectively, and constitute an emerging class of functional organic materials. This article begins with a retrospective discussion of polymers and their electron exchange concepts, presenting them as old but new materials. The basics of electrochemical redox couples are briefly reintroduced, and the chemical design strategies for extending them to redox polymers are summarized. Subsequently, the efficient and reversible charge propagation and storage in densely populated redox‐active sites on soft polymer platforms are discussed. The potential to employ redox polymers in rechargeable charge‐storage applications and next‐generation devices is discussed, along with the current challenges and prospects. This outlook suggests fundamental questions and proposes interesting topics for redox polymers to facilitate their development as valuable materials for use in sustainable technologies.

Electrochemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide on Flexible Interdigitated Electrodes and Its Application as Strain Sensors

This study presents the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) directly onto flexible interdigitated gold electrodes and its application as a strain sensor. GO reduction is achieved using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Remarkably, only a single CV cycle transformed GO into rGO to obtain low‐resistance (≈100 Ω) devices. The reduction of GO is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements. rGO on flexible interdigitated gold electrodes exhibits graphene‐like characteristics when used as electrolyte‐gated field‐effect transistors. The fabricated devices display a gauge factor (GF) of ≈3.7 in the 0–794 με range. This value represents a substantial improvement, ≈60% higher than traditional metallic strain sensors, which have a GF of ≈2.1. Most importantly, the rGO strain sensor exhibits fast response (1.1 s) and recovery (0.92 s) times. The rGO sensor is mounted on a clamp with an adjustable diameter, which reveals exceptional flexibility and bendability without damage or degradation. These results highlight the potential of rGO for advancing strain‐sensing applications, offering promising opportunities for the future of this technology.

Synthesis of 2-Amino-4-arylazulenes from 8-Aryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones and Transformation into 6-Aryl-7H-naphth[3,2,1-cd]azulen-7-ones.

2-Amino-4-arylazulene derivatives were prepared from 8-aryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones, which were converted into 6-aryl-7H-naphth[3,2,1-cd]azulen-7-ones through a several step process. The reaction of 8-aryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones bearing an ester group at the 3-position with malononitrile in the presence of triethylamine afforded 2-amino-4-arylazulenes. The prepared 2-amino-4-arylazulenes were converted to the corresponding 2-chloro derivatives by the Sandmeyer reaction, which were subsequently transformed into 2,4-diarylazulenes by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with various aryl boronic acids. 2,4-Diarylazulenes underwent intramolecular cyclization between aryl and cyano groups by Brønsted acid to give 6-aryl-7H-naphth[3,2,1-cd]azulen-7-ones. UV/vis spectral analysis revealed that 6-aryl-7H-naphth[3,2,1-cd]azulen-7-one with a N,N-dimethylaminophenyl group at the 6-position exhibited a broad and strong absorption band in the visible region due to intramolecular charge transfer. Furthermore, 6-aryl-7H-naphth[3,2,1-cd]azulen-7-ones exhibited halochromism in 30% CF3CO2H/CH2Cl2. Although fluorescence was not observed in solution, 8-aryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with an ester function were found to fluoresce in the solid state. 6-Aryl-7H-naphth[3,2,1-cd]azulen-7-ones also displayed spectral changes with good reversibility under the electrochemical redox conditions.

Understanding the activity origin of Pd-anchored single-atom alloy catalysts for NO-to-NH3 conversion by DFT studies and machine learning

The electrochemical nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR) to NH3 represents a promising avenue for NO removal and NH3 synthesis. It is essential to develop catalysts with superior performance for this process. We systematically studied a series of single-atom alloy catalysts (SAACs) with Pd single-atom dopants using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and machine learning (ML). Based on the energetic span model, we take Gmax(η) as a descriptor to evaluate the reaction activity of SAACs. After comprehensively considering the stability, activity, and NH3 selectivity of SAACs, Cu and Pd/Cu SAAC are screened out as candidate NORR to NH3 catalysts. To predict the Gmax(η) descriptor, the extreme gradient boosting regression (XGBR) ML algorithm was adopted with geometric/electronic properties of the SAACs as input features. Additionally, we proposed a mathematical formula to correlate the crucial features and the Gmax(η) descriptor using the sure independence screening and sparsifying operator (SISSO) approach. This work provides an understanding of the complex NORR mechanisms and offers a strategy to rationally design highly efficient SAACs.

Nickel-Doped Facet-Selective Copper Nanowires for Activating CO-to-Ethanol Electrosynthesis.

Ethanol isa promising energy vector for closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle through reversible electrochemical redox. Currently, ethanol electrosynthesissuffers from low product selectivity due to the competitive advantage of ethylene in CO2/CO electroreduction. Here, a facet-selective metal-doping strategy is reported, tuning the reaction kinetics of CO reduction paths and thus enhancing the ethanol selectivity. The theoretical calculations reveal that nickel (Ni)doped Cu(100) surface facilitates water dissociation to form adsorbed hydrogen, which promotesselective electrochemical hydrogenation of a key C2 intermediate (*CHCOH) toward ethanol path over ethylene path. Experimentally, a solution-phase synthesis of a Ni-doped {100}-dominated Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) catalyst is reported, enabling an ethanol Faradaic efficiency of 56% and a selectivity ratio of ethanol to ethylene of 2.7, which are ≈4 and 15 times larger than those of undoped Cu NWs, respectively. The operando spectroscopic characterizationsconfirm that Ni-doping in Cu NWs can alter the interfacial water activity and thus regulate the C2 product selectivity. With further electrode engineering, a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer using Ni-doped Cu NWs catalysts demonstrates an ethanol Faradaic efficiency over 50% at 300mA cm-2 with a full cell voltage of ≈2.7V and operates stably for over 300 h.

Photo‐and Electrochemical Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins through Cysteine: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

AbstractChemical modification of peptides and proteins has emerged as an efficient strategy to study and manipulate the physical and chemical properties and biological functionalities of proteins. Among the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, cysteine is one of the most frequently targeted residues for chemical modification of peptides and proteins due to its unique thiol group and its relatively low natural abundance. Cysteine is able to partake in radical and atom‐, electron‐ and hydride‐transfer reactions taking the benefit of redox activity of thiol side chain. Recently, photo‐ and electrochemistry have emerged as influential methodologies for enabling novel transformations in organic synthesis. These two fields both involve the generation of radical intermediates through single electron transfer processes, which align well with the redox activity of cysteine residue. Furthermore, the mild and controllable features are suitable for solving the chemo‐ and regioselective problems of the existing bioconjugation strategies. Given the intrinsic benefits of photo‐ and electrochemical redox catalysis, the application of developing novel cysteine‐based bioconjugation methods is increasingly compelling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in photo‐ and electrochemical approaches for modifying cysteine amino acid residues, cysteine‐containing peptides, and proteins. The advantages of photo‐ and electrochemical redox catalysis and its applicability in developing novel biocompatible methods are discussed. Additionally, the current limitations of these methods and the challenges that need to be addressed in the future are also explored.

Graphene Synthesis by Electrochemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide and Its Characterizations

Graphene is one of the nanoscale materials that has attracted many researchers to continue in-depth study on its unique properties where both the graphene oxide (GO) and electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) are the derivatives of graphene. GO and ERGO can be further modified chemically for many types of application such as sensor and water filter membrane. However, to restore the electrical property of graphene, GO should be reduced to ERGO. There are several types of reduction methods which are fast to produce good quality and high yield of graphene material. However, those methods use toxic chemicals to reduce GO which can bring negative impact to both human and environment. Therefore, an electrochemical approach can be carried out to solve this issue. This study presents the electrochemical synthesis of GO and electrochemical reduction of ERGO. All characterizations were conducted by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Chemical Fingerprinting of PM2.5 via Sequential Speciation Analysis Using Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry.

Chemical fingerprinting to characterize the occurrence state and abundance of organic and inorganic constituents within fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is useful in evaluating the associated health risks and tracing pollution sources. Herein, an analytical strategy for the rapid analysis of metal and organic constituents in PM2.5 was developed employing a combination of sequential chemical extraction coupled with mass spectrometry detection. H2O, CH3OH, EDTA-2Na, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction were sequentially utilized to extract the chemical constituents in PM2.5 samples on a homemade device employing simultaneous online detection using two linear trap quadrupole mass spectrometers (LTQ-MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative modes. After a single analytical procedure, dozens of metals (e.g., Pb, Cr, and Cu), organic compounds (e.g., amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic acids), and negative ions (e.g., NO3-, NO2-, and Cl-) were comprehensively detected in the water-soluble, liposoluble, insoluble, oxidizable, and reducible fractions of PM2.5 samples, and their physical and chemical relationships were established.

Revealing the functional relationship between manganese dissolution potentials and lithium concentrations with diffusion coefficient for lithium intercalation in λ-MnO2 electrode

Electrochemical redox lithium extraction (ELE) with LiMn2O4/λ-MnO2 redox couple, stands out as the most prospective technology for efficient and selective lithium extraction from the salt lake brines owing to the high lithium intercalation capacity, selectivity, and recovery rate. However, the decreasing Li+ concentration induced electrode polarization, especially, at low concentrations, and inappropriately applied potentials can significantly accelerate manganese dissolution (MD). While no correlational research has established the relationship between the manganese dissolution potential (EMD) and Li+ concentration gradient. Herein, the inversely proportional relationship between EMD and the lithium concentration is first revealed through steady-state diffusion coefficients. This research sheds light on the MD mechanism at different lithium concentration gradients and lays the foundation for the industrial application of electrochemical lithium extraction with LiMn2O4/λ-MnO2 redox couple from salt lake brines.

A sandwich-type electrochemical sensor based on RGO-CeO2-Au nanoparticles and double aptamers for ultrasensitive detection of glypican-3.

Asandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection ofglypican-3 (GPC3)was constructed using GPC3 aptamer (GPC3Apt) labelled reduced graphene oxide-cerium oxide-gold nanoparticles (RGO-CeO2-Au NPs) as the signal probe and the same GPC3Apt as the capture probe. The electrochemical redox properties of CeO2 (Ce3+/Ce4+) in the RGO-CeO2-Au NPs indicate the electrochemical signals. When the target GPC3 was present, an "aptamer-protein-aptamer" sandwich structure was formed on the sensing interface due to the specific binding between the protein and aptamers, resulting in an increased electrochemical redox signal detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. Under optimal conditions, the established aptasensor exhibited a logarithmic linear relationship between the current response and GPC3 concentration in the range 0.001-100.0ng/mL, with a minimum detection limit of 0.74pg/mL. Using the spike-recovery tests for measurement of the human serum samples, the recovery was from 99.26 to 114.01%, and the RSD range was 3.04 to 5.34%. Furthermore, the sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor exhibited excellent performance characteristics such as good stability, high specificity, and high sensitivity, demonstrating effective detection of GPC3 in human serum samples and can be used as a clinical detection tool for GPC3.

Electrochemical Gold Redox Catalysis

AbstractThe high oxidation potential of Au(I)/Au(III) redox couple renders the development of gold‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions highly challenging. In the pursuit of Au(I)/Au(III) redox catalysis, various strategies, such as the use of stoichiometric oxidants, merged gold/photoredox systems, or ligand‐enabled approaches, have been adopted to achieve the oxidation of Au(I) to Au(III) complexes. Recently, electrochemical anodic oxidation‐based gold redox catalysis has emerged as a new technique to facilitate gold‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. This concept article provides a succinct overview of electrochemical gold redox catalysis, highlighting the challenges and potential future developments.