Electrochemical Behaviors Of Rutin Research Articles

Electrochemical detection of rutin on nitrogen-doped graphene modified carbon ionic liquid electrode

In this paper nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) was synthesized and applied to modify an ionic liquid 1-hexylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate based carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE). The fabricated NG/CILE exhibited excellent electrochemical performances. Electrochemical behaviors of rutin on NG/CILE were carefully investigated with a pair of well-defined redox peaks appeared, which was attributed to the presence of NG with electrocatalytic activity. Electrochemical parameters of rutin on NG/CILE were calculated with the values of charge transfer coefficient (α), electron transfer number (n) and electrode reaction standard rate constant (ks) as 0.57, 1.76 and 1.24s−1, respectively. Under the optimal conditions rutin could be detected in the concentration range from 7.0×10−10 to 1.0×10−5mol/L with the detection limit as 0.23nmol/L (3σ) by differential pulse voltammetry. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of rutin tablet samples with satisfactory results.

Electrochemical preparation of Ag nanoparticles/poly(methylene blue) functionalized graphene nanocomposite film modified electrode for sensitive determination of rutin

Ag nanoparticles/poly(methylene blue) functionalized graphene (AgNPs/PMB–GR) composite film modified Au electrode was firstly constructed via a facile electrochemical method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to characterize AgNPs/PMB–GR film modified electrode. The experimental results showed that GO not only could be electrochemically reduced to GR but also simultaneously successfully incorporated into the PMB film. The large wrinkled structure of PMB–GR gave more opportunities for the electrodeposition of AgNPs with the diameter of about 20–30nm integrate uniformly with the PMB–GR composite. The electrochemical behaviors of rutin at the modified electrode were investigated, and the results demonstrated that the AgNPs/PMB–GR could remarkably increase the redox currents of rutin. The effects of pH, scan rate and interference on the response of rutin were studied. The calibration curves for rutin were obtained over the ranges of 0.01–0.1, 0.1–2.0, and 2.0–10.0μM by DPV, respectively, and the lowest detectable concentration was 0.01μM. The AgNPs/PMB–GR/Au electrode exhibited good selectivity and high sensitivity for the determination of rutin content in tablet samples with satisfactory results.

Application of poly(acridine orange) and graphene modified carbon/ionic liquid paste electrode for the sensitive electrochemical detection of rutin

A carbon/ionic liquid paste electrode (CILPE) prepared by 1-hexylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate as the binder was used as the substrate electrode. A layer of graphene oxide (GO) film was cast on CILPE surface (GO/CILPE) and the electropolymerization of acridine orange (AO) on electrode was further realized by cyclic voltammetry in the potential range from −1.40V to 1.40V, which could simultaneously reduce GO to graphene (GR) electrochemically. The fabricated PAO-GR/CILPE exhibited good electrochemical performances with higher conductivity and lower electron transfer resistance. Electrochemical behaviors of rutin were further investigated on the modified electrode in 0.1mol/L pH 2.0 phosphate buffer solution by cyclic voltammetry with a pair of well-defined redox peaks appeared. The peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) was calculated as 0.076V, which proved a fast quasi-reversible electron transfer process and the electrochemical parameters of rutin on PAO-GR/CILPE were calculated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear relationship between the oxidation peak current of rutin and its concentration was obtained in the range from 0.03 to 800.0μmol/L with the detection limit as 8.33nmol/L (3σ). The PAO-GR/CILPE showed good selectivity, stability and reproducibility, which was further applied to detect rutin tablet samples with satisfactory results.

Self-Assembled Hybrid Films of Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode for Sensitive and Selective Determination of Rutin

Abstract: Graphene/Carbon Nanotube hybrid films modified glassy carbon electrode (GN-CNT/GC) was fabricated as electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and rapid determination of rutin. The electrochemical behaviors of rutin at the GN-CNT/GC have been investigated. Rutin can generate a pair of well-defined redox peaks at the GN-CNT/GC located at 0.450 V (Epa) and 0.409 V (Epc). Compared with graphene modified glassy carbon electrode (GN/GC) and carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (CNT/GC), GN-CNT/GC showed a higher catalytic activity toward rutin. This result indicates that the GN-CNT hybrid films as a modifier strengthens the adsorption of rutin. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), different pulse voltammetry (DPV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the electrochemical sensor and hybrid films. Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current is linear to the rutin concentration over the range of 2.0×10-7-6.0×10-5 M and the detection limits were 1.0×10-7 M.

Preparation of Platinum Nanoparticles-Graphene Modified Electrode and Selective Determination of Rutin

Platinum nanoparticles were electrodeposited on graphene modified glassy carbon electrode to form a modified electrode, and the electrode was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At the modified electrode, rutin, a natural flavonoid, shows a couple of well-defined redox peaks, which is corresponded to the reduction and reoxidation of rutin. The electrochemical behaviors of rutin at the electrode were investigated, and the results indicated that the electrode reaction is controlled by adsorption process. Under the optimal conditions, the peak currents of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) increased linearly with the rutin concentration in the range from <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:65.824997px;" id="M1" height="14.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 65.824997 14.375" width="65.824997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0">.</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0">0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0">×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.433502" y="0">0</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">−</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> to <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:65.824997px;" id="M2" height="14.5" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 65.824997 14.5" width="65.824997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0">.</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0">0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0">×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.433502" y="0">0</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.26,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">−</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>&#x2009;M with a limit of detection of <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:65.824997px;" id="M3" height="14.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 65.824997 14.375" width="65.824997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0">.</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0">7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0">×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.433502" y="0">0</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">−</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">9</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>&#x2009;M. The as-prepared electrode was successfully used for the selective determination of rutin in tablet, displaying a potential application of graphene composite modified electrode.

Voltammetric studies of the interaction of rutin with DNA and its analytical applications on the MWNTs–COOH/Fe 3O 4 modified electrode

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a carboxylic acid group (MWNTs–COOH)/iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) modified glassy carbon electrode (MWNTs–COOH/Fe 3O 4/GCE) and DNA/MWNTs–COOH/Fe 3O 4/GCE were prepared. The electrochemical behaviors of rutin (RU) were investigated on MWNTs–COOH/Fe 3O 4/GCE by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in britton–robinson buffer solution (B–R). The interaction of RU with DNA was also explored. Dramatic decrease of peak current without obvious peak potential shift were observed in both cases of DNA in the solution and immobilized on the electrode surface. In addition, the electron transfer coefficient ( α) and the rate constant ( k s) kept unchanged in the absence and presence of DNA. So interaction of DNA with RU formed a non-electroactive complex. The binding constant and binding ratio was obtained in the process. The interaction was also confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy. The reduction peak current was linear with the concentration of RU in the range of 2.50 × 10 −8 to 1.37 × 10 −6 M, with a detection limit of 7.5 nM. The MWNTs–COOH/Fe 3O 4/GCE showed comparatively low detection limit, rapid response, simplicity for the determination of RU.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon ionic liquid electrode for sensitive electrochemical detection of rutin

The single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) modified carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) was designed and further used for the voltammetric detection of rutin in this paper. CILE was prepared by mixing graphite powder with ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and liquid paraffin together. Based on the interaction of SWCNTs with IL present on the electrode surface, a stable SWCNTs film was formed on the CILE to get a modified electrode denoted as SWCNTs/CILE. The characteristics of SWCNTs/CILE were recorded by different methods including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of rutin on the SWCNTs/CILE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Due to the specific interface provided by the SWCNTs-IL film, the electrochemical response of rutin was greatly enhanced with a pair of well-defined redox peaks appeared in pH 2.5 phosphate buffer solution. The oxidation peak currents showed good linear relationship with the rutin concentration in the range from 1.0 × 10 − 7 to 8.0 × 10 − 4 mol/L with the detection limit as 7.0 × 10 − 8 mol/L (3σ). The SWCNTs/CILE showed the advantages such as excellent selectivity, improved performance, good stability and it was further applied to the rutin tablets sample detection with satisfactory results.

Application of ionic liquid modified carbon ceramic electrode for the sensitive voltammetric detection of rutin

An ionic liquid (IL) modified carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) was designed and further used for the voltammetric detection of rutin in this paper. IL-CCE was prepared by mixing graphite powder with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF 4) doped silicate sol–gel matrix together and further characterized by different methods. Then electrochemical behaviors of rutin on the IL-CCE were investigated by different electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Due to the presence of IL in the CCE, an enhanced electrochemical response of rutin appeared with a pair of well-defined redox peaks in pH 2.5 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The electrochemical behaviors of rutin on the IL-CCE were carefully investigated. Under the selected conditions the oxidation peak currents exhibited good linear relationship with the rutin concentration in the range from 0.3 to 100.0 μmol/L with the detection limit as 0.09 μmol/L (3σ). The proposed method was further applied to the rutin tablets sample detection with satisfactory results.

Electrochemical behavior of rutin on a multi-walled carbon nanotube and ionic liquid composite film modified electrode

In this paper, the electrochemical behaviors of rutin at the MWNTs-IL-Gel/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were investigated. Good electrocatalysis behavior towards the oxidation of rutin with enhancement of the redox peak current and decrease of the peak-to-peak separation was demonstrated. The electrochemical parameters of rutin were calculated giving values of the charge-transfer coefficient ( α) and the electrode reaction standard rate constant ( k s) as 0.47 and 0.2 s −1, respectively. In addition, the MWNTs-IL-Gel/GCE was characterized by different methods including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), clay film thickness, and UV–vis spectra. The oxidation peak currents of rutin in such modified electrode increased linearly with the concentration of rutin in the range from 7.2 × 10 −8 to 6.0 × 10 −6 mol L −1 with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10 −8 mol L −1. These results suggest that the proposed electrode can be used for sensitive, simple and rapid determination of rutin.

Determination of Rutin on the Poly(p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

The electrochemical behaviors of rutin at a poly(p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode (PABSA/GC) have been investigated. Rutin can generate a pair of well-defined redox peaks at the PABSA/GC located at 0.440 V (E(pa)) and 0.396 V (E(pc)) (vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE)), respectively. The results indicate that the reaction involves two electrons transfer, accompanied by two protons and the electrochemical process is controlled by adsorption. The electrochemical parameters of rutin on the modified electrode were calculated with the results of the charge transfer coefficient (alpha), the number of electron transfer (n) and the electrode reaction rate constant (k(s)) as 0.61, 2.08 and 2.18 s(-1), respectively. Under the selected conditions, the oxidation peak current was linear to the rutin concentration over the range of 2.5x10(-7)-1.0x10(-5) M with a detection limit of 1.0x10(-7) M. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of compound rutin tablets with no interference from the coexisting ascorbic acid.