Electrification Of Oil Research Articles

Offshore oil and gas infrastructure electrification and offshore wind: a legal exploration

Abstract The oil and gas and renewable energy sectors are increasingly coming together as traditional hydrocarbon producers are exploring the large-scale integration of renewables in fossil-fuel projects. One option is the electrification of oil and gas production platforms in the offshore environment utilizing offshore wind energy to power the asset’s operations. This article assesses the rationale for such a shift as well as regulatory avenues and barriers to the electrification of offshore oil and gas assets through offshore wind energy technology. While the article’s explorations are of a general conceptual nature, this article studies existing and planned developments in Norway and Atlantic Canada. This article discusses key factors to determine the legal nature of different electrification project models and proposes solutions to identify the likely legislative and regulatory regime(s) which will govern. The article concludes that reforms for a forward-thinking legal and regulatory environment for the offshore space will have to re-examine the role of existing (platform) and new (wind but also oil and gas) offshore infrastructure and the associated regime that applies to these projects. Currently, in the Norwegian and Canadian contexts, these discussions are somewhat exploratory. They do, however, underline the importance of planning the co-development of offshore wind energy projects with existing and future oil and gas projects and to highlight the need for greater clarity in the evolving design of legal and regulatory frameworks to support the future of the global offshore energy sector.

Electrification of Oil and Gas Platforms by Wind Energy

In this paper, we address the problem of high greenhouse gas emissions from oil and gas platforms in Norway. We look at the potential of integrating an energy system composed of wind turbines and battery systems to unload the electrical power generated by gas turbines being the main source of emissions today. We propose a simulation model of the energy system, the power demand, the available wind speed, and different control strategies. By putting the models together, we evaluate the performance of various compositions of the system and determine their impact on emissions and battery lifetime. The numerical results show that changing today’s practices has great potential to reduce greenhouse gases, with amounts varying between 30% and 80% compared with today’s level.

Effect of injected charge on the electrification of oil flowing past the surface of composite polymers

AbstractThe factors affecting oil‐flow electrification (OFE) in large forced oil‐cooled electric power apparatus are experimentally investigated using a closed cycle model, and a coaxial test section comprising a charge injector. The streaming and leakage currents are measured to investigate the impact of injected charge on OFE interfaced with composite polymers. The results reveal that the magnitude and polarity of the injected charge, and the type of composite polymer and its impregnation resin, if it exits, cause evident qualitative as well as quantitative changes in the measured currents. Cellulose‐based materials give the highest leakage current. For other composite polymers, the higher the number of ketonic carbonyls and/or delocalized states in the aromatic moieties, the higher is the leakage current, and hence the lower is the streaming current. Under flow conditions, the leakage current is lower than that under a stationary condition, but the trend is reversed at high temperature, especially for the HVDC case. Under HVAC, the streaming current shows polarity reversal from negative to positive on increasing the oil temperature and/or voltage. For HVDC application, the streaming current is significantly reduced by calendering the outermost layer of the composite polymer, using fine glass as a backing material instead of using glass fabric, and impregnating the composite polymer with highly dipolar epoxy resin.

Influence of solid insulating phase on streaming electrification of transformer oil

Due to increased demand of electrical power, the trend of the capacity and voltage rating of power transformers increases with reliable design; especially in large oil-cooled power transformers. Consequently, the use of polymer blended and polymer coated insulations in such transformers are the most recent advances in modern technology. The consequences of the type of solid insulating material, in contact with the streaming oil, on the ECT (electrostatic charging tendency) of oil are the principal aim of this paper. ECT of transformer oil is experimentally investigated using different types of oils and solid insulting materials. Two laboratory analog cycles are used; namely, a closed and an open cycle. In the closed cycle, the investigated factors are the type and polarity of the applied voltage (/spl plusmn/10 kV and 10 kV/sub rms/ at 50 Hz), solid insulating material (polymeric and non-polymeric insulation), and oil type, temperature (20 to 70/spl deg/C) and velocity (1.5 to 3.25 m/s). Good agreement is achieved between the measured data under ac and dc voltages of both the conduction and streaming currents, and the derived formulas. The currents increase exponentially with oil temperature, velocity and applied voltage. All solid dielectrics used show quantitative as well as qualitative changes in oil electrification especially at low temperatures. In the open cycle, both the rotating cylinder speed (430 rpm) and the oil volume are kept constant, and the oil temperature is raised to 120/spl deg/C for different types of oils and solid dielectrics. ECT depends on the oil type and is activated with temperature. Cellulose-based dielectrics give the highest ECT and coating of these dielectrics with epoxy resin enhances the ECT. Different suppression characteristic is obtained using Theophylline in different fresh oils.

Electrification current in the spinning disk system

Generation of electrostatic charges has been found to be one cause of failures of high power transformers. In this paper we present experimental investigations of transformer oil electrification obtained during research on a spinning disk system. The experiments have been carried out for oil within the temperature range of 20 to 80/spl deg/C and Reynolds number of 3000 to 9000. The equilibrium duct-flow theory of Abedian and Sonin (1981) has been modified to deduce the wall charge density coefficient for transformer oil. From the analysis it appears that the model proposed to describe electrification in the spinning disk system agrees with the experimental data. >

Electrostatic properties of aged transformer oil

The results of an investigation of the changes induced in transformer oil under the influence of thermal aging are presented. The investigations were carried out on various types of oil in order to study their electrostatic properties as a function of the aging process. A measurement system with a rotating disk developed by the author was used. It was discovered that the aging process causes quantitative and qualitative changes in oil electrification. These changes depend on the type of oil. >

Investigation of transformer oil electrification in a spinning disk system

The author presents a novel measurement system for testing electrification of transformer oil when moving a solid phase in a liquid-phase environment. The system is based on hydrodynamic phenomena occurring for a rotating disc in liquid. It is concluded that the spinning disc system is useful for examining the electrification of transformer oil. The results obtained, particularly those concerning the effect of oil aging electrification, agree with the results obtained by means of A. Klinkenberg's (1958) system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Static Electrification in Aged Transformer Oil

We have examined the influence of thermal aging and partial discharges on the static electrification of transformer oil. The experiments have been carried out in a laminar flow region within the temperature range of 20 to 800C using flow pipes made of various materials. The thermal aging process causes evident quantitative as well as qualitative changes of the charge measured. Furthermore, it is found that partial discharge aging causes no essential changes in oil electrification. Nevertheless, some changes are observed for high-intensity partial discharges.

Static Electrification in Transformer Oil as a Measure of its Aging

In this paper the results of aging-oriented examinations of static electrification in transformer oil flowing through pressboard, glass and bras pipes are reported. Samples of transformer oil under examination have various degrees of aging. Changes in static electrification of oil are compared to classical aging indices. As a result, strong relation is found between the electrification of oil and degree of aging.

Examination of the static electrification of transformer oil

The paper presents examination results of the static electrification caused by transformer oil flow through pipes made of different materials. Examination results obtained by different measuring methods are compared. A persistent change of the oil electrification capacity due to the high temperature effect has been observed.