Electricity Use For Lighting Research Articles

Audit energi sistem tata cahaya dan tata udara lantai 2 & 3 pada bangunan gedung toko buku di Pekanbaru

Energy audit is a technique used to analyze the amount of energy consumption in buildings and identify ways or methods to save it. Based on the Minister of Human Resources Regulation No. 13 of 2012 stated rules regarding energy management and energy saving standards. Shopping buildings are one of the sectors that use electrical energy to operate. A bookstore in Pekanbaru which consists of three floors also uses electrical energy for lighting and air conditioning systems. The use of electricity for lighting and air conditioning for a month is 37985.5 kWh and then ECO is carried out so that the use of electrical energy can be reduced to 30,138 kWh in each month. The use of electrical energy can be expressed in Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE), before the ECO IKE was carried out for the 2nd and 3rd floors of the bookstore building in Pekanbaru was 28.59 and after energy saving opportunities, the Energy Consumption Index became 23.09.

Impact of occupant autonomy on satisfaction and building energy efficiency

The philosophy of building energy management is going through a paradigm change from traditional, often inefficient, user-controlled systems to one that is centrally automated with the aid of IoT-enabled technologies. In this context, occupants’ perceived control and building automation may seem to be in conflict. The inquiry of this study is rooted in a proposition that while building automation and centralized control systems are assumed to provide indoor comfort and conserve energy use, limiting occupants’ control over their work environment may result in dissatisfaction, and in turn decrease productivity. For assessing this hypothesis, data from the post-occupancy evaluation survey of a smart building in a university in Australia was used to analyze the relationships between perceived control, satisfaction, and perceived productivity. Using structural equation modeling, we have found a positive direct effect of occupants’ perceived control on overall satisfaction with their working area. Meanwhile, perceived control exerts an influence on perceived productivity through satisfaction. Furthermore, a field experiment conducted in the same building revealed the potential impact that occupant controllability can have on energy saving. We changed the default light settings from automatic on-and-off to manual-on and automatic-off, letting occupants choose themselves whether to switch the light on or not. Interestingly, about half of the participants usually kept the lights off, preferring daylight in their rooms. This also resulted in a reduction in lighting electricity use by 17.8% without any upfront investment and major technical modification. These findings emphasize the important role of perceived control on occupant satisfaction and productivity, as well as on the energy-saving potential of the user-in-the-loop automation of buildings.

Optimization of Piezoelectric Sensor Based Lighting Power Management Using Fuzzy Logic Mamdani

Information is a very important thing from time to time. Lighting is needed by humans to support their daily activities. The problem of the lighting sector today is energy efficiency which is still not resolved. Where the use of electricity for lighting is still using old technology that is not environmentally friendly and costs a lot of money per month. One of the concepts of IoT, namely smart lighting, emerged as a solution to overcome problems in the lighting sector. However, the current smart lighting still requires a direct power source from the government (PLN), In addition, sectors such as tourist attractions in rural areas still need to be considered because there are still many areas that do not have a power source that can be used for street lighting. the tourist attraction. So we need a smart lighting technology that can produce its own power source to reduce the electricity costs that must be incurred. This study aims to build a tool or device that can manage and optimize the energy expended by building an IoT device using a piezoelectric sensor as the main material to generate an electric field that will produce electrical energy for lighting or lighting in rural tourist destinations and using fuzzy algorithms. Mamdani logic is a determinant of the intensity of the light obtained from the light sensor on the IoT device. The overall results of the system that has been built can work properly and the Mamdani fuzzy algorithm can be used properly with an accuracy of 93% power saving at the time of testing. In addition, the monitoring system built is also following the data obtained from the system. The suitability between the fuzzy system and Matlab as a whole is in accordance with the value of 100%

Evaluation of Vocational School (SMK) Students’ Environmental Literacy

This research evaluates the level of environmental literacy of vocational students. The research method used is evaluative descriptive research method. The instrument used is the Environmental Literacy Test. The component of environmental literacy consists of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and "actions" or responsible behavior for the environment. Mastery of the environmental concept of vocational students is based on the achievement of environmental literacy in terms of knowledge and environmental understanding which consists of 8 indicators, i.e.: energy, pollution and contamination, forests, atmosphere / climate, water, waste, and sustainable development. The average mastery of environmental concepts is 51, which included to the low category. The highest knowledge and understanding are population indicators that is an average value of 68 and the lowest value is an atmospheric / climate indicator with an average value of 32. Attitudes and participation in overcoming environmental problems are included in the good category. They have tried to use alternative transportation such as by using bicycle or walking, reducing the use of electricity for lighting and cooling the space, using water as needed, and disposing the garbage in the proper place. Vocational students are still lacking in action as an effort to overcome environmental problems.

Energy and economic analysis for the design of greenhouses with semi-transparent photovoltaic cladding

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) greenhouses generate solar electricity while providing a suitable environment for crop production. Energy and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis were employed to study the potential for installing semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) cladding on the roof of a greenhouse that employs supplemental lighting located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.4°N). The study was conducted using current and future projected (future projection study) values for the efficiency of PV and horticultural lighting technology. The STPV cladding generated solar electricity but also caused internal shading that was counteracted by augmenting supplemental lighting by as much as 84%, which in turn reduced heating energy use by up to 12%. Although STPV cladding increased lighting electricity use, it generated 43.7% of the electricity that was consumed for supplemental lighting in the present study and 107.2% in the future projection study. Therefore, in the future, a STPV roof could potentially displace all the greenhouse’s electricity needs for supplemental lighting. Currently, STPV cladding would not an economically attractive investment. However, a nearly 23% reduction in LCC was achieved in the future projection study. STPV will increasingly become a promising cladding alternative for improving energy efficiency and economics of greenhouse operations.

Determinants of high electricity use and high energy consumption for space and water heating in European social housing: Socio-demographic and building characteristics

This paper examines the extent to which different household socio-demographic and building characteristics contribute to high energy use in Social Housing. Using data from the sample created in the framework of the EU funded ICE-WISH project (social housing pilots in ten European countries, of around 25 dwellings each), an odds ratio analysis was performed to examine the effect of socio-demographic and building's structural determinants on high residential energy consumption. The analysis is performed separately for electricity use for lighting and appliances and for energy consumption for space and water heating. Results indicate that high electricity consumption in social housing is related to both socio-demographic characteristics of the occupants and characteristics of the buildings in which they live (OR = 5.6 for households with three occupants compared to single households and OR = 3 for households living in houses greater than 80 m2), whereas high energy consumption for space and water heating is only related to building characteristics (OR = 1.15 for households with three occupants compared to single households and OR = 4.77 for households living in houses greater than 80 m2). The outcomes of this paper call for future energy policy to intelligently incorporate traditional and behavior-based energy efficiency interventions for reducing residential energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

Examining Occupancy and Architectural Aspects Affecting Manual Lighting Control Behaviour in Offices Based on a User Survey

Further understanding the building occupantsТ needs and behaviors can reduce lighting energy consumption. This research explores how the occupancy and interior architectural aspects become effective in manual lighting control in offices. It involves a multiple sectioned questionnaire focusing on the possible architectural factors such as the desk position, the surface colors, the distance to window, the distance between desk and lighting switch, and inquiring participantsТ manual lighting control behavior through the photographs of modified interior layouts, surface colors and time intervals. Statistical methods are used to determine the significant aspects, which may reduce the use of lighting control. Interior layout, distance to window, time of the day, and number of occupants in the offices are the most significant contributions to the manual lighting control behavior. To pay attention in these contributions, it would be possible to reduce the use of electricity for lighting while user satisfaction increases.

A preliminary study of occupants’ use of manual lighting controls in private offices: A case study

While building engineers attempt to reduce energy use and provide occupants with comfortable spaces by automating building systems, poor implementation and neglecting occupants' preferences may cause the opposite effect. Monitoring occupants-building interactions provides valuable information in this regard. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of the manual and automatic lighting control systems on the lighting energy use in private offices using experimental and simulation approaches. Probabilistic models for occupants’ presence and lighting use were developed based on the empirical data collected in 25 perimeter offices for 15 months. After simulating the developed models, simulation results indicate a reduction in the lighting electricity use by a factor of seven with the manual control system in comparison with the occupancy-on/vacancy-off controls. The ratio of the time when the lights were on to the occupied period was reduced by 62% based on the experimental observations and 90% based on the simulation results, using the manual-on/vacancy-off control system compared to the occupancy-on/vacancy-off control system.

Consequences of energy retrofitting on the daylight availability in Norwegian apartments

Energy retrofitting solutions applied in residential building envelopes often consist in adding an insulation layer on the building facade and substituting the old windows with better performing ones. Such measures increase the thermal insulation of the envelope and reduce the energy need for space heating, but also reduce the daylight availability, due to the lower visible transmittance of highly insulated windows. This drawback may have strong effect in Norway, where the daylight availability in the winter season is little. This paper investigates into the consequences on energy use for space heating and electricity use for lighting given by the substitution of existing windows with highly insulated windows in Norwegian residential buildings. Three apartment buildings with different construction systems of the external facades and located in Trondheim are investigated. The buildings were built before the 1900, in the first decade of the 1900, and in the 1960s, respectively. The U-value of the external facades varies from 0.96 W/m2K to 0.26 W/m2K, and the U-value of the existing windows varies from 1.6 W/m2K to 2.8 W/m2K. The new windows have a U-value of 0.5 W/m2K. Scenarios are modelled to simulate the use patterns of artificial lighting in the apartments. Use patterns are modelled by considering occupancy hours and type of activity to cover different scenarios. Results show that the substitution of the existing windows reduces the median value of the Daylight Autonomy by at least 50%, and the additional electricity use for lighting is calculated to be between 17% and 64% of the potential energy saving for space heating.

Consequences of energy retrofitting for daylight availability in Norwegian apartments based on measurements and simulations

Substituting existing windows for highly insulated glazing systems in Norwegian residential buildings may have a strong impact during the winter season due to the reduction of daylight availability. This paper investigates the consequences on the energy demand for space heating and electricity use for lighting of substituting existing windows with new windows and adding insulation in three apartment buildings located in Trondheim, Norway. The buildings were respectively built before the 1900s, in the first decade of the 1900s, and in the 1960s. The initial U-value of the external facades ranges from 0.96 to 0.26 W/m2K, and is lowered to 0.15 W/m2K after the renovation process. The U-value of the existing windows ranges from 1.6 to 2.8 W/m2K. The new windows have a U-value of 1.1 and 0.6 W/m2K. Scenarios are modelled to simulate the use patterns of artificial lighting in the apartments, based on occupancy schedules and required illuminance thresholds.

Estimation methodology for the electricity consumption with daylight- and occupancy-controlled artificial lighting

Artificial lighting represents 15-30% of the total electricity consumption in buildings in Scandinavia. It is possible to avoid a large share of electricity use for lighting by application of daylight control systems for artificial lighting. Existing methodology for estimation of electricity consumption with application of such control systems in Norway is based on Norwegian standard NS 3031:2014 and can only provide results from a rough estimate. This paper aims to introduce a new estimation methodology for the electricity usage with the daylight- and occupancy-controlled artificial lighting in an office, which is both accurate and rapid. The method is validated for an office building in Oslo, Norway, using the experimentally obtained data and the data from the Building Management System.

Electricity billing systems and household electricity use behaviour in Ibadan, Nigeria

This paper examined the behaviour of households regarding electric energy use in lighting, clothes washing, ironing, refrigerating, cooking and boiling of water in relation to electricity billing systems in Ibadan. The rational choice theory, augmented by sociological and psychological theories, forms the theoretical basis for this study. The purposive sampling method was used to select five LGAs in Ibadan, where 500 households were randomly selected. Cross tabulation technique was adopted to analyse the objectives. Regarding the use of electricity for lighting, the result showed that the metered electricity consumers have better energy saving behaviour than the unmetered consumers, while the postpaid meter users have more of energy wasting behaviour compared to the prepaid meter users. For washing clothes and ironing, the result showed that the unmetered customers have more energy wasting behaviour compared to metered customers. Also regarding the behaviour about the use of electricity for washing clothes and ironing, the postpaid users are more energy wasting. Lastly, while the unmetered electricity consumers are more energy wasting in the use of electric cooker, it is the metered consumers that have energy wasting behaviour in the use of refrigerators.

Energy consumption transition through the use of electricity for lighting and cooking: evidence from Bhutan

Energy ladder hypothesis states that with an increase in income and awareness households gradually switch from biomass to kerosene and finally to ultra-clean, renewable, green energy sources such as electricity. Electricity lies at the top of the energy ladder hypothesis for household energy use. Empirical results support the fact that income, wealth, gender and the educational status of households often influence the switch from dirty to clean energy; however, in some cases, households even with higher incomes, wealth, and education levels use electricity only for lighting but not for both lighting and cooking. This creates a ladder within the energy ladder. Using a nationally representative dataset collected by the government for the Bhutan Living Standard Measurement Study (2003, 2007 and 2012), covering more than 22,000 households, this study examines the factors influencing the use of electricity for lighting, and lighting and cooking by Bhutanese households. The results of multinomial logit model estimation demonstrate that demographic features, wealth and the education levels of households, in addition to access to infrastructure significantly influence a household's use of electricity for lighting and cooking, which supports a ladder within the energy ladder hypothesis.

Reducing lighting electricity use in underground metro stations

Lighting systems are usually one of the largest electrical end-uses in underground metro stations. Taking into account that budget restrictions in publicly owned companies hinder energy efficiency retrofit projects that require high initial investments, affordable energy saving strategies are needed. This paper presents a low-cost approach for reducing lighting electricity use in underground stations, without affecting passengers’ comfort or the metro operator’s service. For this purpose, an adaptive lighting strategy of dimming the illuminance levels of artificial light sources has been developed. Dimming controls are based on the occupancy of the station, and the preventive maintenance and cleaning cycles of the luminaires. The stations’ monthly occupancy patterns are defined through the k-means clustering technique. To illustrate its effectiveness, the method was applied to 115 underground stations of the Barcelona metro network. The results revealed overall electricity savings of 255.47MWh on a biannual basis, which represents 36.22% of the stations’ baseline lighting consumption. Individual energy savings were found to range from 25 to 87.5MWh/year in the stations of the Barcelona metro network, depending on the number and profile of station users. The research findings will undoubtedly be useful for the future energy efficiency project plans of worldwide metro operators and managers of other underground spaces.

Lighting energy use in Anding District, Gansu Province, China

An energy use survey of 237 households was carried out in rural Anding district, Gansu province, P.R. China in 2010. Baseline lighting electricity use was assessed for current (2010) and future use (2020) and compared by light bulb type, household room, and seasonal differences. A simple life cycle assessment (LCA) compared strategies such as replacing incandescents with CFLs and reducing total daily hours of lighting to assess possible greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. Replacing incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) has the potential to reduce current and future annual energy use by 27% and 23% respectively. Within households, replacing bedroom light bulbs with CFLs reduces GHG emissions most, over 38% of the total CO2 equivalent reductions possible. A focus on bedroom lighting in rural Anding district has the best potential to aid China's carbon intensity reduction goals by 2020.

Use of dynamic occupant behavior models in the building design and code compliance processes

Occupants account for a significant impact on building performance through their interactions with zone level building components. Empirically-derived occupant models, despite their potential to represent occupants’ impact in building performance simulation (BPS), have minimal penetration in design and code compliance processes. Instead, occupants are represented with static schedules or simple deterministic triggers. The objective of this paper is to better understand the influence of assumptions made in representing occupant interactions with building components over a BPS model's energy use and comfort predictions, as well as their ability to promote better design decisions. To this end, the energy and daylight performance of a generic perimeter office space in Ottawa, Canada were evaluated using a set of comprehensive performance metrics. Results indicate that representing dynamic occupant–building interactions lead to different energy predictions from the static schedules. The maximum difference in the total electricity use was for window-to-wall area ratios (WWR) of 20%, which was about 30% higher with the stochastic cases than the blind-open static cases. WWR 60% and 40% generally yielded the lowest lighting electricity use with the static and stochastic cases, respectively. This paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating empirically-derived dynamic occupant models for simulation-aided design and code compliance.

A Case Study on Household Electricity Uses and Their Variations Due to Occupant Behavior in Chinese Apartments in Beijing

AbstrctIn order to gain a good understanding of residential building energy consumption in China, a case study about occupants′ use of electricity for lighting, appliances and room air conditioners was carried out in 44 identical apartments in Beijing. Additionally, two apartments with significantly different energy consumption levels were chosen for a detailed study about the impact of occupants′ daily behavior in using lighting, appliances and room air conditioners. The results of this study demonstrate the important contribution of occupant behavior to the significant variation of electricity consumption among residential buildings. The detailed measurement of occupant behavior showed a potential in better understanding how energy is consumed in buildings and relevant information gathered from this process can help occupants change their behavior for energy saving.

Assessing the environmental performance of a new biotechnological sensor for air quality based on devitalized moss clone

In recent years, mosses have been suggested as feasible biomonitors for the control of air quality. The most suitable type of biosensor consists of moss transplants that can be either harvested from unpolluted natural habitats or cultivated in photobioreactors. The production and devitalisation of moss was assessed with the aim of identifying the stages of the process with potential environmental impacts. The use of energy, especially associated with refrigeration in the cultivation stage, was the main factor contributing to the environmental impacts considered, ranging from 85% of the impact in marine eutrophication up to 95% for the rest of categories. Results were compared with previous studies dealing with algae production in photobioreactors, in which the electricity use for lighting also constituted a major hotspot. Scenarios based on reduced energy demand, and implementing alternative sources were proposed and showed better environmental profiles than the baseline scenario. Particularly, the use of photovoltaic energy could reduce the impacts by 50% in the analysed categories, except for terrestrial ecotoxicity, with significantly lower improvement ratios if photovoltaic energy was partially combined with conventional energy. The option of optimising the refrigeration system also provided significant reductions, ranking as the best alternative when terrestrial ecotoxicity was assessed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.71.1.10820

Low-energy lights will keep the lights on

Lighting is becoming more energy efficient, first through compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and now with light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The decline in overall UK electricity consumption is resulting in a drop in peak demand, as lighting is the largest constituent of this: the 3.7% annual decline in total electricity use for lighting is mirrored by a 3.7% drop in lighting’s contribution to peak demand. Lighting is the major contributor, therefore, to the drop in absolute peak demand: in 2012 it was 7% lower than in 2007. As European policy continues to require the phasing out of inefficient lights – halogens will be next – this downward consumption trend will continue, probably until 2025 or 2030. The reduction in peak demand is offsetting the phasing out of coal-fired plant and old nuclear stations. Hence, the risk of a gap is less, so the lights are more likely to stay on.

Calculation method for electricity end-use for residential lighting

Knowledge of the electricity demand for different electrical appliances in households is very important in the work to reduce electricity use in households. Metering of end-uses is expensive and time consuming and therefore other methods for calculation of end-use electricity can be very useful. This paper presents a method to calculate the electricity used for lighting in households based on regression analysis of daily electricity consumption, out-door temperatures and the length of daylight at the same time and location. The method is illustrated with analyses of 45 Norwegian households. The electricity use for lighting in an average Norwegian household is calculated to 1050 kWh/year or 6% of total electricity use. The results are comparable to metering results of lighting in other studies in the Nordic countries. The methodology can also be used to compensate for the seasonal effect when metering electricity for lighting less than a year. When smart meters are more commonly available, the possible adaption of this method will increase, and the need for end-use demand calculations will still be present.