Electricity Generation In Turkey Research Articles

Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on Turkey Electricity Generation

With this study, it was aimed to analyze the change of electricity generation in Turkey depending on COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, analyzes of the changes in nine different electricity generation sectors besides total electricity generation were done. In addition, these analyze were also carried out on a monthly basis in order to better understand the change in total electricity generation. Trend, naive, exponential smoothing and holt linear trend methods were used for the analysis. The results were obtained by taking into account the 2020 forecast values of the method belonging to the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values obtained from these methods. According to these results, it was concluded that the COVID-19 epidemic negatively affected electricity generation from total, dam, lignite, stream, imported coal and wind and did not adversely affect electricity generation from natural gas, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass in Turkey for 2020. From the results of the analysis done for the monthly change in total electricity generation in 2020, it was seen that there was a decrease in the total generation compared to the expected in the months when there were restrictions.

A sustainability assessment of utilising energy crops for heat and electricity generation in Turkey

The share of bioenergy is expected to increase in the future, necessitating the use of various bio-based feedstock, including energy crops. This study sets out to determine life cycle environmental impacts and costs of heat and electricity generation from two potential energy crops in Turkey – poplar (Populus spp.) and Miscanthus (Mischantus x giganteus). Different bioenergy conversion pathways, comprising direct combustion (heat-only and combined heat and power (CHP)), gasification (CHP) and co-firing with lignite, are evaluated via life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). LCA results show that CHP-combustion using poplar is a better option than the other conversion pathways considered. All bioenergy plants provide great reductions (>80 %) in global warming potential (GWP), fossil fuel depletion and human toxicity (non-cancer) in comparison with heat from natural gas and electricity from the grid. Furthermore, for both feedstocks, CHP systems have lower impacts in seven of 17 categories than the heat from natural gas and electricity from the grid. Overall, the environmental and economic profiles of poplar-based energy plants are better than those of Miscanthus. However, the latter is better for GWP if land use change is considered. The LCC range between $2.2–$11.2/MWhth and $10.6–$28.3/MWhe and all bioenergy plants (except the Miscanthus boiler) would pay back within their lifetime. Compared to the costs of current heat provision in Turkey bioheat is 64 % cheaper, while only direct combustion plants outperform the grid with a 14 % lower cost. If 20 % of fallow and degraded lands are used for Miscanthus, up to 73 Mt./yr (or 14 %) of GHG emissions could be avoided, in addition to saving $4.7 bn (or 37 %) in the fossil-fuel import costs. These findings can be used by energy companies and policy makers to enable a more sustainable transition to a bioeconomy in Turkey.

Structural Controls of High-Temperature and Deep Geothermal Systems Associated with Detachment Fault

In this study, the structural controls of a high-temperature system (188 to 287 oC) associated with the detachment fault in Gediz Graben generating approximately half of this electricity generation in Turkey which is in the top five of the world in the generation of electricity from geothermal resources are examined. 
 The high-temperature geothermal reservoirs associated with detachment fault in the study area have formed along the normal faults nearly in E-W orientation and in intensely fractured rocks in a structurally complex manner associated with transfer faults approximately in N-S orientation. Generally, it has been determined that the reservoirs are closely located to strike-slip faults intersecting, overlapping, and/or terminated with Quaternary transfer faults.

Assessment of the Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Coal and Its Combustion Residues.

Coal-fired thermal power plants remain one of the main sources of electricity generation in Turkey. Combustion of coal creates coal ash and slag, which are often stored in landfills located near residential and agricultural fields, increasing the potential for high environmental contamination and health risks. This study investigates the content and enrichment factor (EF) of heavy metals in pulverized lignite coal and its combustion residues from the Kangal lignite coal-fired thermal power plant situated in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. The concentration of heavy metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Zr, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in lignite coal, slag, and fly ash samples were analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. The concentration of Fe is highest while Hg concentration is lowest in the samples. The concentrations of heavy metals are higher in slag and fly ash samples than in lignite coal. Average values of EF (related to Earth’s crust average) revealed that extreme enrichment has been shown by arsenic and mercury in lignite coal and fly ash samples while very high enrichment has been shown in slag samples.

The usage of renewable energy sources and its effects on GHG emission intensity of electricity generation in Turkey

The aim of this study is to analyze the use of renewable energy resources in electricity generation and its impacts on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation in terms of emission intensity in Turkey. Thus, annual development of Turkey's electricity generation by renewable energy resources and its share in general total were examined. Annually, total greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production are determined and divided by total electricity production so that the emission intensity from electricity production is found in gCO2e/kWh. The effect of each source used in electricity generation on the emission intensity is demonstrated. Although there are volatilities in some years, it is revealed that the emission intensity, which was 563 gCO2e/kWh in 2008, decreased to 437 gCO2e/kWh in 2020 with an annual average decrease of 2.1%. These emission data belonging to Turkey are compared with the values of the European Union since it is a candidate country. As a result, it has been suggested that Turkey, which has a large renewable energy potential, should use this potential more effectively in order to further reduce its emissions from electricity generation.

Türkiye’de Pamuk Saplarının Biyogaz ve Sentez Gazı Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

Turkey, being one of the largest producers of world cotton production, utilizes biomass through direct incineration for electricity generation which accounts for 1.5% of the total electricity generation in Turkey. In this work, biogas potential of cotton stalks was assessed to present a foresight to the future biomass valorizations in the country. Cotton stalks harvested in six cities located in the Southeastern, Aegean and Çukurova regions of Turkey were evaluated and discussed with respect to their potential in electricity generation and the invoiced electricity consumption in 2019. These cities were found to yield 15.6 million tonnes of cotton stalks with an annual 3.1 billion m3 of methane and also, 12 TWh of electricity generation that could meet almost 32% of the electricity demand. For Southeastern region, region’s electricity consumption could be met by 99.5% with the anaerobic digestion of cotton stalks (9 million tonnes/yr). Methane potentials of cotton stalks were compared with the corresponding syngas yields and lower percentages were obtained for syngas. Anaerobic digestion and thermochemical conversion of agricultural residues, being proposed as energy strategies in this study, could help to accelerate the activities on bioenergy share in Turkey.

Analyzing Renewable Energy Sources of a Developing Country for Sustainable Development: An Integrated Fuzzy Based-Decision Methodology

Global human pollutant activities have raised greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which have directly affected the climate. Fossil fuel-based energy has brought a negative impact on the environment and is considered one of the largest sources of GHG emissions. It is envisaged that GHG emissions will increase in the future due to rapid population growth and industrialization. Thus, it is imperative to mitigate climate variability and reduce GHGs by adopting renewable energy (RE) sources for electricity generation. In this regard, the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process would serve the purpose of framing out energy policy to analyze these environmentally friendly energy sources. This study uses an integrated decision methodology—a combination of Delphi, fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), and the fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (FWASPAS)—for the adoption of RE sources for electricity generation in Turkey. Initially, the study identified five main criteria and seventeen sub-criteria using the Delphi method. Then, the FAHP method was used to evaluate and rank the main criteria and sub-criteria. Finally, the FWASPAS method was used to assess and prioritize five major RE sources for electricity generation. The FAHP analysis indicated that political criteria are the most influential, followed by economic and technical criteria. Further, the FWASPAS method revealed that wind energy is the most significant option for electricity generation. This decision-making process can help the energy planners to utilize RE sources for sustainable development.

Projections of Turkey's electricity generation and installed capacity from total renewable and hydro energy using fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model and its reduced forms

In this study, forecasting of Turkey's total renewable and hydro energy installed capacity and electricity generation from 2019 to 2030 was investigated. For this purpose, fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, briefly as FANGBM(1,1) and its reduced forms were used and compared. The prediction procedure was applied for the data sets from 2009 to 2018 and prediction performance of these models were measured with calculation of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value. The FANGBM(1,1) gives the highest accurate results for all cases. According to the results of the FANGBM(1,1), Turkey's total renewable installed capacity and electricity generation were estimated as 80.3 GW and 241.3 TWh in 2030, respectively. Additionally, this model estimates that Turkey's hydropower installed capacity and electricity generation will be 30.7 GW and 57.3 TWh in 2030, respectively. All grey prediction models present that the share of hydropower in total renewable installed capacity and electricity generation will decrease from 2019 to 2030. In 2030, the share of hydropower in total renewable installed capacity and electricity generation is obtained by FANGBM(1,1) as 38.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Finally, it is suggested to the Turkish government to reduce the share of hydropower in total renewable electricity generation by increasing the share of other types of renewable sources due to the consideration of Turkey as an extremely water stress country in coming years.

The contribution of sustainable bioenergy to renewable electricity generation in Turkey: Evidence based policy from an integrated energy and agriculture approach

Turkey relies heavily on imported fossil fuels to meet a significant portion of its domestic energy demand. This has resulted in a rapid increase in the country's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions over the past decade and raised questions about energy security. To address these challenges, Turkey has established several renewable energy targets, including a target to produce 30 percent of domestic electricity from renewable resources, such as wind, solar and biomass, by 2023. The biomass component is set to reach 1000 MWe by 2023. Given Turkey's large agriculture sector, this paper examines whether agricultural residues can play a role in meeting the biomass component of the renewable electricity target. The analysis is carried out at provincial level, using country-specific data and inputs from national experts and focuses on the crop and livestock bioenergy chains. The assessment results illustrate the bioenergy potential at provincial level, and consequently identify which bioenergy supply chains could be most feasible by province. The paper also quantifies the degree to which the selected bioenergy supply chains can contribute to achieving the biomass component of the renewable electricity target.

Identifying Ecological Distribution Conflicts Around the Inter-regional Flow of Energy in Turkey: A Mapping Exercise

The consumption of more energy in Turkey is seen as a precondition for the economic and social development of the country in line with its comprehensive ideology of modernization and progress, and hence, a rather aggressive strategy in energy infrastructure investments is adopted since mid 2000s. Because of this aggressive strategy involving expropriation and enclosure of commons societal unrest against the electricity plants at local scale escalated even further, creating numerous local environmental justice conflicts all over the country. While electricity generation in Turkey is mostly carried out at the rural setting, electricity is consumed mostly in the urban setting, where both the household and industrial consumption levels are higher. A comparison of the regional distribution of electricity generation and consumption in Turkey shows that while the electricity generation capacity is concentrated in some cities – Izmir, Sakarya, Adana, Hatay, Zonguldak, Canakkale, Mugla, and Samsun to name a few – it is mostly consumed in the urbanised centres of the country, more particularly in Istanbul, Kocaeli, Bursa, Ankara, and Izmir (the industrialised cities, considered as the engine of growth in the country). Hence, it would not be wrong to say that some cities such as Canakkale and Zonguldak are designated as “ecological sacrifice zones” for the sake of national growth, illustrating well how Turkey prioritises economic growth (and thus industrialisation) over just ecological distribution. At this background, this paper focuses on the ecological distribution conflicts over electricity generation infrastructures and attempts to provide a mapping of the different electricity generation projects (in operation, under construction or planned) to better understand the urban-rural interplay over the electricity consumption and production. Hence, it attempts to shed light on the growing number of environmental conflicts for the last three decades, following the aggressive neo-liberal policies of modernisation and industrialisation.

Staff Task-Based Shift Scheduling Solution with an ANP and Goal Programming Method in a Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant

Shift scheduling problems (SSPs) are advanced NP-hard problems which are generally evaluated with integer programming. This study presents an applicable shift schedule of workers in a large-scale natural gas combined cycle power plant (NGCCPP), which realize 35.17% of the total electricity generation in Turkey alone, as at of the end of 2018. This study included 80 workers who worked three shifts in the selected NGCCPP for 30 days. The proposed scheduling model was solved according to the skills of the workers, and there were nine criteria by which the workers were evaluated for their abilities. Analytic network process (ANP) is a method used for obtaining the weights of workers’ abilities in a particular skill. These weights are used in the proposed scheduling model as concepts in goal programming (GP). The SSP–ANP–GP model sees employees’ everyday preferences as their main feature, bringing high-performance to the highest level, and bringing an objective functionality, and lowering the lowest success of daily choice. At the same time, the model introduced large-scale and soft constraints that reflect the nature of the shift requirements of this program by specifying the most appropriate program. The required data were obtained from the selected NGCCPP and the model solutions were approved by the plant experts. The SSP–ANP–GP model was resolved at a reasonable time. Monthly acquisition time was significantly reduced, and the satisfaction of the employees was significantly increased by using the obtained program. When past studies were examined, it was determined that a shift scheduling problem of this size in the energy sector had not previously been studied.

Forecasting of Turkey's electricity generation and CO2 emissions in estimating capacity factor

In this study, Turkey's electricity generation between 2017 and 2021 is forecasted. To achieve this, past data of capacity factor of thermal, hydro, geothermal, wind, and solar power plants from 2006 to 2016 is correlated by using exponentially damped sinusoidal approximation. Estimated installed capacity values of electricity generation from 2017 to 2021 are taken from Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEİAŞ). The capacity factor and electricity generation of each power plants are forecasted from 2017 to 2021 for two different scenarios which are based on TEİAŞ's 5‐year installed capacity projection. According to scenario 1 and 2, Turkey's electricity generation is projected in the range of 332.5–362.9 TWh and 322.0–345.2 TWh, respectively. Additionally, projected CO2 emissions due to electricity generation are estimated in the range of 178.7–199.2 million tons and 171.6–187.1 million tons for the Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. Also, this study is compared with Turkey's vision 2023 electricity generation targets. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 56–65, 2019

Radiometric measurement of lignite coal and its by-products and assessment of the usability of fly ash as raw materials in Turkey

Abstract Lignite coal (LC) is a key energy source for electricity generation in Turkey. During lignite burning, huge amounts of fly ash (FA), bottom ash and slag are produced as by-products which contain radionuclides in the natural radioactive series of uranium and thorium, and radioactive potassium. These radionuclides may lead to radiological exposure of workers and the public and cause environmental problems. Therefore, finding diverse uses for the by-products in the construction sector and earthwork applications has considerable economic and environmental importance. In this study, the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in and radon emanating power (EP) and radon mass exhalation rate (EXRM) from LC, slag and FA obtained from the Kangal lignite-burning power plant with a power of 457 MWe were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The major chemical components (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO) of fly ash samples were analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The annual effective doses received by workers and members of the public were estimated using different scenarios specified in Radiation protection 122. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in LC, slag and FA samples were 187±21, 16±1 and 99±9 Bq kg−1, 620±18, 41±2 and 330±13 Bq kg−1, and 937±30, 38±2 and 272±17 Bq kg−1, respectively. The average values of EP and EXRM of the lignite, slag and FA samples were 8 %, 7 % and 10 %, and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.7 Bq kg−1 h−1, respectively. The highest average of the total annual effective dose is estimated at 153 μSv for members of the public and 74 μSv for workers, lower than the recommended annual limit of 1000 μSv.

STAKEHOLDER OPINION-BASED COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN TURKEY WITH SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The life cycle environmental impacts of electricity generation in Turkey were compared to those of Denmark, France, and Poland. The reason for selecting these particular countries for benchmarking was the fact that electricity generation in these countries is dominated mostly by a single source, that is wind, nuclear, and coal, respectively. OpenLCA software and European Life Cycle Database database were used, CML2001 method was employed. The life cycle analysis approach was from cradle to grave. The environmental impact criteria which were studied were acidification, global warming potential, depletion of abiotic resources – elements, depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels, eutrophication, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidation, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. In addition to comparing the four countries in terms of these individual impacts, the overall environmental impact scores for all countries were calculated, once with equal weights for all impacts and once with weights which were determined by acquiring the stakeholder opinions via an online questionnaire. In both cases, Poland turned out to have the highest environmental impact due to the high share coal in the electricity mix, and Turkey came second after Poland. Equal-weight-analysis returned Denmark as the country with the cleanest electricity generation infrastructure whereas stakeholder-weight-analysis results showed that it was France who had the lowest environmental impact. This result was attributed to the high weight of global warming potential and France’s nuclear-energy-based electricity generation system has a very low global warming potential when compared to other three countries. It was concluded that the prospective addition of nuclear energy, solar energy, and clean coal technologies into Turkey’s electricity mix shall reduce the overall environmental impact of electricity generation in Turkey significantly.

An evaluation of power plants in Turkey: Fuzzy TOPSIS method

ABSTRACTThe demand of electricity in Turkey grew in the last few years and it is seen that it will be expected to continue in the next few years. The fossil fuels, especially lignite and hard coal, and hydro are the main kinds of energy sources for electricity generation in Turkey. Therefore, hard coal and lignite have been commonly utilized as fuels in power plants. Despite electricity generation in these power plants with low cost being efficient, the main drawback is the emission of greenhouse gases. In this study, an evaluation of power plants in Turkey is performed using the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method due to containing incomplete information in the evaluation process. The criteria, installation cost, efficiency, emission of carbon dioxide gas, electricity cost, and social acceptance have been considered in the fuzzy TOPSIS method.

Environmental Performance of Electricity Generation Based on Resources: A Life Cycle Assessment Case Study in Turkey

The aim of this paper was to determine how to change the environmental performance of electricity generation depending on the resources and their shares, in order to support decision-makers. Additionally, this paper presents an application of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to determine the environmental burdens of electricity generation in Turkey. Electricity generation data in Turkey for the years 2012 and 2023 were used as a case study. The functional unit for electricity generation was 1 kWh. The LCA calculations were carried out using CML-IA (v3.00) data and the results were interpreted with respect to Monte Carlo simulation analysis (with the Monte Carlo function built in SimaPro 8.0.1 software). The results demonstrated that the fossil fuel consumption not only contributes to global warming, but it also has effects on the elemental basis of abiotic depletion due to raw material consumption for plant infrastructure. Additionally, it was observed that the increasing proportion of wind power in the electricity mix would also increase certain life cycle impacts (such as the elemental basis of abiotic depletion, human ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity) in Turkey’s geography compared to increasing the share of other renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, geothermal, as well as solar.

An integrated life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation in Turkey

This paper presents for the first time an integrated life cycle sustainability assessment of the electricity sector in Turkey, considering environmental, economic and social aspects. Twenty life cycle sustainability indicators (11 environmental, three economic and six social) are used to evaluate the current electricity options. Geothermal power is the best option for six environmental impacts but it has the highest capital costs. Small reservoir and run-of-river power has the lowest global warming potential while large reservoir is best for the depletion of elements and fossil resources, and acidification. It also has the lowest levelised costs, worker injuries and fatalities but provides the lowest life cycle employment opportunities. Gas power has the lowest capital costs but it provides the lowest direct employment and has the highest levelised costs and ozone layer depletion. Given these trade-offs, a multi-criteria decision analysis has been carried out to identify the most sustainable options assuming different stakeholder preferences. For all the preferences considered, hydropower is the most sustainable option for Turkey, followed by geothermal and wind electricity. This work demonstrates the importance for energy policy of an integrated life cycle sustainability assessment and how tensions between different aspects can be reconciled to identify win-win solutions.

Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Electricity Generation in Turkey on a Life Cycle Basis

Turkey’s electricity mix is dominated by fossil fuels, but the country has ambitious future targets for renewable and nuclear energy. At present, environmental impacts of electricity generation in Turkey are unknown so this paper represents a first attempt to fill this knowledge gap. Taking a life cycle approach, the study considers eleven impacts from electricity generation over the period 1990–2014. All 516 power plants currently operational in Turkey are assessed: lignite, hard coal, natural gas, hydro, onshore wind and geothermal. The results show that the annual impacts from electricity have been going up steadily over the period, increasing by 2–9 times, with the global warming potential being higher by a factor of five. This is due to a four-fold increase in electricity demand and a growing share of fossil fuels. The impact trends per unit of electricity generated differ from those for the annual impacts, with only four impacts being higher today than in 1990, including the global warming potential. Most other impacts are lower from 35% to two times. These findings demonstrate the need for diversifying the electricity mix by increasing the share of domestically-abundant renewable resources, such as geothermal, wind, and solar energy.

Renewable Energy Sources of Turkey and Assessment of Sustainability

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social needs. Research and Development studies promise an optimistic future for the use of renewable energy sources. In our study renewable energy sources orderly; solar, biomass, geothermal, wind, or hydropower, are reviewed and most favorable one among them is given priority to increase its contribution to Turkey's electricity generation is examined by employing SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats) Analysis. These renewable energy sources(RES) are assessed with respect to selected criteria and sub-criteria that are determined as a result of a comprehensive literature survey by a group of experts who are mostly academicians and professionals working in public and private sector. As a result of this study, it is found that satisfaction of energy goals are given higher priority compared to satisfaction of environmental goals and all renewable energy sources are selected,especially hydropower is more effective, useful as the most preferred renewable energy source to increase its contribution to Turkey's electricity generation.

Minimization of operational cost for an off-grid renewable hybrid system to generate electricity in residential buildings through the SVM and the BCGA methods

Abstract Recently Turkey's electricity demand has shown a considerable increase due to its population and economic growths. It is understandable that this may be very influential on electricity price on market as well as other factors such as an increase in natural gas price, etc. It should be noted that the half of Turkey's electricity generation is supplied from natural gas and 95% of this source is imported from other countries. However, Turkey is rich in wind and solar energy potentials to generate electricity and it is believed that this makes a considerable impact on reducing high electricity unit cost to competitive one. In this regard, these potentials can be utilized for electricity generation in order to meet a significant portion of the power demanded by residential houses through a PV/wind system. The electricity cost of the renewable system can be minimized by optimally scheduling generated and consumed powers. In this paper, optimal power scheduling in such systems is carried out by using the BCGA and the SVM methods. The results indicated that the proposed approach was able to minimize the operation cost in the hybrid system through the optimal power scheduling.