Electrical Switchboard Research Articles

Mechanical and tribological behavior of pineapple leaf and kenaf fiber reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites

The modern world demands the implementation of natural fiber-based polymer composites over synthetic fiber composites due to their eco-friendly nature, abundant availability, competing strength, economical favorability, and lightweight quality. In this present investigation, varied combinations of hybrid pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and kenaf fiber-reinforced vinyl ester composites were fabricated by compression molding technique. The physical properties, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior were experimentally analyzed and reported. The physical properties, such as theoretical density, experimental density, and porosity percentage are evaluated and studied. Statistical mechanical tests such as tensile, flexural, compression, microhardness, and impact study are also evaluated possibly. Tribological behavior was simply studied by pin-on-disc tribometer apparatus under dry sliding conditions, and its specific wear rate and coefficient of friction were determined and analyzed. The morphological features of the tensile fractured samples and worn surfaces of the wear-tested specimen were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope and its effects were investigated. From the results reported, it was claimed that the 20PALF/20KF/60VE sample was getting higher mechanical properties of 51% increased tensile strength, 55% flexural strength, 41.5% compression strength, 52% impact results, and 52% increased harness value compared to the neat resin sample. Overall results state that the hybridized combinations of PALF and kenaf fibers reinforced composites attained good mechanical and tribological properties and appear promising for printed circuit board and electrical switchboard applications.

IoT-Based Switch Board for Kids Using ESP Module And AWS

Purpose: To trigger the electrical switchboard by the kids not only harmful but also life risk. We always keep our kids away from it. We take lots of precautions not to touch it anyway. However, sometimes we need to operate electrical loads like a fan, TV, etc., by our kids when we are engaged with another essential task. We know it is unsafe, but sometimes we do. Here we demonstrate how to create a switchboard for kids to turn on/off the bedroom electrical load safely. We created an electrically isolated switchboard for them. It operates using small batteries and has no electrical connection with high-voltage AC. It is fixed on the wall using glue inside the kid's reachable area. It is entirely IoT based. When Kids press any switch, the ESP module sense and upload the corresponding command to the AWS shadow register. Then, AWS sends the updated content to the MQTT client running in another ESP module connected to all electrical equipment. According to the command module, turn the equipment on/off. The Code is available on GitHub to continue the research work. Design/Methodology/Approach: we installed some feather-touch soft switches inside the system. All buttons are connected with NodeMcu (ESP Module) GPIO. The complete tiny module may be fixed beside the Bed. We need two nos. AAA battery as a power supply to run the miniature system. Turn on the system. It will try to communicate with the nearest configured wifi router. If the wifi connection is OK, it will try connecting with the AWS IoT server using the hardcoded configuration profile inside the “secret. h” file. After successfully connecting with the AWS IoT server, the ESP module is ready to send the command. On the other hand, another Wifi module is connected to all electrical equipment. When powered up, it tries to communicate with the AWS IoT server through the internet using connected Wifi. Once connected, it is ready to receive the command to trigger the load. Findings/Result: The described procedure is a unique application of an electrical switchboard that kids will use. We tested it in real life. It is working well. The AWS IoT is also a secure and robust, and cheap solution. So recurring cost to operate the device is as low as possible. The automation researcher or enthusiast can replace traditional switchboards with IoT-based intelligent devices for our daily life operations. Originality/Value: We designed a switchboard for kids differently using the latest emerging technology IoT. The traditional electrical switchboard is unsafe for kids, but this technology is better and completely safe. So we can quickly adapt to our modern lifestyle. Paper Type: Experimental-based Research.

IoT-Based Switch Board for Kids Using ESP Module And AWS

Purpose: To trigger the electrical switchboard by the kids not only harmful but also life risk. We always keep our kids away from it. We take lots of precautions not to touch it anyway. However, sometimes we need to operate electrical loads like a fan, TV, etc., by our kids when we are engaged with another essential task. We know it is unsafe, but sometimes we do. Here we demonstrate how to create a switchboard for kids to turn on/off the bedroom electrical load safely. We created an electrically isolated switchboard for them. It operates using small batteries and has no electrical connection with high-voltage AC. It is fixed on the wall using glue inside the kid's reachable area. It is entirely IoT based. When Kids press any switch, the ESP module sense and upload the corresponding command to the AWS shadow register. Then, AWS sends the updated content to the MQTT client running in another ESP module connected to all electrical equipment. According to the command module, turn the equipment on/off. The Code is available on GitHub to continue the research work. Design/Methodology/Approach: we installed some feather-touch soft switches inside the system. All buttons are connected with NodeMcu (ESP Module) GPIO. The complete tiny module may be fixed beside the Bed. We need two nos. AAA battery as a power supply to run the miniature system. Turn on the system. It will try to communicate with the nearest configured wifi router. If the wifi connection is OK, it will try connecting with the AWS IoT server using the hardcoded configuration profile inside the “secret. h” file. After successfully connecting with the AWS IoT server, the ESP module is ready to send the command. On the other hand, another Wifi module is connected to all electrical equipment. When powered up, it tries to communicate with the AWS IoT server through the internet using connected Wifi. Once connected, it is ready to receive the command to trigger the load. Findings/Result: The described procedure is a unique application of an electrical switchboard that kids will use. We tested it in real life. It is working well. The AWS IoT is also a secure and robust, and cheap solution. So recurring cost to operate the device is as low as possible. The automation researcher or enthusiast can replace traditional switchboards with IoT-based intelligent devices for our daily life operations. Originality/Value: We designed a switchboard for kids differently using the latest emerging technology IoT. The traditional electrical switchboard is unsafe for kids, but this technology is better and completely safe. So we can quickly adapt to our modern lifestyle. Paper Type: Experimental-based Research.

Seismic response of an electrical switchboard with vibration absorbers during earthquake excitation

Seismic response of an electrical switchboard with vibration absorbers during earthquake excitation

Case Studies of Architecture and Interior Design Studios

In architecture the summary is at Presents from beginning to end and the final product. Abstract is used as a method of gaining environmental knowledge to develop conceptual stages of the design process. Summary Vehicle functions or ATM functions are excellent examples of contractions in the real world. n Electrical switchboard is one of the real world examples of abstraction. A switchboard gives us an easy way to turn electrical devices on or off, hiding all the details of the electrical circuit. Description: The summary applies to both. Control contraction is the use of subroutines to control the contraction of the flow. Data summary involves manipulating data in meaningful ways. Security Summary allows companies to immediately identify the purpose of each event and use the best security particles with relevant capabilities to deal with the threat. If you want to define the method for public classes, the summary will be useful. For example, if there are multiple classes, they use the same method. In this case, you can use the compression method. Can be achieved through the protocol in the Swift interface. Quick summary can be achieved without parenting in the protocol-extension class. Minimize the problem and increase performance. Architects are generally highly respected in the community and if you want to be seen as a respected person in the community, architecture is a great career opportunity! Because of their creativity and attention to detail, they are considered a blend of art and ingenuity.

A Review on Architectural Design and its Process

In architecture the summary is at Presents the Different stages of the design process from beginning to end and the final product. Abstract is used as a method of gaining environmental knowledge to develop conceptual stages of the design process. Summary Vehicle functions or ATM functions are excellent examples of contractions in the real world. An Electrical switchboard is one of the real world examples of abstraction. A switchboard gives us an easy way to turn electrical devices on or off, hiding all the details of the electrical circuit. Description: The summary applies to both. Control contraction is the use of subroutines to control the contraction of the flow. Data summary involves manipulating data in meaningful ways. Security Summary allows companies to immediately identify the purpose of each event and use the best security particles with relevant capabilities to deal with the threat. If you want to define the method for public classes, the summary will be useful. For example, if there are multiple classes, they use the same method. In this case, you can use the compression method. Can be achieved through the protocol in the Swift interface. Quick summary can be achieved without parenting in the protocol-extension class. Minimize the problem and increase performance. In architecture the summary is at the various stages of the design process from beginning to end and the final product. Abstract is used as a method to gain environmental knowledge and to develop conceptual stages of the design process. It aims to provide a broad definition of any structure from environment, architecture or material design, urban Planning for furniture and materials, urban design and landscape architecture. An architectural concept is the material and cause of just planting a seed. Remains of the Roman architect Vitruvius de Architectural at the beginning of the 1st century AD are the earliest surviving works Architecture

Disproportionately wide range of fire in a RC building during construction stage

The article analyzes the effects of a fire that occurred in a small room of an electrical switchboard in the underground garage of a multi-storey residential building. The building was in the final stage of construction, but many of the ‘passages’ of the installation through the walls and ceilings were not yet fire-protected, ie., the fire integrity requirement was not met. It results that a spread of fire was much larger than could be expected.The research carried out in order to assess the condition of the structure after the fire were presented, in particular the selection of members that: (1) had to be dismantled, (2) required significant strengthening or repair, (3) could be used after only minor cleaning works. Due to the short time to carry out the assessment, it was mainly based on non-destructive tests (NDT) results.The conclusions from the conducted assessment and analyzes were presented. A small and seemingly easy to control fire, which started in the underground garage, spread up to 12 storeys above ground level. The fire was difficult to control due to incomplete works in the field of securing installation passages through the partitions. These works were to be carried out in the final stage of the construction of the building, while the electrical installation was already in use.Damage to reinforced concrete members had an unexpectedly large extent due to thermal spalling of the concrete. Significant intensification of this phenomenon was caused by the high moisture content in ‘relatively young concrete’ (short drying time from casting the members) and the close location of the burning electrical wires in relation to the structural members. The possibilities of estimating, but still sufficiently reliable, assessment of damage to members using NDT was pointed out.

Expert Opinions on the Intranet-Based Security System in Industrial Electrical Switchboards

The management and operation of an electrical switchboard originally was processed by an inspector so only tangible malfunctions could be identified while other intangible ones that can cause severe damages to the switchboard were overlooked. To solve this serious deprivation, this investigation, therefore, implemented an intranet sensors system in the electrical switchboard to create a new channel of communication via smart devices to operate and access it remotely, which will eventually lead to increased safety and efficiency of managing electrical switchboards, as well as manufacturing reliability and stability. All these will also increase competitiveness in business. The findings of this research indicate that the application could solve the deprivation by signaling all security malfunctions, both tangible and intangible, remotely via smartphones and laptops in the real-time operating system, which helps reduce severe damages to the switchboard, on-site inspection, and loss of service time to fix malfunctions and human and related risks, as well as increase manufacturing reliability and stability of the operation. The implemented intranet sensors system was also compatible with the current existing security system. This increased security, therefore, verifies the efficiency and business competitiveness of the intranet sensors system.

Using image pre-mapping for applications of monitoring electrical switchboards

The detection of possible faults in electrical installation by analyzing the electrical switchboard (ESB) is not currently performed efficiently since the problem is usually detected only when a qualified operator inspects the ESB, either by chance or only on the specified date of maintenance. Considering the frequent and current use of thermographic images for applications in electrical circuits and the need for more efficient and safe systems to detect problems in electrical installations, this work aimed to develop a method for detection and identification of faults in electrical installations through thermographic images of the ESB. This research proposes a method that can be considered as input to a monitoring network of an electrical system and aims at achieving simple computational processing and low cost applications as well as making it unnecessary for the operator to have any knowledge about thermal imaging, programming or thermographic camera use. Ten different scenarios of an ESB containing twenty-six circuit breakers were simulated. Using a supervised classifier, the images were classified according to color, defining the status of operation of each circuit-breaker. It was concluded that the developed classifier was efficient in detecting the status of operation of the ESB components, acting simply and reliably for the ten simulated scenarios.

МЕТОД ВІДДАЛЕНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ЕЛЕКТРОЩИТОВОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ДОМАШНЬОЇ АВТОМАТИЗАЦІЇ

The paper presents the results of the analysis of electrical switchboards computer-aided design process features. The problems of modeling and ensuring the normal temperature mode of switchboard equipment functioning for safe operation of home automation systems are investigated. The work shows that the shortcomings of existing methods and systems of monitoring make it impossible to use them for remote monitoring of the parameters of switchboard equipment due to a whole set of structural and functional features of developed objects. The main requirements for remote monitoring subsystem are compact modular design of hardware that will save space while providing the necessary functionality, low cost, and low power consumption of the components; reliable transmission of monitoring data over long distances, and data storage for further mining. The results of the development and implementation of the method of remote monitoring of electrical switchboard equipment critical parameters are presented. The possibilities of Orange opensource software using for data visualization and intellectual analysis are shown. The identified associative rules can be used for further improvement of control scenarios of the home automation system and ensure the reliable operation of switchboard equipment. The scientific significance of the work lies in the fact that the method of remote monitoring of operational parameters of electrical switchboard has been further developed based on the developed methodology for determining conditions and types of user notifications as well as the integrated usage of wireless data transmission technologies, cloud storage technologies and data mining tools. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the introduction of the remote monitoring subsystem will increase the reliability and security of the home automation system and its attractiveness to users. Further work will focus on the intellectual analysis of the data obtained based on Bayesian networks to develop and study patterns of human activity during home automation system operation to formulate recommendations for the user and specialists to improve the control scenarios of the home automation system. Key words: home automation system, switchboard equipment, remote monitoring, temperature mode, wireless technologies, cloud service, associative rules.

A Superpositioning Technique for Accurate Open-Type Current Sensing in Three-Phase Electrical Switchboards

Monitoring and analysis of power consumption are critical in terms of energy management, especially when managing the energy of factories with high energy consumption equipment. Hall sensors can be used for monitoring the power consumption. In this paper, we propose a novel superpositioning method for use with the three-phase current lines of an electrical switchboard, to improve the accuracy of current sensing by distinguishing the wanted magnetic field from magnetic interference. The relationship between magnetic interference and the magnetic field which we are trying to measure was investigated quantitatively by using numerical simulations as well as an experimental measurement. We subsequently designed a CMOS system-on-chip for use with magnetic Hall sensors, for practical validation of the proposed method. With this technique, measurement errors were less than ±0.8 %, based on experiments conducted with 50 A flowing through a three-phase current switchboard.

전기분전반용 블록형 부스 바의 구조 설계 연구

전기 분 배전반의 내부 회로 인 부스 바는 충전부의 노출로 인해 전기 사고의 원인이 되며 이로 인한 감전 사고와 단락 사고가 발생된다. 또한 동물 및 이물질 침투로 인한 전기 화재 사고가 발생되는 원인이 되기도 한다. 또한 확장이 불가능한 구조로 무리하게 연결하여 사용하므로 접촉 저항 증가 발생으로 과열 사고를 유발시키기도 하며, 절단과 절곡 등의 제조 공정상의 어려움을 가지고 있기 때문에 주문생산방식을 택할 수밖에 없는 현실이며, 긴급전기 사고 발생시 복구하는데 지연되는 원인이 되기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 문제점을 개선하기 위해서 분 배전반의 모선을 절단하여 개별 블록으로 절연 난연 케이스와 격벽 구조화로 안전성을 높여 모듈 블록화 하였으며, 확장성과 유연성을 구현하였으며, 쉽게 확장이 가능한 구조이며, 또한 쉽게 분 배전반을 조립할 수 있다는 것이며, 이와 같이 전기적 위험 요소를 제거한 전기 분 배전반의 내부 구조는 블록형 부스 바 구조를 가지고 메인차단기와 분기차단기간의 회로 형성 구현 방식의 분 배전반를 제안하고 공인시험기관의 시험을 통해 그 유용성을 입증 하였다. The internal circuit of the bus-bar for an electrical switch board is a prime cause of electric shock and short circuit accidents due to the exposure of live parts. Electrical fires can also be caused by animals and foreign substances in the switchboard that connect the components with a difficult structure resulting in overheating due to an increase in contact resistance. Preventing these types of accidents is a prime concern in the manufacturing process, such as cutting and bending. In this study, the cutting bus bar of a switch board contained improved modules as a flame retardant that isolates a separate blocks to prevent such problems. This was implemented as a scalable and flexible means of reducing electrical switchboard hazards to offer a safe switch board bus-bar structure of a new connecter type

Project Risk Management of Electrical Switchboard Delivery

Background. In projects of electrical switchboard delivery we can identify many risks which are usually quite severe in their consequences, because these projects are high-budget projects. Our studies indicate that there are no formalised risk management procedures in many Polish companies that realise such projects. Research aims. Therefore we propose using a traditional risk management procedure adapted for projects of electrical switchboard delivery what was verified on the example of a selected company. Methodology. We use the following research methods: analysis of the documentation relating to completed projects of electrical switchboard delivery, interviews with project managers, and literature studies. Key findings. We obtained the following results: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), list of identified project risks, list of risk responses, computer tool for managing identified risks in projects of electrical switchboard delivery. Based on the completed studies we can state that risk management is an important element of electrical switchboard delivery and should not be ignored in companies that realise such projects.

Electrical flash burns due to switchboard explosions in New South Wales—A 9-year experience

Purpose To document the incidence and outcome of flash burns due to electrical switchboard explosions presenting to Concord Hospital Burns Unit, from January 2000 to December 2008. Methods The Concord Hospital Burns Unit Database was reviewed for admissions due to electrical burns from January 2000 to December 2008. Results There were 119 electrical burns admitted during the study period, 20 of which were due to high voltage current. Ninety-nine others were low voltage injuries and included 37 cases of electrical burns due to low voltage electrical switchboard explosions. All of the electrical switchboard burns occurred in male electricians. Twenty-one of the 37 low voltage injuries required admission and 7 of them required skin grafting. The mean LOS was 9.95 days. Twenty cases suffered serious complications including major psychological problems and ocular injuries. Conclusions Flash burns resulting from switchboard explosions account for a significant proportion of all electrical burns presenting to our institution. These burns may highlight deficits in taking safety precautions and the use of personal protection equipment. Despite the small area of injury the long term psychological sequelae were significant resulting in a delayed return to employment, and there was a high incidence of eye injuries. Additional efforts are therefore required towards the prevention of such injuries.

Using expert system tools and techniques in computer-aided design — An electrical switchboard design example

A switchboard design system is being developed which makes use of expert system tools and techniques together with conventional database and draughting software to form an integrated CAD system. This system enables automation of much of the entire design process of low voltage electrical switchboards. The system performs design tasks ranging from selection of switchboard components, to switchboard configuration, busbar design and routing, production of engineering drawings and cost estimates, and giving advice on testing procedures. The design produced by the system is not optimized in any mathematical sense. Instead, the expertise of human designers encoded in the knowledge base of the system ensures acceptable and near-optimal designs even without re-design. The relatively loose coupling of the expert system tool with conventional software tools in the system has the advantage of simplifying development and maintenance. However, performance in terms of speed and some aspects of flexibility has to be compromised to some extent.