Electrical Sockets Research Articles

Wall sound insulation measurement in laboratory according to iso 10140-2 standard and sound insulation measurement on the same wall with electrical and telephone sockets

Study related to the measurement of acoustic insulation R to sand and cement block wall with flattening on both sides, which was built inside a Transmission Chamber in accordance with the ISO 10140-2 standard. Subsequently this wall is slotted, placing Conduits, accessories for illumination, electrical and telephone sockets on both sides, finally covering all these installations with products that make it appear that the wall is intact, then the measurement of its acoustic insulation R and Rw is carried out. The results indicate variations that can be very annoying for residents on both sides of the wall, highlighting the lack of sealing into the Conduits, the choice of materials, location of sockets and construction procedures, etc.

Prototype Motion Sensor And Automatic Locking Based On The Internet Of Things (IOT)

The application of IoT in remote control systems to home security is becoming a necessity. This research designed 2 parts of the application of IoT, namely the automatic locking control system and motion sensor detection. With IoT, it can help reduce the risk of laziness in households. The equipment used in the IoT circuit is the nodemcu esp8266 internet module, 5vdc relay module, electrical sockets and pitting and cellphone chargers. The way this electrical IoT works is by controlling it from a smartphone that is connected to a device using applications and the internet. With a note on the IoT tool at home, there is already a living internet network. If the internet network has a problem, the tool will not work properly. The output of this research is a Control System IoT product in the form of a prototype that can be used for the motion detection process and an IOT-based door locking system that can be controlled from a smartphone

Empowering Homes with Esp-32

Smartboard system utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with various sensors and electric sockets. The system aims to enhance safety, convenience, and energy efficiency in residential environments. Initially, an electric switch box was fitted with two sockets, and an ESP32 microcontroller was integrated to control them. The system further includes a smoke sensor for gas leakage detection, water level magnetic sensors for automatic water pump control, a DHT sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring, a display for real-time data visualization, and a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) for protection. Through integration with the Blynk app, users can remotely monitor and control the system, including supplying power to sockets and detecting gas leaks. Additionally, Bluetooth connectivity is incorporated for added convenience, particularly for electric scooter users in complex living environments. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the integrated system in providing remote control, safety monitoring, and automation features. KeyWords: Smartphone-based, Mobile application, an automated system (ESP32), Wifi Network

Pose estimation in robotic electric vehicle plug-in charging tasks using auto-annotation and deep learning-based keypoint detector

The rapid growth of electric vehicles and advancements in self-driving technologies necessitate the development of specialized infrastructure to support autonomy. Accurate pose estimation of electric vehicles sockets is crucial for efficient and reliable plug-in charging operations. This process is inherently complex due to several factors, including the textureless black color of the socket, environment-dependent lighting conditions, and the presence of small geometrical features. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive method that combines Deep Neural Network-based pose estimation and auto-annotation methodology. Auto-annotation facilitates the generation of diverse training data, enhancing the accuracy, robustness, and generalization capabilities of the deep learning model. The advantages of the proposed method were evaluated through a comprehensive series of experiments conducted in both simulation and controlled laboratory settings. In our evaluation, we implemented a robotic charging system consisting of a manipulator with a charging plug and a hand-eye monocular camera and conducted plug-in testing in three scenarios: (A) uniform lighting conditions, (B) dark, and (C) highly uneven illumination of the socket surface. The experimental results show that our method can achieve precise and reliable pose estimation with mean absolute errors less than 0.73 mm and 0.82 deg, and an average Insertion Success Rate of over 97.5%.

Case Report: Burn injury on left hand ulceration and gangrene and debridement “Case report.”

Electricity constitutes a fundamental component of contemporary life, powering the majority of our appliances and devices, including indispensable once such as refrigerators. Nonetheless, it is of paramount importance to exercise the utmost caution when dealing with electricity, as even the slightest oversight or wiring hazard can precipitate tragic consequences, including loss of life. A 27-year-old male presented to the hospital with burns on his thighs and feet. He reported a history of an electrical burn on his right hand caused by an electrical socket at home while attempting to replace a light bulb. The wire from the socket came into contact with his thigh and foot. Initially, the family took him to a private hospital, but he was subsequently referred to a tertiary healthcare facility. The patient had a history of loss of consciousness at home and no reported chest discomfort, head trauma, or breathlessness. There was no family history of diabetes or hypertension. Initial, the family took him to a private hospital, but he was subsequently referred to tertiary healthcare facility. the patient had history of loss of consciousness at home and no reported chest discomfort, head trauma, or breathlessness. There was no family history of diabetes or hypertension. Initially investigating included a colour dropper study of the right hand and an x- rays. The patient underwent wound dressing using aseptic techniques and was admitted to the surgical intensive care unit for further management. An imperative aspect of education and awareness involves the proper instruction for safely handling electrical equipment, the use of appropriate clothing and protective gear while handling such equipment and the importance of switching off power supplies to reduce the incidence rate of such incidences.

Readiness of Omani Families to Prevent Accidental Injuries at Home in Children Younger than Six Years Old.

We sought to assess the attitude of Omani families toward accidental injuries among children (aged < 6 years) and evaluate the safety measures and available preventive measures to reduce child injuries at home. We conducted a cross-sectional survey examining the self-reported attitudes of Omani parents about accidental injuries (poisoning, falls, burns, and drowning) at home among children younger than six and house safety measures. A total of 220 parents of children aged < 6 years, admitted to a tertiary healthcare teaching hospital, were invited to participate over a period of six months (May to November 2018). Analysis of 178 participant data was performed using SPSS, as 44 of the answered questionnaires had missing data, or were related to children over the age of six. Only 16.9% of the Omani families had a history of a child injury in the year before the study. Males were more injured (61.0%) and 66.0% were younger than three years at the time of injury. A door to control access to stairs was available for 53.8% of the families. In 42.5% and 16.0% of the houses, children could access electrical sockets and wires, respectively. Fire alarms and extinguishers were not available in 90.8% and 82.1% of houses, respectively. Those who did not store medications and chemicals in safe places out of reach of children accounted for 56.7% and 63.3% of families, respectively. Many of the studied families are not providing an adequate safe environment for children in their houses. Therefore, actions should be taken to increase awareness about accidental injuries prevention within homes and to implement actions so that a safe home environment can be enjoyed by children.

Power Control System Design for Monitoring Active and Standby Power Consumptions of PC Labs

In this study, it was aimed to provide energy saving by informing the user about the power consumption instantly with the power control system (PCS) design and by cutting the energy of the devices in standby mode. The power consumptions of 39 PCs in Lab-1 and Lab-2 in Amasya University Engineering Faculty were examined through the designed system. Lab-1 contains older PCs while Lab-2 contains new generation PCs. The PCs used in the measurements made within the scope of the study were energized via PCS instead of a direct electrical socket. With this method, it has been tried to determine the electrical power consumptions in active work and standby work for calculate the annual electricity consumption and to reflect it on the invoices. The experimental method was carried out on the daily PC staying active for 2 hours and standby for 22 hours. According to the results, it is predicted that 56% lost standby power on an annual basis can be avoided with the use of PCS. The annual invoice cost of this lost power is calculated as 14.116,93 TL and 8.470,12 TL for Lab-1 and Lab-2 respectively. It is thought that the study will make an important contribution to researchers working on this subject.

Research on the Influence of the Closing Amount of Electrical Connector Contacts on Fretting Wear under a Vibration Environment

As a key component for transmitting electrical signals, the electrical contact performance of electrical connectors is directly affected by the closing amount of the socket. It is urgent to explore the relationship between contact resistance and the closing amount of cylindrical groove electric connectors, as well as the range of the closing amount when their comprehensive performance is optimal in vibration environments. Based on Hertz contact theory, the long- and short-axis parameters of the contact elliptical surface were obtained using the Boussinesq solution and the contact deformation coordination equation. An electrical contact resistance (ECR) theoretical model was obtained using Holm’s electric contact theory and the GW contact model. According to the ECR and long- and short-axis parameters of the contact elliptical surface and the theoretical model of contact resistance, an ECR model based on changes in the initial closing amount (deflection) of the socket spring was established by introducing the cantilever beam model of the socket spring. Then, the failure mechanism of fretting wear and the change mechanism of the ECR of the electrical connectors under a vibration environment were analyzed using the sinusoidal vibration test of electric connectors. The optimal range of the initial closing amount of the cylindrical-groove-closing-type electrical connector socket spring was determined, providing a reference for the reliability designs of electrical connectors.

Stopkontak Pintar Berbasis Internet of things sebagai Solusi Manajemen Energi Listrik dengan Menggunakan Aplikasi Android

Leaving an electrical appliance connected to an outlet when not in use or on standby accounts for 80% of electricity wastage. A study conducted by the Lawrence National Laboratory, it was revealed that when a cellphone charger is still connected to a wall socket when not in use, there is still power being released. The purpose of this research is to make a smart socket based on the Internet of things (IoT) to be able to save electricity. An IoT smart socket that is designed to be integrated with an Android-based smartphone application. The IoT smart socket uses the ACS-712 current sensor and the ZMPT101B voltage sensor to measure electrical energy and then uses the Arduino Nano microcontroller and NodeMCU ESP8266 so that the socket can communicate with the Google Firebase cloud via Wi-Fi connection to the internet. The IoT smart socket uses a relay module as a switch, and the micro SD and RTC DS3231 modules record and store data (data logging) of electrical energy information that has been issued. The IoT smart outlet is integrated with Android smartphone applications created through Android Studio. The IoT smart socket in this study has 2 socket holes and features Wi-Fi pairing, electrical energy measurement, data logging, and socket scheduling (timer). The IoT smart outlet has an average measurement error of 3.27% when compared to a measuring instrument, and there is an error in the outlet timer feature with a delay of 5 to 30 seconds. The IoT smart socket is still said to be valid and can function properly.

Development of Smart Home Applications Based on Arduino and Android Platforms: An Experimental Work

The ideal smart home could be automatically controlled using a variety of electronic tools and devices to perform everyday tasks. Smart home automation is crucially beneficial for human life, particularly when considering those with disabilities, inpatients, and elderly populations. In this paper, applications and systems for smart homes are investigated. During experimentation they were controlled via an Android mobile phone and the Arduino platform. Bluetooth Module HC-06 was used to connect the Arduino Uno R3 with the mobile phone. Five smart home applications were developed to control the lighting and electrical sockets, fan speed, temperature- and humidity-meter display/controls, as well as the fire-alarm and toxic-gas alarm systems. Herein, the definition, the graphical user interface, the required main components, and the control circuit connections are prepared and presented for each application. The graphical user interface was created using the RemoteXY website, which is a reliable website for this purpose. The developed applications were tested, and they were found to work efficiently and correctly. Additionally, this innovative system is both cost-effective and affordable (total cost at the time of development was 110 USD).

Reflections on lived experiences of teenage mothers in a Ghanaian setting: a phenomenological study

ABSTRACT Teenage motherhood is a social occurrence that presents itself in every country. This paper explored lived experiences of teenage mothers in the Adaklu District of Ghana. The study was a phenomenological qualitative study. Data for the study were obtained through narratives, and photovoices; using an in-depth interview guide. The thematic data analysis technique was employed to present the findings. The study purposively sampled 30 teenage mothers. Teenage mothers used pictures such as trees by the riverside, stacked blocks, and electrical sockets to explain their motherhood experiences. Codes from the data revolved around instruction, and communicative learning lived experiences. Teenage motherhood experiences were largely on issues such as the irresponsible attitude of a child’s father, rape, remorsefulness, engagement in apprenticeship, supportive partners, and relatives. It can be concluded that teenage mothers have different perspectives on their lived experiences which could either help or hinder how they make meaning of their lives.

Joule Heating and Arc-Fault-Induced Electrical Fires for Commercial-Grade Copper and Brass in Low-Voltage Electrical Systems

Electrical fires are usually caused by contact heating, for which the mechanism of heat accumulation is currently not well understood. Previous studies done by many researchers were able to recognize the pattern of the electrical waveform, but the actual mechanism behind such phenomenon is still a mystery. This research focuses on electrical plugs and sockets made from copper and electrical brass, which are the main components where unsupervised electrical fires often occur due to mechanical wear and electrical breakdown. We performed experiments using commercial-grade replacement electrical sockets and plugs made primarily to be compliant with Japan Industrial Standards. Oxides of the materials were formed by subjecting the samples to variable amounts of current and repeatedly making and breaking contact to create an electrical discharge. The copper(I) oxide that formed due to electrical discharge was found to have intrinsic semiconductor properties that played a critical role in electrical fires involving copper components. Poor contacts exhibited distinct behavior, such as contact vibration which also exacerbated the deterioration. From these findings, we concluded that any contact surface made of copper or a copper alloy may have a greater risk of starting an electrical fire than other types of material when a certain arcing condition is met.

Design and Construction of Electric Socket Based Photovoltaic

Human needs for energy are increasing but the level of fossil energy is getting depleted, making energy sources dwindling. alternative energy or renewable energy is needed. Indonesia has a lot of solar energy potential as much as 4.8 KWh/m2, this amount is equal to 112,000 GWp, but only about 10 MWp has been used. To maximize the potential of solar power, researchers carry out designs aimed at maximizing the potential of solar power, especially providing energy at shelters so that they have an independent energy supply and are not dependent on energy sourced from conventional energy. From the results of observations related to the electrical design of the socket at the bus stop with a photovoltaic basis, it was found that the total load affects the use of PLTS components, so it is necessary to determine the load first before the design process.

Experimental determination of forming limit diagram for α + β brass at hot forming conditions

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; it has a composition of 60% and 40% respectively. It plays a major role in manufacturing of musical instruments, electrical applicants like electrical sockets and household articles like kitchen utensils, keys, door knobs, etc. It has unique properties like malleability, corrosion resistance, low melting point and formability characteristics. Forming limit diagrams is significant performance indexes for evaluating the formability of a material. In the present study comparative experimental investigation of forming behaviour of brass has been performed at two different temperatures (500 °C and 600 °C) and strain rates (0.001,0.01 & 0.1 s−1). Subsequently, experimental forming limit curve, thickness distribution curves and limiting dome height curves have been plotted at different temperatures and strain rates using Nakazima test samples. Comparison between these set of results shows significant variations in formability of material. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope is used to observe the fractured specimens and SEM images are taken. The scanning electron microscope, however, it is much more substantial in failure analysis of over load fractures.

Patterns and Outcomes of High-Voltage vs Low-Voltage Pediatric Electrical Injuries: An 8-Year Retrospective Analysis of a Tertiary-Level Burn Center.

Although electrical injuries (EIs) are rare traumas in the pediatric age group, they are considered one of the most devastating injuries. We aimed to evaluate the patterns and outcomes of pediatric high-voltage injuries (HVIs) vs low-voltage injuries (LVIs), admitted to the burn center within the efforts of determining evidence-based data for contributing to burn prevention strategies. A retrospective study was conducted on children with EIs hospitalized in the Burn Center of Adana City Training and Research Hospital for 8 years (2013-2020). Data including the patients' clinical and demographic characteristics, the percentage of total body surface area with burns (%TBSA), length of hospital stay, exposure place, electrical current type, and treatment results were collected and analyzed. EIs were detected in 57 (2.5%) of 2243 acute pediatric burn injury admissions. EIs were most frequently observed in the form of HVIs, among children within the age range of 13 to 18 years, mostly in residential outdoor environments, where the high-power lines still passing close to the home roofs and balconies, resulting from contact with them. Besides, to a lesser extent in LVIs, in the home environment among children younger than 5 years, which was caused by connection with substandard electrical cords/poor-quality electrical devices and inserting an object into the electric sockets. Concerning the mean of %TBSA, HVIs suffered more extensive burns than LVIs. The most frequently affected anatomical regions among HVIs and LVIs were the upper limb, followed by the lower limb. While superficial partial- and deep partial-thickness burns were significantly more common among the LVIs, full-thickness burns were more prevalent among the HVIs. The amputation rate was 12% of which only one of them was major amputation (forearm above the elbow joint). HVIs had more elevated creatine kinase (CK) and CK-myocardial band (CK-MB) levels than LVIs but were not correlated with electrocardiography findings. Only one death (caused by HVI) was observed, with a mortality rate of 1.8%. Pediatric EIs are less common than scald or fire flame-related burns in this age group but can cause significant morbidity and even mortality, especially in severe burns. It is possible to prevent possible morbidity and mortality by strengthening compliance with safety precautions, especially with parental education and raising social awareness. In this context, taking necessary precautions for passing high-voltage power lines under the ground, the standardization of electrical cables by the relevant legal regulations, the use of socket covers in homes, promoting the widespread use of residual current relays, and arrangements to be taken against the use of illegal electricity are among measures for the prevention strategy.

Renewable energy adoption: Design, development, and assessment of solar tree for the mountainous region

The primary objective for promoting clean energy in India is sustainable development, improving energy poverty, energy security, access to energy, and mitigate climate change. Solar-based renewable energy systems are considering as clean energy because of it does not emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity. The solar tree is a very good example of the integration of various technologies. The study presents the design, development, and validation of a solar tree in the Himalayan region. The solar tree is emerged out as one of the most creative and environmentally friendly solutions in the mountainous region as it overcomes the problem of the scarcity of land. A modular design approach for the solar tree is adopted. The tree design is a nontracking solar tree, equipped with LED lights, multiple USB ports, electrical sockets for charging laptops, mobile phones, electric bicycles, and electric vehicles. It generates 28% more power in comparison to the land-based system. Its annual electricity generation is 2160 to 2520 units at the rate of 6 to 7 units per day. The factor of safety at a wind speed of 100 km/h and 200 km/h are 6 and 1.52. The photovoltaic energy density improvement and solar energy footprint improvement with the land-based system during sunny and bright environmental conditions are 42.37% and 39.47%, respectively.

DEVELOPMENT OF KUTANG BEACH TOURIST OBJECT BY BUMDESA BAROKAH MAKMUR IN LABUHAN VILLAGE, BRONDONG DISTRICT, LAMONGAN REGENCY

Kutang beach tourism object is a type of ecotourism that offers beautiful beach tourism and is equipped with various interesting photo spots which are managed and developed directly by BUMDesa Barokah Makmur, Labuhan Village, Brondong District, Lamongan Regency. The purpose of this research is to find out how the development of the Kutang beach tourism object carried out by BUMDesa Barokah Makmur. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation, documentation, and literature study. The focus of this study is to use 4 (four) indicators of tourism destination development by Sedarmayanti. (2018), namely: Tourist attraction, attractions, facilities, and accessibility. Sources of data used are informants and documents related to research. Sampling in this study is using the purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the development carried out by BUMDesa Barokah Makmur as a driving force of the Kutang beach tourism object has been carried out well. However, there are several obstacles in the process of developing Kutang beach tourism objects which are still lacking, including the absence of several tourist facilities or public facilities such as prayer rooms or places of worship, electric sockets in the gazebo, and a map of the location. of Kutang beach attractions.

Physical test training as a part of preventive health equipment maintenance for electrical safety at Puskesmas Kecamatan Jagakarsa, South Jakarta

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;Health equipment is one of the most important supporting factors in the implementation of health services in health service facilities. Therefore, the condition and function of health equipment must be good and can support well by integrating management of health equipment such as planning, procurement and utilization. The Puskesmas Jagakarsa, South Jakarta, is the target location for community service activity, called as PKM. This community service uses training methods which include dialogue in the form of question and answer, discussions, and practices related to IPM and functional tests in the management of medical equipment to the results of the calibration that can be directly felt in collaboration with PT Medcalindo. The electrical safety conditions in the Jagakarsa Puskesmas, DKI Jakarta are available and well planted, the voltage value in Puskesmas is 225.2 Volt still in the standard of electricity in Indonesia which is enforced by PLN for all aspects is 220 V with a tolerance of 5%, The value of electric power is 105 KVA, One socket in several rooms has many branches so it is susceptible to overcurrent and heat which can cause fire. As the conclusion, the electrical safety conditions in the Jagakarsa Puskesmas, DKI Jakarta are quite good. Sockets can be found in each room and accommodate the need for electrical devices but the security for some sockets in areas where there are many child patients (bringing children) is still very minimal.. Some electrical sockets have a connection that allows an over current electric current to occur.&lt;/p&gt;

Charging Station Allocation for Electric Vehicle Network Using Stochastic Modeling and Grey Wolf Optimization

Optimal placement of Charging stations (CSs) and infrastructure planning are one of the most critical challenges that face the Electric Vehicles (EV) industry nowadays. A variety of approaches have been proposed to address the problem of demand uncertainty versus the optimal number of CSs required to build the EV infrastructure. In this paper, a Markov-chain network model is designed to study the estimated demand on a CS by using the birth and death process model. An investigation on the desired number of electric sockets in each CS and the average number of electric vehicles in both queue and waiting times is presented. Furthermore, a CS allocation algorithm based on the Markov-chain model is proposed. Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm is used to select the best CS locations with the objective of maximizing the net profit under both budget and routing constraints. Additionally, the model was applied to Washington D.C. transportation network. Experimental results have shown that to achieve the highest net profit, Level 2 chargers need to be installed in low demand areas of infrastructure implementation. On the other hand, Level 3 chargers attain higher net profit when the number of EVs increases in the transportation network or/and in locations with high charging demands.

Internet of things enabled plug in electrical vehicle based self maximum demand controller for shopping mall

Every shopping malls are bulk consumers, they are spending huge amount for their electricity bills in every month. Maximum demand also make a major part of electricity bills. The classic maximum demand controller will operate based on demand value and results on/off the non-critical loads. The non-critical loads are connected in single channel. In shopping malls parking area maximum plug in electrical vehicles are act as a major loads. The proposed Internet of Things based Maximum demand controller will operate the each plug in electrical vehicle sockets based on the State of charge. Proposed system results avoid unnecessary shut off of non critical loads like Air conditioner system. The exclusive microcontroller do all the functions.