Electrical Resistivity Tomography Method Research Articles

Application of Combined Geoelectrical Techniques for Groundwater Exploration at Federal University Gusau, Zamfara and its Environ, Northwest Nigeria

Study’s Excerpt Integrated approach combining Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Natural Electric Field (NEF) method, and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is used to delineate groundwater potential in the study area. The results revealed that the water bearing aquifers in the study area are fractured basement layers at varying depths between 15 and 105 meters. This research provided a robust framework for groundwater exploration in arid and geologically complex terrains. Full Abstract The area of study is currently facing an acute water shortage due to the dominant lithological framework that underlies the region and its fragile climate condition. As such, this study aimed at unearthing the groundwater potential of the area using a combined three geoelectrical techniques. Techniques such as Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Natural Electric Field (NEF) method, and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were employed in the delineation of the groundwater potential of the area. Using an ABEM SAS-4000 Resistivity meter and a PQWT-TC150 water-detector equipment, respectively. Wennar array was employed for the conduct of ERT while Schlumberger configuration was used for VES data collection. The measured apparent resistivity value was inputted into RES2DIV software and subjected to an inversion process to generate the resistivity structural image of the subsurface. However, IP2WIN software was used for the VES data interpretation. The result of the ERT method revealed two to three geoelectrical resistivity layers: an overburdened layer of topsoil/laterite with resistivity values ranging from 6.86 Ωm to 1095 Ωm and thicknesses of 1-13 meters, a weathered/fractured basement layer, interpreted as the aquifer unit, with resistivity values between 28.7 Ωm and 345 Ωm, and thicknesses ranging from 6 - 30 meters; and a fresh/slightly fractured basement layer with resistivity values from 367 Ωm to 6899 Ωm. NEF method revealed the thickness and depth of the aquiferous layer across the six profile lines to range between 15-60m, 30-90m, 15-85m, 20-80m, 45-105m, and 20-40m respectively, with points on profile five (5) identified as the most promising site with regards to groundwater development. VES result identifies weathered and fractured layers as the major aquiferous units with resistivity values ranging from 9.965 Ωm to 9651 Ωm and 21.7 Ωm to 859 Ωm respectively with fracture thickness reaching up to 60m in some instances. The result goes in line with the outcome of both NRF and ERT techniques. The geological interference of this lithology on groundwater exploration reveals both the weathered overburden and fractured basement as aquiferous units in the study area. The study identified several promising aquiferous zones at depths ranging from 15 to 105 meters, with fractured basement layers serving as primary reservoirs for groundwater development.

An analysis of discontinuous Galerkin method for Electrical Impedance Tomography with partial data

In this work, we extend our previous work (Li and Wang, 2023) of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) with full data to partial data where the current and voltage measurements are taken only on part of the boundary. Additionally, we provide the convergence analysis of the DG approximation for EIT for partial data based on an iterative method with Tikhonov regularization. We prove that the minimizers of the discrete optimization problems converge to a minimizer of the continuous optimization problem as the mesh sizes of the discretization approach zero. Numerical results for the recovery of conductivities are tested with different types of partial data. The partial data results are demonstrated to be comparable to the full data results.

Detección de roca intrusiva alterada mediante tomografía de resistividad eléctrica: El caso del área de San Luis, zona central de Panamá

This work investigates the potentiality of the 2D electrical resistivity tomography method to delineate an altered intrusive rock domain. The detection and characterization of such altered domains are crucial to understanding local hydrogeological conditions. Here, the target is the San Luis area, located in the northern part of the Estibaná River watershed, within the Los Santos Province in the central region of the Isthmus of Panama. First, a detailed geological survey was carried out to better constrain the tectonic structures. Then, two geological sections were developed based on two 2D electrical resistivity tomographies. A geoelectrical simulation process was conducted in both sections to set theoretical models whose model responses (synthetic field data set) would be consistent with the observations. After appropriate selection of the inversion parameters by using the Boundless Electrical Resistivity Tomography (BERT) code, the observations were processed, resulting in low calculation errors (2 < 0.51). Based on the superficial geological information and the results of the geophysical modelling, two profiles were established, depicting the lateral and in-depth distribution of rocks and sediments. The limit of the Ocú-Parita fault zone was identified as well. The results of the 2D inversion of the synthetic data, obtained with the established theoretical models, are consistent with the 2D inversion of the observations. Electrical resistivity tomography studies can be useful in establishing groundwater management models, particularly in areas that experience severe water scarcity during the dry season.

Monitoring of damage evolution in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites by electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been widely investigated as a nondestructive testing method for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. However, the performance of EIT method on the damage process monitoring of the composites is lack of investigation. Herein, quasi-static indentation tests were utilized to introduce damage on CFRP laminates. The damage evolution process was monitored by EIT, while the potential of distinguishing the elastic deformation stage from the plastic stage was analyzed with the aid of acoustic emission. It was found that the changes in conductivity first appeared in the non-central region. With the accumulation of damage, the conductivity changes gradually extended to the center region. The reconstructed damage images were in the crossover shape, which was consist with the micro-CT results that showed the fracture of fibers in ±45° direction. This work further promotes the application of EIT in damage process monitoring of CFRP components.

The use of electrical resistivity tomography method to resolve land boundary disputes in mining areas

This paper presents the use of electrical resistivity tomography data to solve lingering land disputes arising from boundary encroachment by artisanal and small-scale miners in Jos, Plateau State. Seven electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles were employed using the Wenner Alpha array with an electrode spacing of 1m. The 2Delectrical resistivity tomography image showed areas with low resistivity ranging from 1.80 to 250 Ωm that are interpreted as void or saturated mine drift, in contrast, areas with greater than 250 Ωm areas interpreted as dry mine drifts dug by artisanal miners in search of tin. The results revealed 38 mining drifts at depths ranging from 0 to 30m. Evidence from the 2D ERT method proves that underground mine cavities were created by mining drifts at the fringes of landed property. Field evidence of land subsidence appearing as sinkholes on the encroached property is also an indication of underground mining activities within the property. Mining activities within built-up areas damage soil conditions and pose a threat to buildings and infrastructure. The electrical resistivity tomography method employed in this study provides substantial technical proof for resolving land encroachment disputes in mining areas within Jos and its environs.

Mapping and monitoring dense non-aqueous phase liquid source zone by fused surface and cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography

Effective characterization of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones is crucial for remediating polluted sites. DNAPL often reside as residuals or pools within high-permeability lenses and above impermeable layers due to soil heterogeneity, gravity, and capillary barriers. Given the high cost of drilling, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques—including surface ERT and cross-borehole ERT, are commonly used for DNAPL source zone mapping and monitoring. However, the low spatial resolution of ERT increases uncertainty in source zone investigations. This study proposes a method for improving DNAPL mapping and monitoring by fusing surface and cross-borehole ERT data. Sandbox experiments were conducted to simulate a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, employing both ERT methods for static mapping and dynamic monitoring. Reflective light imaging (RLM) was used to visualize DNAPL migration and provide saturation data, allowing for the quantification of ERT's effectiveness in characterizing DNAPL distribution. The results indicate that individual ERT methods face significant challenges in DNAPL source zone mapping due to background interference. Surface ERT alone tends to underestimate the extent of deeper DNAPL source zones. However, fusing surface and cross-borehole ERT results in a complementary enhancement of vertical spatial resolution, thereby improving the characterization of DNAPL source zones. The fusion of static and time-lapse ERT data substantially enhances DNAPL source zone mapping and monitoring capabilities. By calculating the ratio of the ERT-monitored area to the actual area using resistivity change contours (5 %, 10 %, 15 %), it was found that fusing surface and cross-borehole ERT data improved monitoring resolution by 50.48 % compared to surface ERT alone and by 22.95 % compared to cross-borehole ERT. Principal component analysis (PCA) was effective in fusing time-lapse data, while the weighted average method (WAM) outperformed PCA for static resistivity data fusion.

Optimization of algorithms for effective management of the measurement process in electrical impedance tomography and ultrasonic tomography

The article discusses the design of advanced embedded algorithms that aim to manage and control the measurement process using the Electrical Impedance Tomography and Ultrasonic Tomography methods. The project aims to develop solutions that optimize the performance of embedded devices that must operate on limited resources such as memory, computing power, or bandwidth. Minimizing energy consumption is an important aspect, especially for battery-powered devices. Algorithms must also be adapted to specific hardware constraints, such as low RAM or CPU limitations, which require complex engineering and optimization. Additionally, the project assumes the implementation of algorithms that consider security aspects, which is crucial in protecting data processed and transmitted by the device. It also requires the development of effective communication methods between the embedded device and other systems, including appropriate communication protocols.

Minimum entropy constrained cooperative inversion of electrical resistivity, seismic and magnetic data

Geophysical methods are widely used to gather information about the subsurface as they are non-intrusive and comparably cheap. However, the solution to the geophysical inverse problem is inherently non-unique, which introduces considerable uncertainties. As a partial remedy to this problem, independently acquired geophysical data sets can be jointly inverted to reduce ambiguities in the resulting multi-physical subsurface images. A novel cooperative inversion approach with joint minimum entropy constraints is used to create more consistent multi-physical images with sharper boundaries with respect to the single-method inversions. Here, this approach is implemented in an open-source software and its applicability on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT), and magnetic data is investigated. A synthetic 2D ERT and SRT data study is used to demonstrate the approach and to investigate the influence of the governing parameters. The findings showcase the advantage of the joint minimum entropy (JME) stabilizer over separate, conventional smoothness-constrained inversions. The method is then used to analyze field data from Rockeskyller Kopf, Germany. 3D ERT and magnetic data are combined and the results confirm the expected volcanic diatreme structure with improved details. The multi-physical images of both methods are consistent in some regions, as similar boundaries are produced in the resulting models. Because of its sensitivity to hydrologic conditions in the subsurface, observations suggest that the ERT method senses different structures than the magnetic method. These structures in the ERT result do not seem to be enforced on the magnetic susceptibility distribution, showcasing the flexibility of the approach. Both investigations outline the importance of a suitable parameter and reference model selection for the performance of the approach and suggest careful parameter tests prior to the joint inversion. With proper settings, the JME inversion is a promising tool for geophysical imaging, however, this work also identifies some objectives for future studies and additional research to explore and optimize the method.

Reconstruction method for a three-demensional discrete element numerical model of landslides using an integrated multi-electrode resistivity tomography method and an unmanned aerial vehicle survey

To analyze the hazard-causing modes of landslides, this paper proposes a three-dimensional discrete element model reconstruction method that employs an unmanned aerial vehicle survey and multi-electrode resistivity tomography method. To convert the resistivity profile into a material profile, we adopt the peak of the probability density method for material classification and utilize the Haar wavelet transform for image denoising. Subsequently, inverse distance weighting interpolation and the curtain-point method are used to transform two-dimensional profiles into a 3D visualization model. Similarly, the triangular mesh boundary can be extracted from the 3D visualization model using the curtain-point method. A mapping function f including the macroscopic parameters, was defined to populate the particles within the boundaries. Using the iterative method and defining the loss function L for parameter calibration, the targeted 3D discrete element model was constructed after setting the velocity threshold. This method was applied to the Changhe landslide (September 14, 2019) in Gansu Province, China, which had a typical damaged soil layer due to earthquake and rainfall factors. The results indicate that the lower part first exhibits significant displacement, followed by the upper and middle parts, which is consistent with the on-site inspections and UAV findings.

Discontinuous permafrost detection from neural network-ensemble learning based electrical resistivity tomography

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is an effective method for detecting the distribution of permafrost. However, the general inversion method of ERT cannot satisfy the engineering designation demand, resulting in the foundation of thaw settlement in discontinuous permafrost regions. In this study, we proposed a neural network-ensemble learning inversion method to improve the detection accuracy of discontinuous permafrost. First, a series of different resistivity distributions was evaluated to establish forward models for the training of a backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The resistivity distributions of the forward models varied with the temperature gradient, similar to the resistivity distribution of real discontinuous permafrost. The bagging algorithm of ensemble learning was then used to optimize the BPNN inversion models. Finally, three discontinuous permafrost resistivity models and two field data examples are considered to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed inversion model. The inversion results of synthetic and field examples show that the neural network-ensemble learning model achieved a greater inversion effect with better accuracy and less noisy points than a single BPNN model or the Res2Dinv method. The trained ensemble learning inversion method has good application in field permafrost exploration.

Geophysical and numerical approaches to solving the mechanisms of landslides triggered by earthquakes: A case study of Kahramanmaraş (6 February, 2023)

Many landslides occurred in the 11 Turkish provinces affected by the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş in February 2023, and many people lost their lives due to those landslides. To reduce the risks and hazards brought on by landslides induced by earthquakes, it is essential to identify the mechanisms causing landslides to arise in such situations. In this study, the geological strength index and both seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) geophysical methods were used to determine the failure mechanism of layered sedimentary units defined as flysch (claystone-siltstone-sandstone-marl). The shear strength reduction finite element method (SSR-FEM) was used with the RS2 computer program for model solutions. One of the geophysical methods, ERT, facilitated an interpretation of the cyclic failure mechanism that occurs in flysch, and it was found to be congruent with numerical models. Landslide slip circle depth, water-saturated layers, and resistivity values were determined with the ERT method. Seismic methods were employed to determine the velocity values (Vp, Vs) of the landslip mass. These velocity data, along with the elasticity modulus and Poisson ratios derived from them, were utilized in our numerical model. In the maximum shear strength and horizontal displacement analyses performed on the section line determined before the landslide, the natural state and the situation under the influence of groundwater were examined and the strength reduction factor (SRF) was determined as 1.35 and 1.24, respectively. In an evaluation conducted under the influence of the maximum horizontal ground acceleration (0.22 g) determined by taking into account the seismicity of the study area, it was concluded that instability occurred in the flysches and the SRF value was 0.72. An important finding of this study is that the results of geophysical methods used to determine the lithological properties of sedimentary rock masses and understand the causes of landslides align closely with those of numerical analysis methods, providing high accuracy. These methods also support new approaches, particularly in identifying landslip boundaries and detecting areas with high water saturation. It has been discovered that earthquakes actively contribute to the instability of these kinds of soils.

Integrated Geophysical Investigation for Potential Gold Mineralised Zone within Lower Part of Zuru Schist Belts, NW Nigeria

The study began with a reconnaissance survey that used high-resolution aeromagnetic data of the study area to identify suitable structure zones with the potential to trap mineral resources within the context of the gold exploration target. The findings of magnetic studies were followed up with detailed investigations using 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polorisation (IP) techniques to reveal further details about gold mineral zones and other lithological boundaries. The airborne magnetic data of sheet 118_Yelwa was obtained from the NGSA; these datasets were processed and analyzed using Oasis Montaj's first vertical derivative (FVD) and center for exploration targeting (CET) techniques. Results of FVD and CET grid anomalies show that regions of major magnetic structures (lineaments) are associated with granite gneiss, migmatitic augen gneiss, and medium to coarse-grained biotite when compared to the geological settings of the area. The zones of major structures obtained in this study coincided with previous magnetic studies of the area, located in the eastern parts of Ngaski, Yauri (Yelwa), Shanga, Agwara, as well as Magama's northwest region. Some of the regions for lineament (in the eastern part of Ngaski/Yauri) were investigated further with 2D ERT and IP detailed geophysical methods in a dipole-dipole configuration. The results of geoelectric techniques along profiles 1, 2, and 3 identified the major gold mineralisation potential zones, which were labeled A1, A2, and A3. These regions have low/high resistivity (1.6 to 459 Ωm/1889 to 7773 Ωm) and chargeability signatures (≥ 20 msec), and could thus be interpreted as potential target zones for metallic mineral exploration, particularly gold mineralisation. The regions are located in the northern Mararraba and southwest of the Jinsani areas of Kebbi State. The results of integrated geophysical methods have produced updated structural features of the regions, as well as a database containing precise locations, lateral lengths,...

Integrated Geophysical Investigation for Potential Gold Mineralised Zone within Lower Part of Zuru Schist Belts, NW Nigeria

The study began with a reconnaissance survey that used high-resolution aeromagnetic data of the study area to identify suitable structure zones with the potential to trap mineral resources within the context of the gold exploration target. The findings of magnetic studies were followed up with detailed investigations using 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polorisation (IP) techniques to reveal further details about gold mineral zones and other lithological boundaries. The airborne magnetic data of sheet 118_Yelwa was obtained from the NGSA; these datasets were processed and analyzed using Oasis Montaj's first vertical derivative (FVD) and center for exploration targeting (CET) techniques. Results of FVD and CET grid anomalies show that regions of major magnetic structures (lineaments) are associated with granite gneiss, migmatitic augen gneiss, and medium to coarse-grained biotite when compared to the geological settings of the area. The zones of major structures obtained in this study coincided with previous magnetic studies of the area, located in the eastern parts of Ngaski, Yauri (Yelwa), Shanga, Agwara, as well as Magama's northwest region. Some of the regions for lineament (in the eastern part of Ngaski/Yauri) were investigated further with 2D ERT and IP detailed geophysical methods in a dipole-dipole configuration. The results of geoelectric techniques along profiles 1, 2, and 3 identified the major gold mineralisation potential zones, which were labeled A1, A2, and A3. These regions have low/high resistivity (1.6 to 459 Ωm/1889 to 7773 Ωm) and chargeability signatures (≥ 20 msec), and could thus be interpreted as potential target zones for metallic mineral exploration, particularly gold mineralisation. The regions are located in the northern Mararraba and southwest of the Jinsani areas of Kebbi State. The results of integrated geophysical methods have produced updated structural features of the regions, as well as a database containing precise locations, lateral lengths,...

An Attempt to Delineate Subsurface Ain Aldawar Cavity Using 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging Method in Haditha Area, Western Iraq

The current study used 2D resistivity imaging to identify a shallow subsurface cavity in Haditha, western Iraq. The cavities and voids near the surface restrict land use and create a variety of geotechnical hazards, such as land subsidence, infrastructure damage, and structural cracks. As a result, the presence of an underground weak zone is a major concern for engineers before beginning any development, given the risk of future disasters. The four 2D resistivity traverses in this study were carried out using a dipole-dipole array with a - spacing of 3 m and an n-factor of 6. The data was inverted using RES2DINV software, which employs robust inversion methods. The 2D inverse model reveals a shallow cavity ranging from 5 to 12 meters and a width of around 40 m.

Geoelectrical characterization of non-filled active faults in Jaral de Berrios, Guanajuato, México

Electromagnetic and electrical methods have a great number of applications and have become a commonly used tool for the study of active geological faults, where they are usually detected as low resistivity anomalies. However, this is not always the case. We used both Electromagnetic Profiling (EMP) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) methods with the aim of mapping active geological faults which affect agricultural plots and a former quarry near the town of Jaral de Berrios, State of Guanajuato. The apparent resistivity map derived from EMP survey shows how NW-SE on site measured faults (which reach at least 400 m in length and 0.4 m in width) match with high apparent resistivity anomalies. Two ERT profiles reveal the subsurface continuity of the main fault zones, as well as the main high apparent resistivity lineaments, for at least 40 m below the surface. The resistive lineaments in the apparent resistivity map showed a coincidence with the faults modeled in the geoelectric section of the ERT1 profile; this result gives reliability to the methodology used in the study site. All of this means that faulting presently evident on the surface continues at depth and has a wider extension than previously thought, and that since the fractures are non-filled with minerals and/or moisture the preponderance of high resistivity anomalies make sense. The results of this work provide the basis for future studies that help in determining the type of faulting affecting our study area, so long term urban planning and development in the area may be possible.

ERT field survey supported with numerical and analogue modeling applied to study a fragment of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Spisz Pieniny Mountains, southern Poland)

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method was applied to study a fragment of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), which has been investigated for more than 100 years. The study area is located in the Spisz Pieniny Mountains of southern Poland. The PKB in this region includes a characteristic belt of limestone outcrops. ERT turned out to be an effective method to determine the structure of this part of the PKB, revealing its zonal nature and documenting the presence of limestone olistoliths and allowing estimates of their sizes. Moreover, we show that proper planning and conducting of ERT measurements in the field is critical to the effective use of resistivity data for geological inference and interpretation. This has been demonstrated by performing appropriate numerical and analogue ERT modeling that shows possible ambiguous results arising from the field ERT survey. Awareness of this issue can help researchers avoid and minimize false interpretation of ERT data.

Groundwater potential identification using electrical resistivity tomography method in Sendangrejo Village, Minggir District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta

Groundwater is vital element for living. One of methods to identify groundwater potential is Electricity Resistivity Tomography (ERT). This study aims to identify the groundwater potential occurrence in Sleman, Yogyakarta through non-destructive geoelectrical surveys. Based on the ERT models and geological information, supported by hydrogeological data in the research area, drilling a well at the planned location was deemed necessary to reach a depth of at least 100 to 250 meters in order to tap into the maximum groundwater potential. Groundwater is predicted to flow and accumulate in the pores and fractures of rocks. Well drilling in the northern part of section line 1 was more favourable and recommended due to the lower elevation compared to the area of section line 2, where the drill location was originally planned at a higher elevation uphill. Layers of hard rock, presumably lava and breccia, have already been found at a depth of 5 to 15 meters based on historical open well excavations around the area. Identifying the characteristics of subsurface volcanic rocks during drilling is suggested to evaluate drilling and well planning. Well logging should be conducted to collect lithostratigraphy and rock mass information. Further tests of hydraulic conductivity for each potential layer.

Influence of rheological parameters on the performance of the aerated coaxial mixer containing a pseudoplastic fluid

Gas dispersion in non-Newtonian fluids has numerous applications in many chemical and biochemical applications. However, the effect of the power-law model constants describing the rheological behavior of the pseudoplastic fluid has never been investigated. Thus, a numerical model was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics of gas dispersion in non-Newtonian fluids with a coaxial mixer. Then, a set of experiments was conducted to assess the mass transfer efficacy of a coaxial mixer to benchmark the numerical model. In this regard, various methods, including dynamic gassing-in and electrical resistance tomography methods, were used to quantify the mass transfer and gas hold-up profiles. The influence of fluid rheological properties, gas flow number, and rotating mode on the power consumption, mass transfer coefficient, bubble size profile, and hydrodynamics were examined both experimentally and numerically. The response surface model (RSM) was employed to explore the individual effects of power-law model constants on mass transfer. The RSM model utilized five levels for the consistency index (k), five levels for the flow index (n), and three levels for the gas flow number. The statistical model proposed that the absolute model constants for the flow and consistency indices were 0.0012 and 0.0010, respectively, for the co-rotating mixer. Conversely, for the counter-rotating mixer, these constants were 0.0010 and 0.0013, respectively. Therefore, this study revealed that the co-rotating coaxial mixer was well-suited for dispersing gas within a fluid with high consistency. In contrast, the counter-rotating mixer proved effective in enhancing gas dispersion within a fluid with a lower flow index.

2D and 3D Modelling Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) of Landslide Sliding and Weak Bedding Plane Along Mountain Road North Bengkulu-Lebong, Indonesia

The North Bengkulu-Lebong Mountain Road is prone to landslide disasters due to its geological susceptibility to land movement. This study aims to measure and assess the sliding plane on the mountain road, particularly in the layer with a soft rock structure, such as clay rock. The study utilizes 2D and 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) methods with the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration to measure the resistivity of the rock layers.The research includes one 2D measurement point and one 3D ERT measurement point, estimating actual resistivity values in each rock layer. Our results identify triggering and controlling factors for landslide disasters in the research area. The geological conditions consist of layers of clay (200-500 Ωm), wet clay (500-900 Ωm), dry clay (1000-3000 Ωm), weathering clay (500-1000 Ωm), aquifer (10-65 Ωm), perched aquifer (100-200 Ωm), weathering igneous rock (>10000 Ωm), and massive intrusive rock (>20000 Ωm). These geological conditions significantly influence the strength of landslide materials, with the sliding of the soft rock layer causing landslides and resulting in a large volume of landslide material. Other contributing factors to landslides in this location include slope, topography, and hydrology, with extreme slopes ranging from 33° to 55°, making it a very steep area with high potential for landslides.

Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Aspect

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has turned out to be one of the most applied and user-friendly geophysical methods in geotechnical and geoenvironmental research. ERT is an emerging technology that is becoming popular nowadays for investigating subsurface conditions. Multiple attributes of the technology using various electrode configurations significantly reduce measurement time and are suitable for applications even in hardly accessible mountain areas. It is a noninvasive test for subsurface characterization and a very sensitive method used to determine geophysical properties, i.e., structural integrity, water content, fluid composition, etc. This paper aimed to elucidate the ERT technique’s main features and applications in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering through four case studies. The first case study investigated the possible flow paths and areas of moisture accumulation after leachate recirculation in a bioreactor landfill. The second case study attempted to determine the moisture variation along highway pavement. The third case study explored the slope failure investigation by ERT. The fourth case study demonstrated the efficiency of the ERT method in the landfill evapotranspiration (ET) cover to investigate moisture variation on a broader scale and performance monitoring. In all of the four cases, ERT exhibited promising performance.