Electrical Resistivity Soundings Research Articles

Characterization of subsurface geology and hydrogeology in Kribi -Cameroon using electrical resistivity soundings and 3D-Implicit modelling: Baseline for groundwater resource management

This scientific article aims to characterize the geology and hydrogeology of Kribi, Cameroon for the purposes of water resources management, infrastructure development, and environmental protection. The specific objectives include mapping the subsurface electrical resistivity structure, identifying groundwater potential zones, and constructing a hydrogeological model for groundwater modelling. The study employed the Schlumberger method to map the electrical resistivity structure of the 3D subsurface and utilized 3D implicit modelling techniques to delineate groundwater potential zones. The study revealed that Kribi exhibits a highly complex geology, characterized by three-layered electrical resistivity models, typical of sedimentary and metamorphic formations. The major lithologies identified include laterite, clay, sand, quartz, and granite. The region encompasses areas with low water potential and brackish zones alongside high groundwater production areas. The study established the presence of aquifers within Kribi, with the unconfined aquifer found at depths ranging from 2 m to 13 m, and the confined aquifer extending from 14 m to 40 m. The aquifers are notably thick and productive, indicating substantial groundwater resources. Static groundwater volumes were estimated at 50,179,381 m3 and 317,118,946 m3 for the unconfined and confined aquifers respectively. Despite this potential, water resources management in the area is non-existent. The study recommends the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to improve water resource management, with a primary focus on groundwater modelling. The northern and southern regions of Kribi exhibit high permeability, which is advantageous for groundwater recharge and storage projects but also poses challenges for environmental remediation efforts. Consequently, safeguarding the delineated area for groundwater provision is of utmost importance.

Impacts of Terrain Conductivity Survey for Groundwater Investigation in a Typical Sedimentary Formation; A Case Study of Itori, South-West Nigeria

A geophysical investigation for groundwater development involving conductivity measurement using Electromagnetic profiling was conducted to locate fractured and fissured zones and associated groundwater containing media at Itori communities, Southwestern Nigeria. The area is underlain by the typical sedimentary rocks of South-West, Nigeria with the local geology predominantly clay, shale, clay sand, limestone and Sandstone. Measurements of the ground conductivity were carried out with Geonics EM 34-3 along 5 traverses whose profile lengths varied between 160 and 200 m. Intensive geophysical fieldworks were performed utilizing Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Method (FDEM) using Geonics-EM-34 to determine the vertical and lateral variations of subsurface conductivity probing depths of 20 m, 40 m and 60 m. The EM data were acquired at 500 m intervals along 10 profiles. The Vertical Dipole Moment in the first layer exhibited the highest true conductivity and lowest true conductivity of 42.65 mS/m and 29.1 mS/m for EMITO1 and EMITO2 respectively and the corresponding Horizontal Dipole Moment exhibited the highest true conductivity of 36.0 mS/m and 25.41 mS/m for EMITO1 alongside EMITO2 and EMITO8 respectively while the Vertical Dipole Moment in the second layer exhibited the highest true conductivity of 45.62 mS/m and lowest true conductivity of 34.76 mS/m for EMITO1 and EMITO8 respectively and the corresponding Horizontal Dipole Moment exhibited the highest true conductivity of 44.0 mS/m and lowest true conductivity of 36.3 mS/m for EMITO3 and EMITO8 respectively. The qualitative interpretation of EM results identified areas of hydrogeologic importance and forms a predictive and suggestive basis for Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) investigation; points of positive EM anomalies were considered as priority area for electrical resistivity sounding and prospective groundwater development, since they suggest lithological variations within the unconsolidated overburden and/or water–filled fissures in the bedrock. The identified major geological interfaces were suspected to be of weathered zones

Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Method at the Edati Hill, Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria

Electrical resistivity investigation was conducted using the Wenner-α and Schlumberger configuration around the Edati hill of the northern Bida Basin to understand the groundwater potential and electrical characteristics of the subsurface lithology. Eight electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) lines and thirty-one electrical resistivity sounding (VES) points were occupied in the study. The ERT inversion results revealed two to three layers within the studied depth, as follows; (a) a clayey to silty layer with varying resistivity (49.1Ωm to 11035Ωm) and thickness, representing the top soil; (b) a very thick claystone layer with resistivity between 383 Ωm and 3261 Ωm, corresponding to non-porous, non-aquiferous ferruginized claystone and sandstone layer, except in the northwest where the sand is non-ferruginized and aquiferous; (c) an intermediate to high resistivity (104 Ωm to 5999 Ωm) layer which forms the main aquifer in the northwest with thickness between 15 and 40 meters. The result of the VES revealed four to five geoelectrical layers; a variable resistivity dry surface layer; increasingly high resistivity second to fifth ferruginized clay layer, with very thin aquifer at depth beyond 150 meters. The second and third layers in the northwest are low resistivity aquiferous sandstones. Sustainable borehole drilling has been determined to be in the northwest of the study area at depth of 70 meters.

Joint Electromagnetic-Terrain Conductivity and DC-Resistivity Survey for Bedrock and Groundwater Characterization at the New Al-Obour City, Egypt

A multi-spacing electromagnetic–terrain conductivity survey profile and vertical electrical resistivity soundings were carried out at New Al-Obour City, Northeastern Cairo. The chief purpose of this survey was to characterize the bedrock, and groundwater occurrence, and hence to image both the surface and subsurface structures. The water is used mainly to meet the demands of the agricultural sector in the area. Accordingly, a set of sixteen Multi Spacing Electromagnetic Terrian Conductivity profiles and 11 vertical electrical soundings were done from September 2018 to March 2019. The data sets were transformed–inverted comprehensively with regard to stitched one-dimensional (1D) electrical resistivity smoothed-earth models. These sets were used efficiently in the interpretation of the geologic sequence of bedrock through successive conductive anomalies and electrically resistive. Remarkably, the obtained subsurface electrical resistivity structures are coincident with the mapped field geologic faults. The current study proved that a comprehensive Multi Spacing Electromagnetic Terrian Conductivity and vertical electrical sounding resistivity survey could help optimize geotechnical exploratory work. The results of the interpretation of geoelectrical data indicate that the elevation of the top of the groundwater aquifer ranges from 60-70 m above sea level.

Application of Geoelectric Technique in Groundwater Protection of Quaternary Aquifer in Wadi El Natrun, Egypt

Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the accessible geoelectrical resistivity data were conducted in the area located to the west of Nile Delta on both sides of the Cairo-Alexandria desert road, between latitudes 30.190816° and 30.745892° N and longitudes 29.797607° and 30.702070° E, in the northern Western Desert of Egypt. The study area is covered by thick sedimentary exposures ranging from the Miocene to the Quaternary period. Geological factors such as lithology and geological structures significantly influence the groundwater in the study area. The Quaternary, Pliocene, and Miocene eras make up the majority of strata in the study region that require water.
 The study conducted twenty-three vertical electrical resistivity soundings using the Schlumberger array to define the shallow subsurface geological inferences and investigate the possibilities of finding underground water accumulations and its contamination with clay lenses. The examination of the obtained electric resistivity values revealed the segmentation of the examined section into five geoelectrical units with lateral variations in thicknesses, lithologies, and features. The five geoelectrical units had different compositions, with the first surface unit consisting of silt clay and relatively high resistivity sands and gravels that have been altered laterally. After the surface unit, resistivity ranges from relatively modest to high. Intercalation of sand and clay occurs in the second unit, followed by lenses of relatively medium-resistance coarse sand and clay in the third and fourth units, possibly forming an aquifer, and finally relatively low-resistance sand and clay in the fifth unit.
 Due to the haphazard drilling of hundreds of water wells, significant hydrogeological and environmental issues, such as soil salinization, water head decline, and groundwater salinity deterioration, have occurred. These issues have attracted significant expenditures in the field of land reclamation, both on small and large-scale projects. The study area is divided into five main geoelectrical layers observed along this cross area, as follows:
 The first surface geoelectrical layer (layer A) is characterized by relatively high resistivity ranging from 8.21 to 595.3 Ohm.m. The thickness of this layer varies from 2.1 to 8.86 m. This layer represents the dry surface cover of the area and consists of gravel, sand, and silt clay.
 The second geoelectrical layer (layer B) represents the dry layer lying above the water-bearing formation. It generally consists of sand and clay intercalation. The resistivity of this layer varies from 3.49 to 91.18 Ohm.m, and the thickness of this layer ranges from 17.13 to 38.3 m.
 The third geoelectrical layer (layer C1) is the water-bearing formation that generally consists of coarse sand and clay. The resistivity of this layer varies from 4.41 to 37.5 Ohm.m, and the thickness ranges from 10.38 to 54 m.
 The fourth geoelectric layer (layer C2) represents the lower part of the water-bearing formation. It consists of clayey sand and clay. The resistivity of this layer varies from 1.83 to 30.1 Ohm.m, and the thickness ranges from 17.78 to 31.35 m.
 The last geoelectric layer (layer D) represents the lower layer of investigation, consisting mainly of clay. The resistivity of this layer is generally low, varying within a narrow range of 26.7-39.8 Ohm.m.
 Finally the current study highlights the necessity of conducting in-depth geomorphological assessment studies before developing new reclamation projects, in addition to soil and water assessment.

Groundwater Potential Mapping in Lapan Gwari Community Using Integrated Remote Sensing and Electrical Resistivity Soundings

Groundwater Potential Mapping in Lapan Gwari Community Using Integrated Remote Sensing and Electrical Resistivity Soundings

Geoelectric investigation for aquifer characterization in Boi and Environs, Bauchi State, Northeast, Nigeria

A total of thirty eight (38) Vertical Electrical resistivity Sounding (VES) were used to characterize aquifers in Boi and its environs, Bogoro Area of Bauchi State, Northeastern, Nigeria. The purpose of the study is to characterize the aquifer system in the area using Schlumberger configuration. Because there are multiple failed wells and boreholes in the vicinity, the research is justified. A total of 38 vertical electrical sounding (VES) were carried out, with a maximum electrode spacing of 100 m. The sounding curves acquired were three layer earth models, and the curve types were H, Q, A, and K respectively. The following lithologies were discovered in the area: topsoil with a resistivity of 81ῼm to 264.21ῼm and a thickness of 0.56m to 3.77m, laterite with a resistivity of 526.43ῼm to 999.71ῼm and a thickness of 1.93m to 3.47m, weathered/fracture basement with a resistivity of 10.62ῼm to 238ῼm and a thickness of 2m to infinite depth, and the fresh basement with a resistivity of 1000.33ῼm to 1821ῼm. The longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T), reflection coefficient (RC), and resistivity contrast (FC) were used to assess the area's groundwater potentials. The area's aquifer protection capacity found to be moderate, weak, and poor, while the groundwater potentials categorized as high, medium, low and very low. According to the results of the evaluated parameters, the area has a predominantly good to moderate groundwater potential. The numerous occurrences of failed/aborted boreholes in the area could be linked to a variety of factors, including poor data quality, lack of technical know-how, incorrect point selection, and poor drilled hole development, all of which are common in Basement Complex terrains. The VES 5 and 10 results showed a dramatic decline in resistivity, indicating that the water likely heavily polluted, particularly by anthropogenic chemicals, or that it was an ancient dumpsite.

Groundwater Potential Evaluation in Parts of Southwestern Nigeria Using Dar-Zarouk Parameters

Dar-Zarouk parameters namely longitudinal conductance, transverse unit resistance, longitudinal resistivity, traverse resistivity, and coefficient of anisotropy, derived from electrical resistivity soundings, were employed in the western and south western portions of Sheet 223 Ilorin NW, Southwestern Nigeria to evaluate the subsurface water prospect. This is aimed at determining the potentiality and vulnerability of groundwater in the area. The longitudinal conductance values obtained range from 0.027 S at VES 3 in the north, indicating the poorest protective capacity, to 26440.95 S at VES 157 in the south, indicating the highest protectivity. Thus, the protective capacity rating of the study area shows very poorly, weak, moderate, good, and excellent ratings at VES stations 10, 12, 9, 2, and 178 respectively. The total transverse resistance range is 8.6 – 32733.87 Ωm2, with the lowest at VES 206 in the southeastern part, indicating high prospects, and the highest at VES 47 in the northern part of the area, indicating poor prospect. The lowest longitudinal resistivity (0.1951 Ωm), indicating high potential as well, occurs at the southern part and while the highest value of 8095.63 Ωm is obtained at the northern part.Furthermore, the coefficient of anisotropy in the area ranges between 0.029 and 5349.78. The south-western boreholes have values that fall between the standard range of 1.39-1.66, indicating that those areas have boreholes with high productivity. In conclusion, most parts of the study area have excellent protective capacities and high potentiality.

Assessment of Environmental Pollution using Electrical Resistivity and Logging Techniques over A Municipal Dumpsite of Ijagun Ijebu Ode

The present study aims to assess environmental pollution using the resistivity method and geological logging technique over a municipal dumpsite of Ijagun Ijebu Ode, underlain by the Afowo Formation within the Dahomey Basin southwestern Nigeria. Forty vertical electrical resistivity soundings stations and six 2D electrical resistivity imaging profiles using Schlumberger and Wenner array respectively with maximum spread-length of 40m at each sounding and profile length of 60 m and 120 m and one borehole log were carried out. Three geoelectrical layers were obtained in the control area, their resistivity values with their corresponding depth of sediment materials is 126 Ωm – 724 Ωm at depth range 0.9 m – 1.1 m (topsoil), 608 Ωm – 2517 Ωm at depth range 3.5 m – 17.7 m (sandy layer), and 800 Ωm – 6046 Ωm (dry sandy layer). Along with the 2D resistivity imaging profiles over the control (1 and 2), four geo-electric layers characterized by Resistivity values range of 40 Ωm – 126 Ωm (loam), 135 Ωm – 418 Ωm (loamy sand), 500 Ωm – 1500 Ωm (sandy), and >3000 Ωm (dry sand) were revealed. The lithology recovery from the logging techniques shows the subsurface is underlined chiefly with sand, which shows a significant correlation with the geophysical method. The lower values of resistivity at the dumpsite are clear evidence of the subsurface contamination of the sandy layer. The 2D images revealed the contaminated zone thickness ranges from 2 m in the northwest to 25 m in the southeastern part. The protective capacity map derived from the VES showed that the dumpsite is underlain by poorly protected sandy lithology, prone to leachate infiltration. Relocation of the dumpsite to a better protected environment or underlining the present area with an impermeable geotextile layer would halt further leachate invasion into the subsurface.

Application of Electrical Resistivity for Evaluation of Groundwater Occurrence Within Adankolo Campus and Environs, Lokoja North Central, Nigeria

This study addresses the problem of determining water bearing zones in Adankolo campus of Federal University Lokoja and environs. An inquiry into groundwater was done using electrical resistivity to measure the resistivity variations of the subsurface formations with depth. A vertical electrical sounding VES that is compatible to the Schlumberger configuration were allocated to the mapped areas. The research aims at finalizing investigation on groundwater occurrence using electrical resistivity method, which has the aim of providing a geological map of the study area that can carry-out electrical resistivity sounding in some selected places within the study area to analyse the groundwater condition from geo-electrical and hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer(s) that are present within the study area.

Geophysical Characterization in the Shallow Water Estuarine Lakes of the Southern Everglades, Florida

Anthropogenic activities have greatly modified freshwater flows through Everglades National Park (ENP) such that saltwater has intruded extensively inland from the coastline, causing coastal lakes and their ecosystems to be exposed to varying salinity conditions. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) makes an effort to restore the quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of freshwater flow in ENP with a goal of reducing salinity conditions within the coastal communities and adjacent estuaries. An understanding of the temporal and spatial variations of surface water and shallow groundwater salinity in the coastal lakes of ENP is needed to evaluate restoration efforts. Geophysical surveys were conducted between 2016 to 2019 using electrical resistivity and electromagnetic (EM) methods in the coastal lakes of ENP. A mean local formation factor of 10.7 ± 1.8 was calculated for the region by comparing the lakes’ bottom formation inverted electrical resistivity soundings with coincident pore water resistivity measured in groundwater wells. The conductivity of surface and groundwater increased during the dry season, reflecting decreased precipitation, increased evapotranspiration, and the increasing influence of saline water from Florida Bay. Spatially, salinity in the lakes increased from west to east in the surface water with an opposite trend observed in the shallow groundwater. Along the south to north inland direction, the salinity of both surface water and groundwater decreased. This study demonstrates that floating electrical resistivity and EM methods can characterize the subsurface formation resistivity and describe temporal and spatial patterns of surface and shallow groundwater conductivity.

NVESTIGATION OF SALINE WATER INTRUSION IN SELECTED COASTAL AREA OF RIVERS STATE, SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA

The study was aimed to investigate the intrusion of saline water in some selected areas of Rivers State Nigeria. The objectives of the present study were summarized by the use of electrical resistivity signatures of the area’s subsurface to study the occurrence of Saltwater-freshwater interface, determining the depth and thickness of different subsurface layers for groundwater exploitation and delineate saline-water intruded sands in the study area using the borehole geophysical logging tool. The study scoped at producing geologic maps of the study area to gather information concerning the geomorphologic features, application of the electrical resistivity method (VES) to obtain necessary data to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion by determining the resistivity, depth and thickness of the various lithologic layers and delineating saline-water intruded sands in the study area by exploring the potential of borehole geophysical logging tool. A total of 11 geoelectric (VES) surveys and four (4) downhole logging was carried out in selected locations within the River State Metropolis to investigate the saline water intrusion in the area. The obtained results reveal that from the Electrical resistivity sounding, the predominant lithologies in the area includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand, consolidated sand, gravelly sand, consolidated gravel sand, gravelly sand, silty sand, freshwater bearing sand and saltwater bearing sand. Geoelectric layers identified across the area ranged from 3 to 6 layers. Resistivity ranged from 29.60 to 364058.00 Ohm.m for lithologic units, 113 to 181 Ohm.m for freshwater sands and 0.11 to 28.50 Ohm.m for saline water sands. Resistivity field type curves recognized included; H, QQ, AA, KHA, QH, HKH, QQHK, A, HK, KHK and KQH depicting the heterogenous nature of soils in the area. Six of eleven VES points encountered salt water at varying depths and include; Ogonokom, Eagle Island, Okirika, Assarama, Ikuru and Opobo sounding points. Thickness of the saline sandy layers ranged 3.10 m to 71.48 m. Downhole logging (SP and Resistivity) conducted in four coastal communities of the study area revealed four lithologic units which includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand and saline water bearing sand. Saline zones were identified as having negative SP values and low resistivities. Clay were mapped as areas having positive SP values and low resistivities. The thickness of the saline zones ranged from 16 to 74 m. The largest saline layer thickness was obtained at Bonny. This study has shown that boreholes in Bille and Bonny communities exceeding depths of 15 m are likely to encounter salt water. The saltwater intrusion is predominantly concentrated around the southern part of the study area around Bonny and Opobo communities. The presence of Opobo River, Bonny River and a suite of creeks which are open to the Atlantic Ocean area responsible for the salt intrusion into these coastal boreholes. The outcome of the study yielded the importance that boreholes in Bonny, Opobo and Bille communities that has encountered saline water should be prevented from further use until treatment for salt water intrusions are conducted and water exploitation plan should be developed by the government and enforced to be utilized by residents in Buguma, Degema, Abonnema and NLNG to prevent saline intrusion because these communities are the most vulnerable to saline intrusion from over-exploitation of freshwater in the area.

Correlation between Electrical Resistivity and Cone Penetrometer Test Data for Geotechnical Site Investigation

The use of the electrical resistivity method provides cost-effective subsurface information faster and allows reliable interpolation to be made between the tested points. It is therefore desirable to generate consistent data from resistivity measurements by using empirical relationships while only few zones of interest will require testing. This study, therefore, developed empirical relationships between electrical resistivity sounding and cone penetrometer test data for engineering site investigation using a case study from the Basement Complex Terrain of Southwestern Nigeria. Regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between the soil resistivity and cone resistance and the validity of the empirical relation was evaluated by comparing values estimated from the soil resistivity vs. cone resistance cross plot with field values obtained from cone penetration tests. The values of allowable bearing pressure computed by using both values in Meyerhof’s equation were also compared with the allowable bearing capacity deduced with laboratory values of soil strength parameters (cohesion, angle of internal friction, soil unit weight) in Terzaghi’s general formula. The results show close agreement between the measured and estimated values with the differences typically less than 10%. The standard errors of the estimates for the cone resistance and allowable bearing capacity are 2.70 and 4.16 respectively, implying reliability of the estimates. The proposed empirical relationships, therefore, appear to provide reasonable estimation of soil cone resistance and allowable bearing capacity from soil resistivity. Few complimentary cone penetrometer and laboratory tests will thus be required while the cost and duration of site investigation for engineering structures are expected to reduce.

Geoelectrical and Physicochemical Evaluation of Soil Corrosivity on Metallic Pipelines: A Case Study

Geoelectrical sounding and physicochemical analyses were conducted on the topsoil underlying Osupa area in Ogbomoso, south western Nigeria to evaluate the soil corrosivity on the metallic water pipelines across the area. Schlumberger electrical resistivity soundings were conducted at 24 stations with electrode spacing varied from 1 to 100 m. The resistivity data were interpreted by using partial curve matching and computer-aided 1D inversion. Physicochemical analyses were also conducted on soil samples collected from about 1 m depth in test pits dug at points coincident with the sounding stations, following the BS/AWWA/ANSI Standards for Corrosivity testing to determine the soil pH, redox potential, moisture content and chloride content. The soil corrosivity was evaluated based on soil resistivity alone and the combined effect of soil pH and resistivity. The studied soils have resistivity ranging from 10 Ωm to 492 Ωm and thickness varying from 0.5 m to 4.6 m. The pH, moisture content, redox potential and chloride content range from 4.22 to 8.41, 14.33% to 29.09%, +50 mV to +97 mV and 102 ppm to 196 ppm respectively. The corrosivity intensity, based on the combined effect of soil pH and resistivity is essentially Medium-to- Medium-High being Medium at 10 locations, Medium-High at 8 locations, and High, Medium-Low, and Low at 2 locations each. More reliable information can be obtained about soil corrosivity toward buried metallic structures if the combined effect of the soil parameters affecting soil corrosion is considered.

Integration of hydrogeophysical and geological investigations in enhancing groundwater potential assessment in Houtriver gneiss crystalline basement formation of South Africa

Groundwater exploration in crystalline basement aquifers such as the Houtriver gneiss formation in the Limpopo province of South Africa is often described as complex. This is because groundwater availability in such aquifers is largely a consequence of the interaction of several processes related to recharge, underlying geological features and fracture connectivity of the aquifer rock matrix. In this study, an integration of geophysical and geological investigations is applied in inferring potential drill targets within the Houtriver gneiss crystalline basement aquifer system. Results from the magnetic and frequency domain electromagnetic surveys were combined with geological investigations to identify sites where vertical electrical resistivity sounding was applied to infer the thickness and layering of weathered and fractured zones, as well as to identify potential targets where test boreholes were drilled. Constructed geo-resistivity pseudo-sections suggested that groundwater occurrence within this formation is described by a heterogeneous multiple-layered and fractured aquifer system with the main groundwater bearing zones ranging from a depth of 30–72m in most cases. Ten potential drill sites were identified from which three test boreholes were drilled and used to validate the results through a lithostratigraphic conceptual model developed from the correlation of the geophysical results with drill logs. The integration of hydro-geophysical and geological methods thus provided a comprehensive approach for resource assessment in the Houtriver gneiss formation.

Geo-electric assessment for groundwater potential at permanent site of Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State North Western, Nigeria

Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) afford fast and economical measurements used in geophysical exploration. VES was used for groundwater exploration at the permanent site of Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi. Eighteen (18) Vertical Electrical Sounding (Schlumberger array, maximum AB/2 distance 100 m) were performed, data were acquired using ABEM terrameter (SAS 300c), to determine the geoelectric units in the subsurface stratigraphy as well as to delineate groundwater potential in the area via electrical resistivity soundings. Field data collected was analyzed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity in ohm-meter. Data was interpreted in terms of the resistivity and thickness of subsurface layers. Results indicates that three to five (3-5) distinct layers in the study area namely; top soil which is mainly sand, clayey sand/loose sand, sandy clay/fine sand and clay unit were delineated. The result also revealed that water bearing formation exists in the third layer in some identified VES locations i.e VES 3, VES5, VES13 and VES14 with very good aquifers, with thickness and corresponding resistivity values of 40.5, 37.5, 45.8, 60 m and 173, 148, 222 and 432 Ωm respectively. The electrical resistivity data, therefore gives reasonable accurate results that can be used to understand stratigraphy and sedimentary configuration in ground water exploration.

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A POTENTIAL LANDSLIDE AREA IN MAYOON, HUNZA DISTRICT, GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN

The Mayoon landslide in the Hunza District is a slowly developed, non-catastrophic landslide that has gained its importance in the last few years after its rapid activation and fast slip rate. The area is characterized by high earthquake hazards (zone 3 with a peak ground acceleration value of 2.4–3.2 m/s2) by the Building Code of Pakistan due to frequent earth quakes. The past high earthquake activity in the area has displaced the foliated rocks towards the south and is responsible for opening the bedrock joints. The head and body of the landslide are covered by unconsolidated material and have fractures of varying lengths and widths. The non-invasive geophysical techniques, including Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Soundings (ERS), are deployed to evaluate the Mayoon landslide subsurface. The subsurface is interpreted into a two-layer model. Bright reflectors and highly variable resistivity characterize the top layer (Layer-1). This layer is associated with a loose, highly heterogeneous, fragmented material deposited under glacial settings over the existing bedrock. Hyperbolic reflections and intermediate resistivity characterize the bottom layer (Layer-2). This layer is associated with foliated metamorphic bedrock. The hyperbolic reflections show faults/fractures within the bedrock. The extension of these fractures/faults with depth is uncertain due to decay in the GPR signal with depth. The intermediate resistivity shows the bedrock is weathered and foliated. Reflections within Layer-1 have disrupted directly above the fractures/faults suggesting a possible movement. A bright reflection between the two layers highlights the presence of the debonded surface. Loose material within Layer-1 coupled with debonding possesses a significant hazard to generate a landslide under unfavourable conditions, such as an intense rainstorm or earthquake activity.

Permafrost table depth in soils of Eastern Antarctica oases, King George and Ardley Islands (South Shetland Islands)

This study was aimed to investigate the electrical resistivity in soils and permafrost of various ice-free areas of Antarctica and Sub-Antarctica (from coastal Eastern Antarctica oases to Maritime Antarctica). Measurements of electrical resistivity of soil and permafrost strata were performed with a portable device LandMapper. It was found that the permafrost table depth ranged 82 to106 cm in Bunger Hills, 95 to 122 cm in Larsemann Hills, 27 to 106 in Thala Hills, and 89 to 100 cm on King George Island and Ardley Island. Presence (and thickness) of organic layer and influence of snow patches melting were found the main reasons for differentiation of permafrost table depth in the studied ice-free areas. Anthropogenic disturbance at waste disposal sites resulted in more pronounced soil profile heterogeneity and formation of scattered electrical resistivity profiles. Permafrost layer was found less homogenous in the upper part of permafrost strata compared to the lower part. An application of vertical electrical resistivity sounding (VERS) may be very useful for evaluation of active layer thickness in Antarctic environments, especially when they are facing severe anthropogenic influence due to maintaining of numerous Antarctic research stations and logistical operations

Assessment of Soil Electrical Properties in Selected Agricultural Soils of Puchuncaví, Central Chile

Abstract Precision agriculture requires a wide sampling procedure to determine the spatial variability of soil properties for adequate assessment of soil state and appropriate recommendations. Electrical geophysical methods (i.e. vertical electrical resistivity sounding) allow performing rapid measurement of soil electrical properties directly from the soil surface to any depth without any mechanical disturbance of soil cover. Soil electrical properties are linked with many soil properties and could improve the quality and spatial coverage of soil surveys. The results obtained in our study using vertical electrical resistivity sounding confirmed the hypothesis of a high correlation between electrical resistivity and such soil properties as carbon and nitrogen content and silt content. The highest correlation (r > 0.9) was found for electrical resistivity and carbon content. It was also confirmed that significant correlations between electrical resistivity and soil properties are found mainly when soil properties are highly ranged. Perspectives for the applied method lie at the relationship between electrical resistivity and soil properties, such as texture class, clay content, carbon content, and cation exchange capacity. The results obtained in this work could be useful for complex precision agriculture, creating maps of agricultural soils, adequate methods of plant growth, and other issues of precision and conventional agriculture.

Geohydraulic Study of Aquifer characteristics in Parts of Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State using electrical resistivity soundings

Geophysical survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was achieved in Enugu State College of Education (Technical). Schlumberger electrode configuration was used in acquiring the data which was interpreted using the WinrResist software. Four to five geoelectric layers were delineated from the interpreted results. The hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity, porosity, formation factor, tortuosity and transmissivity) were estimated from the values of resistivity and thickness which are primary geoelectric parameters. The result shows the hydraulic conductivity varying from 2.71 to 70.45m/day, transmissivity: 49.2288 to1127.944 , porosity: 33.71 to 49.44%, formation factor: 0.0014 to 0.0026 and tortuosity: 0.2667 to 0.2935. The zones with high and low values of these parameters were delineated. The potentiality of the aquifer units show moderate to high, a reflection of the heterogeneity of the subsurface which is affected by the composition and geometry of the formation. The result from this study provides some important conclusions for future groundwater exploration and management.