Resistivity Data Research Articles

Hybrid optimization for DC resistivity imaging via intelligible-in-time logic and the interior point method.

Geophysical DC resistivity imaging is crucial in subsurface exploration, environmental studies, and resource assessment. However, traditional inversion techniques face challenges in accurately resolving complex subsurface features because of the inherent nonlinearities in geophysical data. To overcome these challenges, we propose a hybrid optimization approach that combines incomprehensible but intelligible-in-time (IbI) logic with the interior point method (IPM). The IbI logic framework leverages complexity and temporal intelligibility, allowing for a dynamic interpretation of subsurface phenomena. By integrating IbI with IPM, our approach benefits from global exploration and local refinement, leading to improved convergence speed and solution quality. The objective function formulated for the inversion process includes data misfit and model regularization terms, which promote accurate and smooth solutions. Our methodology involves the use of the IbI logic algorithm (ILA) for initial global search, which identifies promising regions in the search space. This is followed by the application of IPM for local optimization. This synergy between the two algorithms ensures robustness and efficiency in handling large datasets and complex geological models. We conducted tests using synthetic and real DC resistivity data to validate our approach. The synthetic test demonstrated the accurate reconstruction of subsurface anomalies, whereas the real data test successfully identified fault zones, which is consistent with previous studies. The hybrid optimization algorithm significantly improves the resolution of subsurface structures and enhances geophysical data inversion practices. It balances the exploration and refinement phases effectively, optimizing the computation time and ensuring precise model delineation.

Review on the Impacts of the Samalas Eruption (1257 CE) to the Hydrogeological Conditions of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia

This paper examines the local impacts of the 1257 CE Samalas eruption in the Mataram plain in relation to the hydrogeological conditions. Data from several previous studies in the Mataram plain is summarized and then reinterpreted. Data collected from new fieldwork is also presented. This review summarizes hydrogeological conditions into several categories, i.e. stratigraphy, aquifer formation, groundwater quality, and evolution. Two coring data were evaluated, which showed that Mataram plain has a relatively thick alluvial layer with a dominant material of sand mixed with pumice from the reworked deposit of the 1257 CE Samalas eruption. The sediment from this eruption formed a freshwater aquifer layer up to ~18 m deep. Using resistivity data, the aquifer layers in the studied area were characterized as unconfined aquifer, aquitard, and semi-unconfined aquifer. Seven water samples show that the groundwater in the studied area is in good condition, which indicates the bicarbonate water type. The results of the analysis show that the impact of the 1257 CE Samalas eruption on the hydrogeology of Mataram is considered a positive impact, i.e. forming an unconfined aquifer containing freshwater that is good for domestic uses.

Geoelectrical resistivity and geochemistry monitoring of landfill leachates due to the seasonal variations and the implications on groundwater systems and public health

Understanding the seasonal variations in the landfill leachate plumes (LLPs) properties and complex connections between concentrations of leachate variability, and its environment is essential for environmental and public health management. This study explores the combined electrical resistivity (ER) data and physiochemical water analysis (PWA) coupled with the excavations to monitor the landfill physiochemical properties (LPPs) due to seasonal variations and their implications on environmental vital organs and public health. The variations in ER and LLP distributions across the overburdened top layer due to seasonal changes were examined. The low ER contrasts were encountered within the ranges of 1.5 Ωm – 19.0 Ωm which was mapped as LLP accumulated zones within the landfill, while high ER values varied between 15 Ωm – 260 Ωm off-the landfill extending beyond 15 m. The results of the PWA indicate high concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) decreasing with wet seasons and increasing with dry seasons. The overall high concentration of HMs in the LLPs was indeed varied between 9.81 ± 2.15–19.07 ± 3.68, while the electrical conductivity (EC) significantly increased from 17.99 ± 1.92 mg/L to 24.87 ± 3.31 mg/L towards the wet season. The increment and decrement encountered in the LPPs are due to seasonal variation and dilution. The order of decrement in the HMs in the LLPs treads as follows EC > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd in values, respectively. The near-surface EC aligned well with the ER results and boundaries of the waste disposal site, which was verified by the soil excavations. In addition, the ER method was extended beyond the landfill for adequate monitoring, identifying the subsurface layers, conductive shallow zones mapped as the zones of LLP accumulation, resistive deep and shallow zones mapped as the consolidated lateritic topsoil and crystalline basement rocks in some cases, and a dipping conductive lineament zones identified as fracture zones just before the crystalline basement. In conclusion, the ER technique reveals the vertical and horizontal extents of the LLP escapade, the PWA expressed the concentrations of HMs in the LLPs, heightening the implications on the environmental and human health. Finally, the combined techniques deployed for monitoring the physiochemical properties of LLPs due to seasonal variation and the impacts on the integrity of groundwater quality systems and public health inform sustainable waste management practices, which contributes significantly to the protection of groundwater resources and the development of effective strategies to safeguard groundwater systems and public health for present and future generations.

Deep geophysical investigations (DERT and Seismic Reflection) to unravel the Ferrara urban area geology

Exploring the ‘fragile crust of our planet’ is crucial for human survival holding an immense social and economic significance. Therefore, innovative approaches become of utmost importance for obtaining precise subsoil models in urban areas making the latter more resilient to natural disasters. Due to logistic issues and a high level of anthropogenic disturbance and related background noise, urban areas are usually intrinsically more problematic for applying geophysical prospecting methods. This work presents the results obtained by Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography and P wave Seismic Reflection surveys performed along the Ferrara, north Italy, city walls documenting the adaptability of the geophysical surveys and how it is possible to obtain high-quality electrical resistivity and seismic data even in complex urban settings. The joint interpretation of geoelectrical and seismic data fully integrated with tectonic, geological and hydrogeological information allowed to reconstruct the stratigraphic evolution down to a depth of about 1.5 km. These results highlight the occurrence of a syndepositional Quaternary tectonic tilting associated with the growth of a fault-propagation fold.

Comprehensive approach on La1-xPbxMnO3 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) perovskites synthesized by solid state reaction technique

We have synthesized Pb concentrated La manganites La1-xPbxMnO3 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) using solid state reaction route to investigate several physical properties such as structural, thermal, magnetic, electronic and elastic properties via both the experimental characterizations and the first principles calculations under the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The structures of the studied perovskites are examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and also compared with the crystallographic data obtained by computations. The crystallization and formation of the studied phase of manganites are confirmed by analyzing the thermogravimetric (TG) curve. The temperature dependence of magnetization of all the samples exhibits a ferromagnetic metal phase with the Curie temperatures TC ranging from 334 to 338K. Although a metal-semiconductor transition is expected at around TC for the measurement of electrical resistivity with temperature but we observe semiconducting behavior because of the resistivity data started from room temperature. The calculated energy dispersion of all the manganites shows metallic conduction in conformity with the available experimental results. All the studied perovskites under investigation possess mechanical stability, malleability as well as anisotropy. The calculated Debye temperatures of all the Pb-doped La manganites show excellent correspondence with the other thermophysical parameters like melting point, phonon thermal conductivity and hardness as well.

Preferential Pathways Inversion From Cross‐Borehole Electrical Data

AbstractIdentification of preferential flow‐paths, such as fractures, is required for various issues in geosciences. When chemicals are injected into the subsurface, monitoring the resulting structural and chemical changes remains a challenge. The ability of geophysical tomography to tackle this problem is not fully explored due to the lack of numerical methods suitable for modeling narrow structures. We explore how discrete representation of preferential flow‐paths provides innovative ways to invert electrical resistivity data collected during reagent injection at a contaminated site. The data set is inverted with a scheme where a new fracture is added at every iteration. This allows identifying newly created narrow conductive structures from the field data collected before and after injection. Fracture location remains overall consistent despite using different starting points for the fracture search. A prior constraint on fracture length improves convergence. These results show the potential of discrete inversion for identifying narrow structures from electrical resistivity monitoring.

Assessing aquifer vulnerability near cemeteries using dipole-dipole and vertical electrical sounding methods

An integrated geophysical investigation of the second cemetery in Benin City was conducted with the view to determine the leachate flow direction and the geoelectrical layers that characterized the underlying aquifer. Eight vertical electrical soundings (VES) and two dipole-dipole profiling lines along two transverse sections were carried out. For the dipole-dipole profiling, ABEM Terrameter SAS 300C was employed, while the VES investigation utilized the Schlumberger array. The resistivity data collected during the field investigation were interpreted using DIPROWIN software version 4.01. Leachate plume was identified in the subsurface soil at a depth range of 5 to 20 meters. This was attributed to the soil porosity, aiding the infiltration of necroleachate. The VES results revealed four geoelectric layers: topsoil, lateritic soil, a weathered layer (composed of clay), and medium to coarse sand. The overburden exhibited a thickness range of 0.7762m to 0.8074m, resistivity ranging from 57.318Ωm to 2831.4Ωm, and depths ranging from 0.7762m to 1.5836m. The third geoelectric layer, identified as clay, had an average thickness of 11.48 meters at a depth of 13.06 meters, with a resistivity of 203.52Ωm. Apart from acting as a seal against the downward penetration of leachate, the clay also serves as a filter.

Spatial and seasonal fluctuations in fresh submarine groundwater discharge revealed by marine continuous resistivity profiling

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is a major pathway for the discharge of fresh and saline groundwater and associated dissolved compounds into marine environments. However, assessing SGD processes in coastal aquifers is challenging due to inaccessibility, dynamic conditions, complex subsurface geology, and the need for long-term monitoring to capture temporal and spatial variations in SGD rates accurately. This study employs marine continuous resistivity profiling (MCRP) as a main method to assess the presence of freshwater or brackish SGD offshore and to examine its potential seasonal variations. The method has been applied in the coastal alluvial aquifer of Maresme (Spain) and validated with other methods to trace SGD, including salinity profiles, Ra isotopes, and piezometric levels. Several MCRP transects of 700 m long, perpendicular to the coastline, were performed in a coastal marine area to obtain electrical resistivity data of the seabed covering an area of 3 km2. The data was acquired in two field campaigns with contrasting hydrological conditions (dry and wet seasons). The MCRP results allow the identification of areas of fresh SGD in marine sediments, with a clear seasonal variability that indicates a higher discharge of fresh groundwater in the wet season.

Understanding the impact of deep structures on the hydrological setting of the Eastern Bahira Basin in Morocco using combined geophysical analysis of gravity, seismic, and electrical resistivity data

In arid regions like the Eastern Bahira Basin, communities mainly rely on groundwater for drinking and irrigation. However, efficiently managing these vital resources requires a deep understanding of the underlying aquifers’ structure and identifying the most suitable areas for exploitation. This presents a significant challenge for the success of water supply and irrigation programs in the Eastern Bahira Basin. This study is based on an integrative approach, combining Electrical Resistivity Tomography data, with the compilation and reinterpretation of pre-existing seismic, gravimetric and vertical electrical sounding data. This approach is based on compiling old gravimetric data and applying advanced processing techniques to determine the horizontal gradient maxima, which helps highlight the major structural alignments in the basin. Furthermore, the approach utilizes seismic data in order to enhance understanding of the deep structure of the basin, reinterpreting it in light of recent drilling data. The interpretation of the gravimetric and seismic data has also been validated by the results of vertical electrical soundings and electrical tomography that we recently acquired in the Eastern Bahira basin. The outcomes of this research provide new insights into the deep structure of the Eastern Bahira Basin and suggest the most promising hydrogeological prospects, thereby contributing to the success of the ongoing drinking water supply and irrigation program in the Eastern Bahira Basin.

An Effective Method for Quantitative Interpretation of Seawater Intrusion in Shallow Aquifers from Electrical Resistivity Data

Groundwater in coastal areas is vulnerable to saltwater intrusion. Electrical resistivity is commonly used in order to detect saltwater intrusion due to its ability to distinguish the occurrence of saltwater in the pore water. In this research, a correlational approach was used to estimate percentage seawater content that was mixed with fresh water in a shallow aquifer. The study area was located in Dumai City, which was covered mainly by peat soil, but some areas were covered by sand and silt. A ground surface resistivity survey and direct soil resistivity measurements were used in the study. For both experiments, the Wenner configuration of electrical resistivity was employed. In order to determine the direct soil resistivity values, measurements of the soil's fluid content and character were made. The findings indicate that the resistivity value in the aquifer increased to 5–10 Wm at a 25% seawater content, from roughly 2–5 Wm at a 50% seawater content. The pore soil's rising salt content was the primary source of the sharp decline in resistivity values. By measuring the electrical resistivity on the surface, it is possible to accurately forecast the percentage of seawater mixture in the pore soil fluid.

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of Yb2Pt2Pb under multi-extreme conditions

ABSTRACT Structural and magnetic properties of the Shastry-Sutherland material Yb2Pt2Pb were studied in single-crystalline form under pressures up to 10 GPa, magnetic fields up to 17 T, and temperatures down to 0.3 K. Surprisingly robust magnetic order is observed with the Néel temperature T N = 2.1 K stable up to 8.1 GPa. Indication of an additional magnetic phase formation can be traced in resistivity data for magnetic field along the c-axis exceeding the (pressure-dependent) metamagnetic transition. The related anomaly shifts to higher temperatures with increasing field, merging T N at the tricritical point. Experiments with μ0 H // [110] revealed the pressure stabilization of observed magnetic phases with respect to the magnetic field. The crystal-structure type is stable up to 10 GPa, without any sign of symmetry change, exhibiting moderate volume compressibility with bulk modulus B = 116(13) GPa, in good agreement with B = 118 GPa provided by the density functional theory.

Assessment Rainfall-Induced Landslides Using Arbitrary Dipole–Dipole Direct Resistivity Configuration

Landslides are one of the primary geological disasters posing significant threats to life and property. Strengthening the monitoring of rainfall-induced landslides is, therefore, crucial. The Direct Resistivity (DC) method can accurately map the subsurface electrical resistivity distribution, making it an essential tool for predicting the position of the slide face. However, when conducting landslide surface DC surveys, various undulating terrains such as ridges and steep slopes often pose accessibility challenges. In such topographies, conventional regular grid measurements become very difficult. Additionally, when the terrain is highly undulating and complex, interpreting apparent resistivity data can lead to erroneous results. In this study, we propose using the DC method to monitor rainfall-induced landslides. By moving away from traditional device setups and utilizing an arbitrary dipole–dipole observation system, we aim to improve efficiency, enhance data resolution, and reduce costs. The resistivity of the slope was found to change significantly during the incubation, formation, and development of a landslide in physical model experiments. Furthermore, the feasibility of our proposed method for assessment rainfall-induced landslides was illustrated by a real case study in South China.

Integrated geophysical and GIS approaches for groundwater potential assessment: a case study of Aladja, Delta State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study explores the groundwater potential in Aladja, Udu, Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, using an integrated approach combining electrical resistivity techniques with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods. The primary aim is to delineate aquifers and comprehensively assess groundwater resources. Methods include Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) to gather resistivity data, RS and GIS for analyzing geological and hydrological parameters such as lineament density, drainage density, slope, soil type, and land use. The resistivity values ranged from 147 to 460.50 Ωm, with aquifer thicknesses varying between 6.50 and 36.30 m. The RS and GIS analysis indicated high groundwater potential in regions characterized by significant lineament density and moderate slopes. The study highlights the complementarity of VES and RS/GIS in groundwater exploration, revealing substantial groundwater resources in the northwestern regions of the study area. This approach underscores the importance of integrating these methods for a more accurate assessment of groundwater potential. The novelty of this study lies in validating RS and GIS findings with VES data, ensuring reliable groundwater potential mapping and effective resource management. This integrated methodology offers a robust framework for sustainable groundwater resource assessment and management in similar geological settings.

Joint Inversion of DC Resistivity and Gravity Data with Undulating Terrain Based on Deformed Hexahedral Mesh

In the field of mineral resource exploration, accurate imaging of subsurface structures is key to discovering and assessing potential mineral deposits. Traditional single geophysical methods, limited by terrain variations and their own constraints, can lead to divergent solutions and structural inconsistencies, affecting the reliability of exploration outcomes. To address these challenges, this paper presents a joint inversion method for three-dimensional direct current (DC) resistivity and gravity data based on a deformed hexahedral mesh. The article begins by outlining the current state of development of the method under study and proposes a research plan, followed by a detailed explanation of the theoretical basis and algorithmic implementation of the proposed method. Model tests confirm the advantages of the deformed hexahedral mesh in reducing terrain impacts and enhancing model resolution, demonstrating the optimization and complementarity of the resolution between the two methods after joint inversion. Finally, applying this method to actual data from the Huaniu Mountain area shows that joint inversion not only improves the consistency of the ore belt structure but also provides a more precise analysis for the quantitative interpretation of the distribution of underground mineral resources. This confirms the method’s effectiveness and potential in practical geological exploration.

Coupled Hydrogeophysical Modeling to Constrain Unsaturated Soil Parameters for a Slow‐Moving Landslide

AbstractGeophysical methods have proven to be useful for investigating unstable slopes as they are both non‐invasive and sensitive to the spatial distribution of physical properties in the subsurface. Of particular interest are the links between electrical resistivity and near‐surface moisture content; recent work has demonstrated that it is possible to calibrate hydrological models using geophysical measurements. In this study we explore the use of in‐field electrical resistivity data for calibrating unsaturated soil retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity used for modeling unsaturated fluid flow. We study a synthetic case study, and a well‐characterized site in the northeast of England and develop an approach to calibrate retention parameters for a mudstone and a sandstone formation, the former being an actively failing unit. Petrophysical relationships between electrical resistivity and moisture content (or saturation) are established for both formations. 2D hydrological models are driven by effective rainfall estimations; subsequently these models are coupled with a geophysical forward model via a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. For the synthetic case, we show that our modeling approach is sensitive to the moisture retention parameters, while less so to saturated hydraulic conductivity. We observe the same characteristics and sensitivities for the field case, albeit with a greater data misfit. Further hydrological simulations suggest that the slope retained high moisture contents in the months preceding a rotational failure. Therefore, we propose that coupled hydrological and geophysical modeling approaches could aid in enhancing landslide monitoring, modeling, and early warning efforts.

Using the Conventional Method to Estimate Water Saturation of Khasib Formation in East Baghdad Oil Field Central Area

The water saturation level may change due to geological changes or human intervention, like earthquakes, excavation, injection, or extraction of fluids from underground reservoirs. This work helps the reader understand how to use electrical logging to acquire a suitable water saturation value in resistivity and dielectric studies. In the East Baghdad field, two wells that were drilled into the Khasib Formation had their petrophysical parameters assessed using IP software. This allowed for the determination of water saturation using the available well logs, including neutron, density, SP, sonic, gamma ray, and resistivity logs for wells EB-25, and EB-29. The limestone section in the Khasib formation represents calcite, the main mineral found. We counted the amount of shale in each well using gamma-ray logs. The porosity at the reservoir unit was determined using a sonic log. Archie's equation and resistivity data are also used to compute fluid saturation. Taking m=n=2, a=1, x=1.76, and Rw=0.033 for Khasib formation. The link between Archie's and Raiga's coefficients, a, m, n, and x, is primarily the basis for this discussion. There is high agreement when this equation is used. In clean formations (non-shaly). this formula can be regarded as a reliable indicator of water saturation in situations where porosity techniques other than acoustic logs are unavailable. It's important to note that this equation provides accurate and realistic answers for rocks with transit times between 40 and 150 As/ft. Porosity knowledge is not required for such an assessment.

Advanced Technique of Rock Typing Characterization of Mishrif Formation, Amara Oil Field in Southern Iraq

Reservoir rock typing integrates geological, petrophysical, seismic, and reservoir data to identify zones with similar storage and flow capacities. Therefore, three different methods to determine the type of reservoir rocks in the Mushrif Formation of the Amara oil field. The first method represents cluster analysis, a statistical method that classifies data points based on effective porosity, clay volume, and sonic transient time from well logs or core samples. The second method is the electrical rock type, which classifies reservoir rocks based on electrical resistivity. The permeability of rock types varies due to differences in pore geometry, mineral composition, and fluid saturation. Resistivity data are usually obtained from well logs, and resistivity logs are available. The third method is the storage capacity of rocks. The focus is on the ability of rocks to store liquids, especially hydrocarbons. This method analyzes porosity, permeability, and pore size distribution data. After that, we compared the previous three methods to identify the types of rocks and determine the best method. In the first method (Cluster Analysis), three types of rocks were identified (Bad, Moderate, and Good). In the second method, electrical rock type (ERT), four types of rocks were identified (Bad, Moderate, Good, and Very good). Then, the third method (Storage Capacity) came and enhanced the results of the second method, so the second method is considered the best and most accurate method determining the types of rocks.

Collapse of metallicity and high-Tc superconductivity in the high-pressure phase of FeSe0.89S0.11

We investigate the high-pressure phase of the iron-based superconductor FeSe0.89S0.11 using transport and tunnel diode oscillator studies using diamond anvil cells. We construct detailed pressure-temperature phase diagrams that indicate that the superconducting critical temperature is strongly enhanced by more than a factor of four towards 40 K above 4 GPa. The resistivity data reveal signatures of a fan-like structure of non-Fermi liquid behaviour which could indicate the existence of a putative quantum critical point buried underneath the superconducting dome around 4.3 GPa. With further increasing the pressure, the zero-field electrical resistivity develops a non-metallic temperature dependence and the superconducting transition broadens significantly. Eventually, the system fails to reach a fully zero-resistance state, and the finite resistance at low temperatures becomes strongly current-dependent. Our results suggest that the high-pressure, high-Tc phase of iron chalcogenides is very fragile and sensitive to uniaxial effects of the pressure medium, cell design and sample thickness. This high-pressure region could be understood assuming a real-space phase separation caused by nearly concomitant electronic and structural instabilities.

Oxygen Plasma‐Induced Modification of Structural and Electrical Properties of Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 Manganites

Herein, the impact of exposing the perovskite compound Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 to oxygen plasma is explored by comparing the structural and transport properties of the exposed samples to those of the unexposed ones. The Pr is oxidized to PrO2 in the investigated samples due to plasma exposure. The alterations in the transport properties can be linked to the changes in MnOMn bond angle and MnO bond length due to plasma exposure, as indicated by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, exposure to oxygen plasma increases the conductivity by incorporating oxygen into the exposed samples, making them oxygen‐rich. Detailed analysis of the resistivity and thermoelectric power data indicates that small polarons are responsible for conduction at high temperatures, while at low temperatures, variable range polarons take over. The negative value of the thermopower at all temperatures proclaims that the electrons behave as the dominant charge carriers.

Geophysical modeling of the middle Bogotá River Basin with support from interpretation of electrical resistivity, gravity, seismic and borehole data to evaluate potential deep aquifers

The main objective of this research was to develop a geological and geophysical modeling to infer the geometry and thickness in the sedimentary sequence of the middle basin of the Bogotá River with emphasis on the Guadalupe Group, reconstructing the stratigraphic sequence, structural setting, hydrogeological modeling, and potential geothermal uses. Various geophysical methods were applied, including vertical electrical soundings (VES), and magneto telluric soundings (MT-VES), whose results were complemented with the interpretation of seismic lines, regional and local gravity anomaly maps, and borehole data, among others, which allowed to model the subsurface from the surface to depths beyond 3000 meters, with emphasis on the interval between 500m to 1000m depth. Integrated models were developed from interpretations of electrical resistivity data, gravity and magnetic data, reflection seismic and borehole data. Based on the results, potential deep aquifers have been proposed to be confirmed by drilling. These deep aquifers can contribute to satisfy the need for water, which historically has been explored and overexploited from shallower aquifers in this sector of the basin. A recommendation was also made to consider the potential of low enthalpy thermal energy for agro-industrial purposes associated with groundwater’s temperature at the depth of this research. As a result, the modeled sedimentary sequence is characterized by a thick quaternary overburden overlying an intensively folded and faulted Neogene, Paleogene, and upper Cretaceous formations, mainly composed of siltstone, sandstones, and shale sequences of fluvial and marine environment, including facies of marine regressions and transgressions near the coastline. The penetration obtained allows establishing a high hydrogeological potential in the first 2000m depth, especially associated with the Guadalupe group, where the Labor and Tierna and Arenisca Dura formations have the highest hydrogeological potential. In addition, the preliminary estimation of thermal gradients suggest that low enthalpy geothermal energy potential is feasible to be used for the agro-industrial demand of energy of the study area.