Electrical Properties Of Water Research Articles

Design and testing of circular metamaterial-based salinity sensors

The salinity sensor is a salt level detection tool designed based on the electrical properties of water. The salinity sensor consists of two electrodes that are dipped in water where the sensor is given a potential difference so that electrons flow in the sensor-building circuit. The electrode is connected to a variable resistor which forms a voltage divider circuit connection. This research aims to design a metamaterial (MTM) sensor to detect salt levels in the 100 – 900 MHz range and investigate the performance of MTM sensors for detecting salt levels. The working MTM sensor design has been successfully designed and tested, where the MTM sensor is also able to differentiate frequency values from samples with different salt levels.

Soft X-ray Emission Studies on Hydrate-Melt Electrolytes.

Highly salt-concentrated aqueous solutions are a new class of electrolytes, which provide a wide potential window exceeding 3 V and, hence, realize possibly inexpensive, safe, and high-energy-density storage devices. Herein, we investigate the evolution of the coordination structure and electronic state depending on the salt concentration through soft X-ray emission spectroscopy and first-principles molecular dynamics calculations. Close to the concentration limit, categorized as a "hydrate melt," a long-range hydrogen-bond network of water molecules disappears with emerging localized electronic states that resemble those in the gas phase. Such localized electronic states are attributed not only to their geometrically isolated nature but also to their dominant electrostatic interaction with Li+ cations. Therefore, the electrical properties of water in the hydrate melt can be more gaslike than liquidlike.

Study of the relationship of electrical conductivity of porous moisture-saturated soils polluted with inorganic ecotoxicants

The relevance of the study of soils polluted with solutions of acids and alkalis is given in the article. The main theoretical dependences of the electrical conductive properties on the parameters of the soil body are considered. The database of the values of the parameters of the pore space of soils of the Kemerovo region - Kuzbass is given. The electrical properties of water with different salt content, water solutions with different content of acids and alkalis have been determined. A database for interpreting the results of experimental sounding when monitoring changes in the ratio of the pollutant content to the volume of the pore space, depending on the electrical resistivity, has been formed. The relationship between the electrical conductive properties of solutions of acids and alkalis and their content has been established. It was found that with an increase in the content of acids and alkalis in the solution, a monotonic increase in the electric resistivity occurs. It was found that with an increase in the content of acids and alkalis in the solution, a monotonic decrease in the resistivity occurs; this regularity is the physical basis of the method for diagnosing contaminated zones and monitoring the processes of their decontamination.

Are Water and Ice Normal Polar Dielectrics? Polarization Mechanism

Electrical properties of water and ice are invariably considered to be associated with reorientations of the dipole moment of an intact H2O molecule. Recently, we proposed a conceptionally new model of a single polarization mechanism for water and ice that involves bipolar diffusion of intrinsic counter ions. Here we consider the temperature behavior of the model parameters and their consistency through experiment. The polarization mechanism is revealed as being highly dynamic.

Electrical properties of water: a new insight

New insight into the electrical properties of liquid water, from a standpoint of the physics of electrolytes, is proposed. The dielectric spectrum of water at frequencies 10(4)-10(11) Hz is described by a simple diffusional model taking into account the electrophoretic and relaxation effects inherent in electrolytes. The static dielectric permittivity and microwave absorption are derived from diffusion of Coulomb interacting H3O+ and OH- ions instead of orientational motion of H2O molecules. The drift component of diffusion provides the proton dc-conductivity. Ion concentration is found to be 7 orders of magnitude higher than commonly accepted.(- 1% of the total concentration of H2O molecules). The findings refer to the basic properties of water and therefore can be the key to solving the water-related problems.

Magnetized water induces changes in the antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants extracts

Magnetized water or clustered water is an effective solvent and has the ability to dissolve the nutrients easier and faster than purified water. The objective was to explore the effect of magnet on the constituents of aqueous medicinal plants extracts. Aqueous extracts (infusion or overnight; 1% w/v) of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) bark, Salvia officinalis (sage) leaves, Zingiber officinale Rosc (ginger) tuberous and Symphytum officinale (comfrey) seeds were prepared and then divided into two parts, one part was exposed to magnetic disc (0.15 Tesla) for 1 hour. The UV-visible spectra of each extract were obtained and the total flavonoids, allantoin and the reducing power were determined. The UV-visible spectra showed changes in the magnitude of the absorbance peak, appearance of new peaks and shifted peaks in the magnetized aqueous extract compared with non-magnetized extracts. The changes in the total flavonoids, allantoin and the reducing power in the magnetized extract did not follow specific pattern. The magnet induces changes in the constituents of medicinal plants via its effect on the electrical properties of water. Key words: Medicinal plants, magnet, antioxidants

Enhancement of diesel particulate matter collection in an electrostatic water-spraying scrubber

Marine diesel engines are major sources of air pollution. They emit a large amount of pollutants, including diesel particulate matter (DPM), carbon oxide (CO x ), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NO x ), sulfur oxide (SO x ), and other products of combustion. Among these, DPM may cause respiratory and mutagenic diseases in humans, including lung and bladder cancer (see Donaldson et al. J Aerosol Sci 29:553–560, 1998). In this study, experiments were performed with an electrostatic water-spraying scrubber (EWSS) to evaluate its effectiveness for the collection of mass- and number-based DPM emissions from a marine diesel engine. The results show that the collection efficiency of the scrubber increases as the engine load increases due to an increase in the large DPM concentration and an increase in the amount of DPM collected by the charged droplets. The effect of water spraying performance on DPM collection at constant engine load was investigated experimentally. The strength of the electrical attraction between the charged water droplets and the charged DPM within the scrubber led to a significant increase in total DPM collection efficiency (up to 4–7 times). In addition, the total DPM collection efficiency was found to be directly related to the corona power, the electrical properties of water, water spraying performance and engine load. The EWSS appears to be a promising alternative method for controlling mass-based as well as number-based DPM emissions.

Electrical impedance and HV plasma images of high dilutions of sodium chloride

This paper reports impedance data and high voltage plasma photographic plates of high dilutions of sodium chloride in water submitted to the homeopathic dilution and succession up to 30cH. Extremely low concentrations of the original salt, even beyond Avogadro number, clearly differ from 'pure' water and; the action of sodium chloride on the electrical properties of water is inverted at high dilution.

Visualization of Charge-Carrier Propagation in Water

The electrical properties of water in the region between parallel electrodes were investigated using pH indicator dyes. Different pH values corresponded to different colors, which could be registered by a video camera. Imposition of electrical current was able to produce zones of constant pH around, and well beyond each electrode: extremely low pH around the positive electrode and extremely high pH around the negative electrode. The border between alkaline and acid zones was jagged and separated by only a narrow layer of water with neutral pH. When the water was replaced by various salt solutions, similar zones were observed. Again, passage of current produced large zones of extreme pH values near and beyond each electrode. Alkaline zones appeared to propagate from the negative to the positive electrode in narrow channels through the neutral solution. When the power supply was disconnected from the electrodes and replaced by a resistive load, a potential difference was registered, and current flowed through the resistor for some period of time. Hence, the acid and alkaline zones appear to carry opposite charges throughout their volume.

Water as an insulator in pulsed facilities (Review)

Transmission lines with distributed parameters are often used as electrical energy storage units and high-voltage (high-current) pulse shapers in electrophysical facilities. To increase the pulse power and reduce the dimensions of the equipment, deionized water, purified from mechanical impurities and gas, is used as an insulator in lines. Water has a high breakdown strength ((BS) ∼ 130 kV/cm) at pulses with a duration of ∼1 µs and electrode areas of up to tens of square meters, a large value of the relative permittivity (∼80), and a small loss tangent in the frequency range 0–1 GHz. Water also possesses a number of characteristics needed to achieve the above aims. We review here the data on the electrical properties of water and the studies of it published over the last three decades; the methods for increasing the water BS and the influence of numerous factors on the BS; the physical mechanism of water breakdown and the basic regularities of the BS in strong electric fields; the BS in the most frequently used electrode systems; formulas for calculating the water BS under different conditions and over the surfaces of solid dielectrics; the characteristics of mixtures of water and ethylene glycol or methanol; water purification systems for electrophysical facilities; the comparative parameters of coaxial energy storage units having various insulators, etc. The summary generalizes the brief and predominantly reference information on the electrical properties of water and its applications for researchers, engineers, and the users of the equipment having water insulation; it can help to solve related problems more quickly and reliably.

GPR Pulse Attenuation in a Fine-Grained and Partially Contaminated Formation

We have determined attenuation rates and relative dielectric permittivities of a fine-grained sediment formation, part of which was contaminated by hydrocarbons. Our purpose was to test previous laboratory documentation of the effects of probable adsorption and∕or capillary tension on the electrical properties of water at a common ground-penetrating radar center frequency of [Formula: see text]. The formation is a saturated, and dense glacio-marine diamicton that had a small area partially contaminated by jet fuel. Surface and trench observations showed saturation near 30% by volume, uniform and high density, resistivity at [Formula: see text], and a total hydrocarbon content of less than 0.1% within a small zone. The local hydrocarbon contamination and a spatial gradient in grain size allowed the possibility of seeing if an increase of adsorbed water and∕or relief of capillary tension within interstitial water affected the attenuation rates. We calculated the rates from the amplitude decay of ground surface wave pulses within a series of WARR (moveout) profiles recorded along a single transect. Our rates of [Formula: see text] in the coarser-grained and contaminated zone can be accounted for by the resistivity values, while those of [Formula: see text] in the uncontaminated and finer-grained zone require additional dielectric loss. The relative permittivities varied from about 17 to 22, for which modeling strongly suggests a free water value of dielectric permittivity throughout despite the fine grain content, with a mild trend toward lower values in the finer-grained zone. A strong correlation was found between attenuation rates and clay content, and only a weak correlation with hydrocarbon content. An empirical mixing theory suggests that a [Formula: see text] relaxation frequency can explain the attenuation rates in the uncontaminated zone and that DC resistivity alone falls far short of predicting the correct rates. The hydrocarbon content analysis suggests that if a threshold level for the hydrocarbon attenuation effect exists, it is not higher than about [Formula: see text]. In addition, offset surveys appear to be a useful field approach for measuring field attenuation rates.

Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils

In order to better understand ground penetrating radar (GPR) results obtained in road surveys and site investigations, the dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of four silt and clay soils were measured at different densities and moisture contents ranging from oven dry material to the plastic state. The real parts K′ and imaginary parts K″ of the relative dielectric permittivity values of the soils were measured with an HP Surface Network Analyzer over a frequency range from 30 MHz to 3.0 GHz. A dielectric and electrical conductivity meter produced by Adek was also used. The results suggest that water in soils can be classified according to its electrical properties as: (1) an adsorption water layer, also known as the hygroscopic water layer; (2) a viscous or capillary water layer; and (3) free water. The measurements also showed that the adsorption water layer can be divided into inner and outer layers in accordance with the electrical double layer theory. The imaginary part of the dielectric value of the material is formed mainly in the outer layer and partly in the viscous (capillary) water layer, which also has two layers with differing electrical properties. The measurements also clearly showed that if the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of a material is low, the water molecules are orderly arranged around the soil particles and the dielectric values of the bound water layers remain almost independent of frequency. If the CEC increases, the molecular structure of the bound water layers is disturbed and the water molecules more easily follow the changing AC field so that the dielectric value is higher. These materials are also highly dielectrically dispersive, especially at GPR frequencies below 400 MHz. Increasing CEC correlates well with increasing imaginary part of the adsorption water layer. Measured ohmic electrical conductivities were low at low moisture content and increased as the outer viscous water layer developed with higher moisture content. A clear jump in electrical conductivity takes place when the free unbound water starts to fill the pores between the mineral grains.

Locating the frozen–unfrozen interface in soils using time-domain reflectometry

The time-domain reflectometry technique was compared with the temperature measurement method for locating the frozen–unfrozen interface in water and sandy soils. This technique depends on the high-frequency (1–1000 MHz) electrical properties of water that change significantly and abruptly between the liquid and solid phases. Parallel wire transmission lines were inserted into the soil to guide electromagnetic pulses produced by a time-domain reflectometer (TDR). The frozen–unfrozen interface produced reflections measured by the TDR which were in turn used to locate the interface as it moved along the transmission line. In the laboratory it was possible to locate the interface using the TDR to within ±0.5 cm and in the field to within ±2.4 cm. These errors were equal to those associated with the temperature measurements. Keywords: soil freezing, temperature measurements, dielectric constant, time-domain reflectometry.

Alternating Current Spectroscopy of Biological Substances

The electrical properties of live matter are analyzed. The article first summarizes general principles which pertain to the frequency dependence of the electrical properties of any type of matter. It then states the particular mechanism which, at various parts of the total frequency spectrum, are predominantly responsible for observed data. They include time-dependent interface polarization, accumulation of charges due to inhomogeneous structure and orientation of polar molecules. The electrical properties of water and electrolytes, of protein suspensions, of subcellular and cellular structures are outlined in terms of previously mentioned mechanism. This, in turn, permits synthesis of the experimentally observed dielectric parameters of tissues. The treatment encompasses the total range of frequencies, from 1 cps to 100,000 mc. The article concludes with a chapter which outlines the application of the data and pertinent impedance techniques to a variety of basic and applied problems in biology and medicine.