Electrical Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

Electric Vehicles for Smart Village

Today transport accounts for about 60 % of total world oil consumption. This global problem of Energy for propulsion motivates the automotive industry to turn to the electric drive. All major automobile manufacturers attentions are shifted to electrically propelled battery-operated electric vehicles (BEV). Improve the existing power system efficiency, alternate fuels, new materials or alternate power systems like electric vehicles. EV is a road vehicle based on modern electric propulsion consisting of electric machines, power electronic converters, electric energy sources and storage devices, and electronic controllers; EV is a broad concept, including BEV, HEV, FCEV, etc

Copper Sulfide and Graphite Felt Composites as Promising Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The most prominent and widely used electrical energy storage devices are lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which in recent years have become costly and deficient. Consequently, new energy storage devices must be introduced into the current market. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are starting to emerge as a promising solution because of sodium's abundance and low cost. To offer these batteries into the current market, their properties must match surpass those of LIB predecessors, necessitating the need for research in this field. In this research work, three methods of graphite felt (GF) and copper sulfide (CuxS) composite preparation using a hydrothermal approach have been explored and compared. The obtained samples exhibited different morphologies and thermal properties when different hydrothermal composite preparation methods were used. The areal charge capacitance values of these samples differed from 8.81 to 13.65 mF/cm2, and the areal discharge capacitance values differed from 10.06 to 13.65 mF/cm2. Notably, these achieved values are higher than those of the CuxS and GF single substances.

Structural and cation distribution analysis of Nickel-Copper/Nickel-Magnesium Substituted Lithium Ferrites

Lithium ferrite (Li0.5Fe2.5O4) shows significant promise in electrical and electronic engineering. It possesses a crystal spinel crystal structure denoted as AB2O4, with "A" and "B" representing specific tetrahedral and octahedral lattice sites respectively. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns aligns well with the JCPDS card (no. 38-0259), confirming the spinel structure with the Fd3m space group. However, an additional peak at 211 in the basic lithium ferrite suggests a subtle Fd3m to the P4132 phase change with a minor secondary hematite phase. Investigating the cation distribution in these ferrites is crucial for further exploration of their magnetic and dielectric properties. These ferrites find widespread applications in microwave technology and magnetic and electric energy storage devices.

Simple construction of gadolinium cobaltite perovskite (GdCoO3): Unveiling the dynamic electrode potential for pseudocapacitors

BackgroundThe intermittent nature of renewable energy resources has led to an ongoing mismatch between energy demands and supply in modern societies. To address this issue, the design of well-defined nanostructures with unique physicochemical nature, has emerged as a promising solution. In this regard, perovskite (ABO3) nanostructured electrode materials have shown great potential in enhancing electrochemical performance. MethodsA simple co-precipitation technique was utilized to synthesize perovskite phase gadolinium-based binary metal oxide, i.e., GdCoO3. The obtained physiochemical characterization data revealed that the GdCoO3 electrode material possessed a high surface area that facilitates the diffusion of ions and enhances its specific capacitance. Significant findingsExtensive electrochemical characterization techniques were used (cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD)) to analyze the electrochemical properties of the electrode material in this study. The charge storage mechanism of GdCoO3 was determined to be diffusion-controlled. When tested in an aqueous electrolyte (3 M KOH), GdCoO3 nano-electrode exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (519 F g–1) by a current density (1 A g–1). Furthermore, it demonstrates a significant capacitance retention rate (CRR) of 84.9 % subsequently 5000 cycles indicating its potential for long-term stability. The fabricated battery-type electrode holds promise in various applications including electric motors, flexible electronics, and energy storage devices.

Earth‐Abundant Fe‐Mn‐Based Compound Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Challenges and Progress

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with high energy/power density and low‐cost characteristics are deemed to be one of the best replacements to lithium‐ion batteries for utilizing in large‐scale electric energy storage (EES) devices. Fe‐Mn‐based cathode materials take the leading position in realizing high‐performance SIBs because of their high capacity, environment‐friendly, earth abundant, and low‐cost features, exhibiting huge commercial potential. However, the energy density and cyclic stability are still limited so far, considering the increasing demands for practical applications. In this review, aiming to better understanding the research level and currently existed sore points, the research progress is overviewed for several types of Fe‐Mn‐based cathode materials, including layered oxides, polyanionic compounds and Prussian blue analogues, and refine the electrochemical storage mechanism and structure–performance relationship. Finally, the representative electrochemical performances of these three kinds of cathode materials is summarized, compare the advantages and disadvantages of various materials, point out the existing key scientific problems of these materials, and propose the direction of development in near future. This review makes a thoroughly understanding for Fe‐Mn‐based cathode materials, providing new guidance for future research on SIBs toward real‐world applications.

A Systematic Load Frequency Regulation in Two Area Renewable Micro-grid Cluster Utilizing Bald Eagle Search Algorithm

This paper works on the systematic load frequency and tie-lie power transfer regulation within the prescribed limit. The proposed two area renewable energy based micro-grid cluster comprises of dish stirling solar generator, micro hydro turbine, biogas generator as energy generators in area 1. Also, wind turbine, tidal generator, biogas generator as energy generators in area 2. The Flywheel and battery act as mechanical and electrical energy storage devices in their respective areas. Moreover, to make the frequency oscillation die out quickly super magnetic storage devices are connected in the system. A comparison of performance of system with respect to objective function error is made to determine superior controller with minimum error and most stability. The controller parameters is adjusted with Bald eagle search optimizer, Black widow optimizer algorithm, Giza pyramid construction, Teaching learning based optimizer and Genetic algorithm. Lastly, best controller-algorithm i.e. (tilt integral tilt derivative with filter - Bald eagle search optimizer) combination with minimized objective function integral square error is examined under different scenarios.

Simulation of the operation of a traction power supply system with various types of electrical energy storage devices

The improvement of traction power supply systems of the transport complex is associated with the search for new technical solutions that can improve operational and energy efficiency, reliability and energy security. Electric energy storage systems make it possible to solve these problems. One of the aspects of the application of electrical energy storage systems is the voltage mode at the connection points. The studies of the operating modes of electric energy storage systems on mobile vehicles and stationary objects show the short duration of charge and discharge episodes due to the traction load of electric vehicles. An urgent task is to assess the change in the voltage level of electric energy storage systems in short-term modes when operating in traction power supply systems for various electric energy storage devices. The paper describes a model of the traction power supply system and electric rolling stock containing electric energy storage systems. The change in the degree of charge and voltage depending on their capacity and the time of the applied load is shown. For the conditions of the traction power supply system, the most preferable ones in terms of the minimum voltage level were selected.

Recycling of metals from LiFePO4 battery cathode material by using ionic liquid based-aqueous biphasic systems.

Lithium-ion batteries are essential for electric vehicles and energy storage devices. With the increasing demand for their production and the concomitant surge in waste generation, the need for an efficient and environmentally friendly recycling process has become imperative. This work presents a new approach for recycling of metals from the LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode material. The cathode material was first leached by a HCl solution without an oxidizing agent. Subsequently, an ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic system (IL-based ABS) was used for the separation of lithium and iron from leachate solutions, followed by a precipitation process. The influence of the acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and leaching time on the leaching yield was investigated. UV-vis absorption spectra revealed the presence of mixed-valent iron in the leachate, with 83 ± 1% Fe(ii) and 17 ± 1% Fe(iii). The ABS systems comprised tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride [P44414]Cl and a salting-out agent (HCl or NaCl). The extraction percentage of iron reached 90% and less than 1% of lithium was extracted under the studied optimal conditions. Further enhancement of iron extraction, reaching 98%, was achieved via a two-stage cross-current extraction process. Iron was precipitated from the loaded IL phase with an efficiency of 97% as Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3, using an aqueous ammonia solution. Lithium was precipitated as Li3PO4 with a lithium purity of 99.5% by adding K3PO4 solution. The ionic liquid used in the process was efficiently regenerated and used in four extraction cycles with no activity decline, with an extraction percentage of 90% of iron in each cycle.

Design of a light-sensitive tubular MoS2/C composite as the cathode for photo-enhanced rechargeable zinc-ion batteries

Utilizing solar energy to charge electrical energy storage devices has currently emerged as a hot and promising research direction to replace the traditional charging processes.

Investigating the CoS2 Mass Fraction Enhancing Performance Supercapacitor for Medium Low Consumption

Supercapacitor are one of the most environmentally friendly electrical energy storage devices. Improvement of supercapacitor performance continues to be carried out by combining active materials and transition metal oxides/hydroxides. In this study, a composite electrode material based on activated carbon with a mass percent variation of CoS2 has been successfully carried out. The composition of Ni(OH)2 - CoS2 /Graphene Nanosheet//Carbon electrode consists of 10, 15, and 20% CoS2 . The electrodes were then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The research was continued by fabricating a symmetric coin cell. Supercapacitor device performance was characterized using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Charge-Discharge (CD) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology of activated carbon shows porous chunks that are beneficial in the electrolyte ion adsorption process. While CoS2 and Ni(OH)2 materials indicated in bulk form. Characterization results show the most optimum sample is in the 15% CoS2 sample with EIS characterization showing the smallest equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 0.81 Ω. CD characterization results were able to have specific capacitance, energy density and power density of 58.25 Fg-1, 1.59 Wh/kg, and 70.49 W/kg respectively and were able to survive up to 88.84% after 1000 test.

Suppressing the self-discharge of high-frequency supercapacitors using electrolytes containing BaTiO3 nanoparticles

High-frequency supercapacitors (HF–SCs) are promising electric energy storage devices and alternating current line filters. However, severe self-discharge of HF–SCs causes significant energy loss and limits their applications. Current self-discharge suppression methods for supercapacitors typically lead to decreased rate performance and hence cannot be applied to HF–SCs directly. In this work, barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles are employed as an electrolyte additive for HF–SCs to reduce self-discharge. By adding BTO nanoparticles into the electrolyte, both leakage current and decay of open circuit voltage of the devices are reduced without sacrificing the specific capacitance and high-frequency response. At a charging voltage of 2 V, the leakage current is reduced by 49 % (3.91 vs. 1.98 μA), while the time for the voltage to drop from 2.0 to 1.0 V is extended by 4.5 times (2300 vs. 10240 sec). When the HF–SCs with BTO electrolyte are employed to store the energy generated by a triboelectric nanogenerator, the time for charging the cells to 2.0 V is reduced by 82 %. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the reduced self-discharge can be attributed to the fluid electrorheological effect and the enhanced localized electric field within the gaps among BTO nanoparticles that lead to sluggish diffusion and migration of reactive species, so the diffusion-controlled faradaic reaction process is suppressed.

Enhanced energy storage performance in Na(Nb,Ta)O3-doped Ba(Ti,Ca)O3-based ceramics through bidirectional optimization strategy

(1-x)(0.9Ba1.003Ti0.97Ca0.03O3–0.1(Bi0.51Na0.47)0.94Ba0.06TiO3)-xNa(Nb0.85Ta0.15)O3 (x = 0.03–0.15) ceramics were designed and fabricated through a bidirectional optimization strategy using traditional solid reaction method. The results revealed that the introduction of Na(Nb0.85Ta0.15)O3 increased the vacancy concentration at the A site, conducing to improved polarization and reduced grain size. The substitution at the B site disrupted the long-range ordered ferroelectric domains and generated polar nanodomains, leading to enhanced relaxation behavior. The optimum energy storage density of 3.57 J/cm3 and efficiency of 87.5% were simultaneously achieved under the electric field of 220 kV/cm in the sample with x = 0.09. Moreover, it also exhibits extremely high-power density (∼57 MW/cm3), ultrafast discharge time (∼103 ns), high discharge density (1.35 J/cm3), along with excellent temperature (30‒120 °C) and frequency stability (1‒100 Hz) under the equivalent electric field of 120 kV/cm. This novel design strategy provides theoretical guidance for the development of advanced electrical energy storage devices.

Ceramic Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

As the most extreme application of electrical energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) not only have the high energy density, but also show long charge/discharge life cycles. Nevertheless, some inherent issues hinder its widespread application, such as the safety problems, lithium metal extrusion, dendrite growth, and the high cost, together with the limited resources of lithium metal. As one of the next-generation batteries, zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a promising candidate to solve the above problems, due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, high abundance, low potential, high energy density, and intrinsic safety. Three-types electrolytes, liquid-state, solid-state, and gel-state, are included in ZIBs. The aqueous ZIBs with liquid-state electrolytes are usually considered as ultra-intrinsic batteries. However, various side reactions of dendrite growth, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and metal Zn corrosion deteriorate the electrochemical reaction of ZIB.Herein, ceramic composite gel polymer electrolytes preparing by electrospinning process were applied to improve the electrochemical properties of ZIB. The gel polymer electrolytes containing amounts of aqueous liquid electrolytes have the activity of water, which can extend the electrochemical stability window and provide good flexibility and H+ insertion/extraction during charge/discharge process for high capacity and good cyclic stability.

ZnONR Microstructure Modification and their Potential for High Reversibillity Performance of AC-Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Supercapacitor

One of Indonesia's most significant issues with technological growth is the lack of electrical energy storage devices. Active materials have low electrical conductivity, accessibility, and ion diffusion. Therefore, it is urgently required to study the combination of higher electrical conductivity ZnO and high surface area of AC-Mn2O3. However, ZnO nanorods (ZnONR) can be modified from ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONP). The structure modification may increase energy density due to having a higher surface area than ZnONP. Three different electrodes with AC-Mn2O3 addition various spin coated of 1000 rpm (MZnONR1), 2500 rpm (MZnONR2), and 3000 rpm (MZnONR3). The electrodes were then packaged in a sandwich flat symmetric supercapacitor. The characterization was carried out using X-RD, SEM-EDX cross-section, FTIR, and Cyclic Voltammetric. It is obtained that the highest specific capacitance showed by symmetric supercapacitor MZnONR1 with low speed of spin coating. We also found that the greater the deposited ZnNR content, the lowest thickness until 43.76 μm, the crystallinity until 62% and the highest porosity until 79%. This shows that the MZnONR1 sample exhibits the best electrochemical performance, which is supported by its morphological properties. It is shown that the higher the Zn content, the stability performance AC-Mn2O3 supercapacitor higher. ZnONR1 sandwich flat symmetric supercapacitor have a specific capacitance 0.0086 Fg-1 with an 0.00433 Whg-1 energy density. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of the AC-Mn2O3 increased 2800x compared to the ZnONR1, which reached 28.04 Fg-1 and an 14.09 Whg-1 of capacitance specific and energy density, respectively.

Study of temperature cycling of commercial rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries, a popular electric energy storage device, have high energy density and impressive working performance. However, the temperature affects its life cycle, capacity, and performance. Different effects are generated inside the battery for the different temperature conditions. It is necessary to study their thermal and electric characteristics in various thermal conditions since electric energy storage devices are used in various applications at low or high temperatures. In this study, the experimental analysis was performed to observe how a battery cell behaves above room temperature for a different 18650 cylindrical battery cell with a capacity of 5200 mAh. The testing temperature for this experiment was at 28˚C, 50˚C, 60˚C, 70˚C, and 100˚C. It is noted that the capacity of the battery cell fades drastically at high temperatures compared to low temperatures due to internal short circuits occurring at high temperatures.

Fast switching capability and efficient magneto-electric coupling mediated by tunable ferroelectricity and magnetization in tri-phase composites for ultra-sensitive devices

Tri-phasic multiferroic composites exhibiting simultaneous magnetic and electric orderings and their coupling, have emerged as a fascinating class of materials for enriched magnetoelectric response that could be feasible for next-generation multistate devices. Such attributes are further triggered by facile synthesis routes and proper selection of phase contents. Herein, a composite series of the form, 0.9[(1–x)BiFeO3 + xCoFe2O4] +0.1Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) was synthesized via citrate–gel based auto-ignition and solid–state reaction routes. The phase-pure existence of spinel phased CoFe2O4 and perovskite textured BiFeO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld’s refinement, while the stoichiometric contents of three phases were verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The optimized ferroelectric parameters demonstrated an enhancement in polarization by increasing substitutional contents and maximum polarization (0.22 µC/cm2) was observed for x = 0.4 phase fractions. Magnetic hysteresis loops revealed increased magnetization as CoFe2O4 phase-fractions were increased signifying maximum magnetization (Ms = 20.41 ± 0.02 emu/g) for x = 0.4 substitution contents. The findings revealed that x = 0.4 composition was a potential candidate for emerging ultra-fast electric and magnetic energy storage devices.

Recent Progress in Polymer Waste‐Derived Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors

AbstractDue to the high power density, fast charging speed, and long cycling stability, supercapacitors have been developed rapidly in the area of electrical energy storage devices in the past decades. During the application of supercapacitors, it was found that the properties of the electrode material can greatly affect the supercapacitor performance. Recently, electrode materials based on polymer waste‐derived carbon materials (PWCM) have attracted much attention because of the low preparation cost, good electrode performance, and great benefits for environmental protection. This review aims to describe the recent research development and summarize the investigation state in the field of the PWCM electrodes prepared from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, etc. The preparation method and the electrode performance of the PWCM electrodes are compared. The relationship among the preparation methods, material structure, and electrochemical performance of the PWCM electrodes was explored. Furthermore, the prospects for the application of the PWCMs were provided.

Tuning the Ferroelectric Response of Sandwich-Structured Nanocomposites with the Coordination of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Nanoparticles and Boron Nitride Nanosheets to Achieve Excellent Discharge Energy Density and Efficiency.

With the rapid development of new electronic products and sustainable energy systems, there is an increasing demand for electrical energy storage devices such as electrostatic capacitors. In order to comprehensively improve the dielectric, insulating, and energy storage properties of PVDF-based composites, sandwich-structured composites were prepared by layer-by-layer solution casting. The outer layers of the sandwich structure composite are both PVDF/boron nitride nanosheet composites, and the middle layer is a PVDF/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 nanoparticles composite. The structural and electrical properties of the sandwich-structured composites were characterized and analyzed. The results show that when the volume percentage of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 nanoparticles in the middle layer of the sandwich structure composite is 1 vol.%, the dielectric properties are significantly improved. Its dielectric constant is 8.99 at 10 kHz, the dielectric loss factor is 0.025, and it has better insulating properties and resistance to electrical breakdown. Benefiting from the high breakdown electric field strength and the large maximum electrical displacement, the sandwich-structured composites with 1 vol.% and Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 nanoparticles in the middle layer show a superior discharge energy density of 8.9 J/cm3, and excellent charge and discharge energy efficiency of 76%. The sandwich structure composite achieves the goal of simultaneous improvement in breakdown electric field strength and dielectric constant.

Analysis of asymmetrical supercapacitor with horizontally configured electrodes

Energy is available in several forms but its use to humans is predominantly in the electrical form. Since electrical energy is not immediately consumed post conversion, energy storage devices are required for its storage. This reinforces the importance of research in electrical energy storage devices. Till date, very few energy storage devices have been developed for commercial use. Asymmetrical supercapacitors are the newest addition to this list and have the potential to replace conventional energy storage devices in times to come. They can be further classified based on their electrode orientation namely horizontally and vertically configured electrodes. Research has been conducted on asymmetrical supercapacitors with horizontally configured electrodes as they have a better performance over vertically configured electrode. Analysis of asymmetrical supercapacitor with horizontally configured electrodes through statistical modelling approach is presented in the paper which is useful in setting electrode parameter values during the manufacture of this device. Electrode material loading on current collector of both electrodes is found to be affecting specific-capacitance values; they also add to nonlinearity in the device. Metal oxide contents are an addition to the interaction effect. Modelling approach adopted has provided better insights as to how various electrode parameters interact and in turn affect the specific capacitance. Presented research work also brings out need of extra negative plate or bigger size negative plate in asymmetrical supercapacitors. Findings of this research work can be used as basis for study of other electrical energy storage devices such as battery, fuel cell etc.

Silicon-Containing Anodes for High-Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Next- Generation Lithium(Li)-based rechargeable battery technologies utilising silicon (Si) and Si-containing (Si/Gr, SiOx/Gr, SiNx etc.) anodes coupled with high-capacity/high-voltage insertion-type cathodes (IC) have gained significant attention from both academic and industrial sectors.1 This originates from their practically achievable high energy density, offering a new possibility towards the large-scale espousal of electric vehicles and effective integration of renewable energy sources. In pursuit of designing such high-energy-density electrical energy storage devices, the anode compartment plays huge role and has accordingly reaped increasing interest. In this regards, Si and Si-containing materials are considered to be the most promising choices to replace state-of-the-art graphite in the construction of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This is attributed to their unparalleled high theoretical capacity, suitable operating voltage, natural abundance, environmental benignity, nontoxicity, high safety, and so forth.However, Si and Si-containing materials are endowed with their own advantages and inherent shortcomings. Colossal volume change, much lower diffusivity (σe-+ and DLi+), unstable and fragile solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, electrode swelling, and electrolyte drying are among the most impending intrinsic challenges that hider the large-scale commercialization of such innovative materials. Moreover, the detailed storage mechanism, electrochemistry, failure mechanism and impact of each component in case of blended/composite anode materials (e.g., Si/Gr and SiOX/Gr) etc. remain to be key loopholes to fully understand and thus enable the systems.In this paper, accounts on the various Si-containing active materials (Si, SiOx, Si/Gr blend/composite, SiOx/Gr blend/composite, SiNx etc) including their pros and cons, recent progresses, detailed storage chemistries and mechanisms, characteristics, possible tailored remedies to evade their challenges and thus improving performances - in hope of facilitating their large-scale deployment in the market, and future prospects and research directions will be presented. Impact of atomic level peculiar properties on the material and battery cells level key performance matrices are thoroughly examined. Moreover, the specific energy (Eg) and energy (Ev) density of various insertion-type cathode materials as a function of a) the weight fraction of Si at a fixed areal capacity, b) areal capacity at various Si contents, c) various kinds of electrolytes (liquid, polymer, glass and ceramic) at a fixed areal capacity, and d) electrolyte thickness are evaluated and analyzed.The approach presented in this paper will spur new concepts and perspectives into the best use of Silicon (Si) and Si-containing anode materials for the development Next-Generation high-energy density LIBs. 1Eshetu, G. G.; Zhang, H.; Judez, X.; Adenusi, H.; Armand, M.; Passerini, S.; Figgemeier, E, “Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu, Heng Zhang, Xabier Judez, Henry Adenusi, Michel Armand, Stefano Passerini, & Egbert Figgemeier, “Production of high-energy Li-ion batteries comprising silicon-containing anodes and insertion-type cathodes.” Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 1–14.