Electric Control Devices Research Articles

Simplistic framework of single-pixel-programmable metasurfaces integrated with a capsuled LED array

Coding metasurfaces can manipulate electromagnetic wave in real time with high degree of freedom, the fascinating properties of which enrich the metasurface design with a wide range of application prospects. However, most of the coding metasurfaces are designed based on external excitation framework with the wired electrical or wireless light control devices, thus inevitably causing the interference with electromagnetic wave transmission and increasing the complexity of the metasurface design. In this work, a simplistic framework of single-pixel-programmable metasurfaces integrated with a capsuled LED array is proposed to dynamically control electromagnetic wave. The framework fully embeds the photoresistor in the meta-atom, controlling the LED array to directly illuminate the photoresistor to modulate the phase response. With this manner, the complex biasing network is transformed to the universal LED array, which means the physical control framework can be transformed to a software framework, and thus the functions of the metasurface can be freely manipulated by encoding the capsuled LED array avoiding mutual coupling of adjacent meta-atoms in real time. All the results verify that the far-field scattering pattern can be customized with this single-pixel-programmable metasurface. Encouragingly, this work provides a universal framework for coding metasurface design, which lays the foundation for metasurface intelligent perception and adaptive modulation.

An intelligent continuous bladder irrigation monitoring and control system: Development and preliminary assessment

Abstract Objectives: To design an intelligent continuous bladder irrigation monitoring and control system and preliminarily assess its sensitivity of the early warning of flushing anomalies. Methods: According to the principle of bladder irrigation, an intelligent continuous bladder irrigation monitoring and control system was designed. The Amesim fluid simulation software was used to establish a parameterized simulation model for the bladder perfusion process and simulate the dynamic changes of bladder pressure and volume under different perfusion speeds to assess the sensitivity of the early warning of flushing anomalies. Results: The intelligent system consisted of 3 parts: the monitoring part (a flushing fluid inlet flow monitoring device, a flushing fluid outlet flow monitoring device, and a flushing fluid outlet color recognition sensor), the transition part (a control motherboard), and the regulation part (an alarm device, an electric control device for flushing fluid input speed, and a squeezing device for flushing waste fluid line). The data of the parameterized simulation model for the bladder perfusion process suggested that the sensitivity of the system was acceptable. Conclusion: The intelligent bladder irrigation system can automatically detect, report, and resolve signal abnormalities, thereby achieving the closed-loop management of bladder irrigation. The intelligent system might be used in clinical settings to reduce the burdens of nurses and promote patients’ recovery.

Exploring the Application of PLC Technology in Mechanical Electrical Control Devices

China's industrial sector has made great progress after years of development, and the field of science and technology has promoted the rapid growth of the industrial economy through technological upgrading. In the face of the new situation of social development, the previous manual mode of operation can no longer meet the development of the times, so it is necessary to make innovations in machinery manufacturing. Taking industrial production as an example, PLC technology is a new type of technology that can greatly improve the efficiency of industrial production and enhance the productivity of enterprises, thus solving the problems of production relations and productivity. It can be seen that in the future development stage PLC technology can get better development, especially in the field of electrical control using PLC technology, can improve the safety of electrical control devices, but also in the automation level, the level of efficiency has a good role in promoting. This article will focus on the application status of PLC technology, and a detailed description of mechanical electrical control. The impact of this technology on mechanical electrical control will be analyzed, focusing on existing control systems, such as FCS systems and DCS systems, which are the more common types of control systems today. Finally, the specific application areas of the technology in the mechanical electrical control system are analyzed, such as the basic control system of the DCS system and the integrated control system. During the application of the above content will be affected by a variety of variable factors, around which the analysis can be carried out to improve the automation level of mechanical electrical control devices.

Analysis of a Novel Proposal Using Temperature and Efficiency to Prevent Fires in Photovoltaic Energy Systems

Fires in photovoltaic (PV) electrical systems are a real and serious problem because this phenomenon can have severe consequences for the safety of people and the environment. In some cases, fires result from a lack of maintenance or improper installation of PV modules. It is essential to consider prevention and continuous monitoring of the electrical parameters to minimize these risks, as these factors increase the temperature of the photovoltaic modules. The use of thermal analysis techniques can prevent hotspots and fires in photovoltaic systems; these techniques allow detecting and correcting problems in the installation, such as shadows, dirt, and poor-quality connections in PVs. This paper presents a case study of the implementation of thermal analysis in an installation of photovoltaic modules connected to a solar pumping system to identify the formation of hotspots through thermal images using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Here, a novel methodology is proposed based on the comparison of temperature increases concerning the values of short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and real efficiency of each PV module. In addition, an electrical safety methodology is proposed to design a photovoltaic system that prevents fires caused by hotspots, contemplating critical parameters such as photovoltaic power, number of photovoltaic modules, DC:AC conversion ratio, electrical conductor selection, control devices, and electrical protection; the performance power expected was obtained using standard power test conditions, including irradiance factor, photovoltaic module (PVM) temperature factor, and power reduction factor.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE AT LABORATORY STAND „LIGHTS CONTROL ON THE BASIS OF PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONROLLER”

The article is concerned with the issues of practical utilization of controllers for automation in various technical fields as example Mitsubishi controllers of MELSEC FX1N and FX3U series. Any task, which requires the utilization of electrical control devices, is easy to solve by means of usage of programmable logic controllers. By using software with controllers programming package GX Developer, user has the possibility to program the controller or input changes into existing program. The Laboratory Stand was developed for effective learning of controller programming in LD language.

Інтелектуальна діагностика електричних мереж

As follows from the conducted analysis [1-2], artificial intelligence has a great impact on modern energy as a whole, and it has also reached the electric power sector, especially "intelligent" networks with a high degree of automation, which closely interact with renewable energy sources. Here, artificial intelligence has gained widespread use in order to predict the level of illumination of a photovoltaic panel and estimate the output power of solar power plants. Considering the fact that artificial intelligence is a powerful and popular tool that is widely used in renewable energy (in particular, in photovoltaic), it is important to understand to what extent this tool can be used when creating a forecast of the generation of electrical energy at the output of a photovoltaic plant. It is becoming clear that with the help of artificial intelligence, it is necessary to increase both energy efficiency and accuracy values in the power grid, since electronic computing machines can process more data than an operator can in a given time period. When diagnosing the quality of electrical energy in a photovoltaic plant, it is important to observe certain provisions, namely: - adequate, for a specific task, the time of control. As a rule, this parameter must be installed in the system in advance; – determination of the number of electrical equipment and/or power system nodes for monitoring; – assignment of the limit level of parameters for measurement; – the choice of the method for performing the analysis of the measured data; – choosing the type and location for saving the received data, also here it is worth providing for compatibility with other devices in the electrical network, for example, control or signaling devices. In order to indicate the main tasks for the diagnostics system in the photovoltaic plant, which will include artificial intelligence, a structural diagram was created that indicates what tasks must be done in each link of the electrical network. It is worth noting that the structure of the diagnostic system can be divided into several components according to their physical location in the system under study. So, for example, sensors are responsible for all data collection in the power grid. Of greater interest are the links that perform monitoring in the power grid, as well as develop conclusions based on the conducted monitoring and accumulate databases for decision-making. An artificial neural network is responsible for fulfilling these requirements, and its data set for training and retraining can serve as a database.

Discussion on the Application of PLC Technology in Mechanical and Electrical Control Device

Discussion on the Application of PLC Technology in Mechanical and Electrical Control Device

Real-Time ML-Assisted Hardware-in-the-Loop Electro-Thermal Emulation of LVDC Microgrid on the International Space Station

For being the world’s largest low voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrid (MG) in space, the power generation and distribution systems aboard the International Space Station (ISS) employ a hierarchical assortment of electric power sources, energy storage, control devices, power electronics, and loads operating cooperatively at multifarious system dispositions and multi-stage configurations. At the early phase of design, for such time-critical systems, the trade-off between reliability and convergence rate of device modeling, varying accuracy requirements of control flows, and especially the implementation for real-time performance have brought new challenges and problems for testing and validation of the MG. One of the solutions presented by this paper is to use the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) emulation, where the MG is emulated using the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware platform. In parallel with the emulation effort, comprehensive modeling solutions for both large-scale photovoltaic (PV) solar array wings (SAWs) and nonlinear behavior model (NBM) of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) have been utilized based on machine learning (ML) concepts of artificial neural network (ANN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Both system-level (validated by Matlab/Simulink) and device-level (validated by SaberRD) transient simulations are carried out, and the results exhibit high accuracy and fidelity of the models and significant improvements in execution speed and hardware resource consumption.

Design and research on intelligent ventilation system of ship cargo hold

Ventilation in the cargo hold of ships, which can adjust the temperature and humidity in the cargo hold, is a necessary measure to ensure the safety of maritime cargo. Traditional ship cargo hold ventilation includes natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Its ventilation effect is limited, which often leads to cargo damage accidents such as mildew of the cargo in the cabin. Based on the research of intelligent cargo hold ventilation technology, this paper proposes a design scheme of ship cargo hold ventilation system. The ventilation system includes a system platform and electrical connection elements supported by the system platform. Among them, the system platform is electrically connected to the concentrator, the concentrator is electrically connected to several collectors and electric control devices, the collector is electrically connected to several collection nodes, and the electric control device is electrically connected to the ventilation device. The collection nodes of the ventilation system, including temperature and humidity sensors, air pressure sensors, and wind speed and direction sensors, are installed in the cargo hold of the ship. The collection nodes are evenly distributed in multiple locations in the cargo hold of the ship, effectively monitoring the temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction of the cargo hold of the ship, and transmitting it to the system platform through collectors and concentrators to realize real-time monitoring. According to the setting of different environmental standard values, it can automatically complete the startup, shutdown and reverse operation of the wind turbines in different positions, making the system more accurate in monitoring the environment of the ship’s cargo hold, effectively reducing cargo damage, ensuring the safety and economy of maritime freight, and It can more effectively save energy, reduce carbon emissions, protect the environment, and make the system more practical.

อุปกรณ์ช่วยสำหรับกิจวัตรประจำวันในผู้สูงอายุหลังกระดูกสะโพกหัก

กระดูกสะโพกหักเป็นภาวะกระดูกหักที่พบได้บ่อยในผู้สูงอายุ หลังได้รับการผ่าตัด ผู้สูงอายุจะมีข้อจำกัดในการทำกิจกรรมต่าง ๆโดยเฉพาะการทำกิจวัตรประจำวัน ส่งผลให้ผู้สูงอายุและผู้ดูแลเกิดความเครียดและวิตกกังวล การฟื้นฟูทางกิจกรรมบำบัดในผู้ป่วยกลุ่มนี้จะแนะนำการใช้อุปกรณ์ดัดแปลงเพื่อช่วยเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพในการทำกิจวัตรประจำวันด้วยตนเองหลังจากการผ่าตัด โดยช่วยให้มีการจัดท่าทางที่ถูกต้องและลดการเคลื่อนหลุดของกระดูกสะโพกเนื่องจากการเคลื่อนไหวในท่าที่ไม่เหมาะสม บทความนี้จึงนำเสนอแนวทางในการนำอุปกรณ์ดัดแปลงแบบต่าง ๆ มาใช้ในการทำกิจวัตรประจำวันในผู้สูงอายุหลังกระดูกสะโพกหัก ซึ่งอุปกรณ์ดัดแปลงเหล่านี้มีทั้งแบบที่มีจำหน่ายทั่วไปหรืออาจทำจากวัสดุที่มีจำหน่ายในท้องตลาด โดยผู้เรียบเรียงบทความได้อธิบายถึงวิธีการประดิษฐ์อุปกรณ์บางชนิด เพื่อให้ผู้ที่สนใจสามารถจัดหาและนำมาประดิษฐ์ได้ด้วยตนเองต่อไป

Investigation of the combustion behaviors and kinetic modelling of municipal solid waste char under isothermal conditions using a micro-fluidized bed

Approaches to the accurate measurement of combustion kinetics are essential for the numerical simulation, reactor design and process optimization of MSW-fired systems. The micro-fluidized bed reaction analyzer (MFBRA), which consisted of a micro-fluidized bed reactor and electrical control devices, was applied in the investigation of the combustion behaviors and kinetic modelling of noodles char (NC) and bamboo chopsticks char (BC). And the kinetics obtained from the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) were compared. The results indicated that the TGA might not fully meet the requirement for kinetic study of MSW char combustion due to the temperature deviation and prolonged testing time. Besides, the lower activation energy suggested insufficient heat and mass transfer in TGA. The combustion rate was strongly temperature dependent in MFBRA and BC exhibited around two times higher reactivity than NC. The combustion behavior would transfer from chemically controlled regime into pore diffusion controlled regime at 973 K for NC, and 923 K for BC. Volumetric reaction model (VRM) would overestimate the combustion rate due to the active surface variation during combustion. In contrast, random pore model (RPM) could well predict the conversion process for both samples at high temperatures, which might correspond to the pore enlargement and coalescence. The obtained activation energies of NC and BC combustion in the chemically controlled regime were 56.12 and 48.73 kJ/mol, respectively. Therefore, elevating the oxygen partial pressure and increasing the feeding rate were feasible ways for acquiring fast combustion rate of MSW char as a result of good reactivity in industrial applications.

Research on Electric Control Device of Hybrid Energy in Household Air Conditioning

Hvac energy consumption is the construction of large energy consumption, in order to realize building energy conservation to reduce the energy consumption of hvac operation, through the research by a thin film solar battery, connecting wires, charge and discharge controller, the electric control board outdoor, indoor machine electric control box, electronic circuit control board, switch and battery of household air conditioning hybrid energy electrical control devices, When it is sunny, the direct current generated by the solar cell group is directly supplied to the indoor unit. When it is cloudy, it is switched to the power supply to the indoor unit, forming a hybrid power supply mode for complementary use, which can effectively reduce the electric energy consumed by the operation of HVAC and realize energy saving in the operation of HVAC.

Aspects of structural, optical properties, and relaxation in (BiFeO3 or NaTiO3)–PMMA: Hybrid films for dielectric applications

Perovskite–polymer hybrids are fascinating materials combining improved physical properties with a flexibility that make them very suitable for electric and optoelectronic devices and applications. In the present work, nano-sized BiFeO3 and NaTiO3 were mixed with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by solution casting to obtain transparent nanocomposite films. The structural properties, interactions between the film constituents as well as film thickness were evaluated by using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy–dispersive spectroscopy. The composite films were nonporous of semicrystalline nature. The NaTiO3 interacted strongly with PMMA molecules than BiFeO3. Nano-filler incorporation narrowed the optical bandgap significantly while maintaining a reasonably high transmittance. The dielectric constant of composite films was higher than that of pure polymer maintaining a low dielectric loss. The effect of these perovskites on the dielectric modulus, relaxation, and ac conductivity were discussed. The prepared composites are suitable for integral thin film capacitors, electric stress control devices, and bio-engineering systems.

Electro-elastic response of cylindrical sandwich pressure vessels with porous core and piezoelectric face-sheets

This work applies the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) to study of the electro-elastic behavior of cylindrical sandwich pressure vessels with porous core and piezoelectric face-sheets, immersed in a Pasternak foundation. The core material is made of aluminum, whose effective properties are strictly related to different distributions of porosity. The governing equations of the problem are derived from the principle of virtual work and they are solved as a classical eigen-problem under the assumption of clamped-supported boundary conditions. A large parametric investigation aims at showing the influence of some meaningful parameters on the electro-elastic response of the structure, such as the type of distribution and the coefficient of porosity, as well as the Pasternak foundation coefficients. Based on the numerical results, we verify a general increase in deformability for increasing coefficients of porosity, and foundation coefficients. Our outcomes represent a key point for the design purposes, where the optimal performances of the structure are mainly related to a correct selection of the input structural parameters and surrounding environment. For engineering applications as electrical actuators, rollers, or control devices, an interesting control in deflection of the structure is here pursued by tuning the applied electrical potential.

Abstract WP469: The Effect of Different Doses of Remote Ischemic Conditioning on Patients’ Comfort

Objective: This study aimed to provide a basis for the clinical application of the remotic ischemic conditioning (RIC) by comparing two commonly used doses with the Visual Analogue Scale. Methods: From June to August 2017, 80 healthy adults who were working at the hospital were enrolled in the study. According to the order of enrollment, they were randomly divided into 2 groups by random number method, with 40 subjects in Group1 and Group 2 respectively. The procedure for Group 1 consisted of 3 cycles of simultaneous bilateral upper arm ischemia for 3 minutes followed by reperfusion for another 3 minutes. The procedure was performed by using an electric auto control device with cuffs that inflated to a pressure of 200 mm Hg during the ischemic period. The procedure for Group 2 consisted of 5 cycles of simultaneous bilateral upper arm ischemia for 5 minutes followed by reperfusion for another 5 minutes with same pressure. At the same time, the differences of comfort visual analogue scales in the whole process of remote ischemia were observed. Results: The two groups were similar in the age, sex, BMI, and pre-test blood pressure (P0. 05). The comfort of group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 during the whole observation period(P0. 05. Conclusions: Subjective comfort was different for subjects with different RIC treatment doses. Subjects with shorter training durations had higher comfort, while higher comfort levels might improve the patient's compliance with RIC treatment.

Принципы построения трансформаторных датчиков для измерения постоянных, переменных и импульсных токов

Power electronics includes a number of key elements without which it is impossible to construct static electric energy converters. A current sensor is one of such elements. An ideal current sensor must have a number of features: it must provide galvanic isolation; it must have good linearity, and it must be able to operate in a wide range of temperatures. It must be able to measure direct, alternating, and impulse current with arbitrary shape, and have the maximally wide pass band. The most widely used technologies do not make it possible to construct a device that would satisfy all these requirements. In this connection, it is necessary to find alternative ways of solving this problem. The lack of domestically produced current sensors with galvanic isolation that are permitted for use in special-purpose devices and able to measure direct and alternating current with arbitrary shape is a state-scale problem. In addition, the task of ensuring the replacement of imported components for electric power control, conversion, and distribution devices has been set forth. The article proposes two versions of transformer current sensors, presents the functional diagrams, computer models, and simulation results confirming the correctness of the theoretical device operation principles.

<b>Improvement of the Lateral Ride Comfort on Railway Vehicles by Application of Pneumatic Actuators for Centering</b>

To improve the lateral ride comfort of vehicles, trials were conducted applying a pneumatic actuator with a displacement dependent control valve. The valve installed on the actuator rod controls the force generated by the actuator depending on the relative displacement between the vehicle body and the bogie. This control makes it possible to keep the vehicle body around the neutral position. The actuator was installed on a test vehicle. The results of the running tests show that the actuator has the ability to decrease impacts caused by collisions against the lateral bump stop. Reducing the impact leads to lower lateral vibrational acceleration of the vehicle, and thus, better ride comfort. The actuator can operate independently using only a compressed air supply, and therefore there is no need to equip the actuator with electrical sensors and control devices.

Flexible distributed control and protection system for industrial objects – Consumers of electric power

Problems of efficient use of electric power and energy saving remain to be outstanding in our country. Implementation of smart systems for accounting and control of energy resources becomes the efficient solution of these problems. The problem of control and forecasting consumption of energy by the facility to cover internal needs represents an independent task. In general, systems are suggested which pertain to the control and accounting of energy resources supplied to the consumer of electric power. Approach to the development of system on the basis of concept of smart grids using dedicated complex of technical and software products allowing optimizing electric power expenditures, re-distributing electric power and promptly adjusting electric power grid characteristics is addressed in the present paper. Electric power supply control and monitoring devices receiving and transferring information to the server are installed in the places of connection of consumers to electric power supply grids. Server collects, accumulates and stores the information and is equipped with dedicated software allowing optimizing the load, preventing overloading and development of emergency situations within the electric power supply system. Such systems are suggested to be implemented by the facilities of nuclear industry.

Resonance Raman spectroscopy studies on photoinduced AgTCNQF4 charge transfer and its electrical switching behavior

The photoinduced charge transfer (CT) phenomenon of a metal–organic complex, Ag ion‐coordinated tetrafluorotetracyano‐p‐quinodimethane (AgTCNQF4), produced by a solution reaction of immersing an Ag deposited film into TCNQF4 acetonitrile solution, was studied by the resonance Raman spectroscopy. The produced AgTCNQF4 formed abundant crystalline microrods over the slide. The analysis of Raman results shows that the photoinduced CT in the AgTCNQF4 microrods possesses a light energy threshold that the excitation wavelengths should be shorter than 514 nm. And the complete degree of CT reaction from TCNQF4− to TCNQF42− accelerates with the irradiation energy increasing. A divalent metal–organic complex (Ag2TCNQF4) is produced as a result of the photoinduced electron transition of AgTCNQF4. The conductive‐atomic force microscope characterization of the AgTCNQF4 microrods proves that this metal–organic complex possesses the reversible electrical bistable switching property. This study is of significance in deeper understanding the electrical and optical properties of such kinds of metal–organic CT complexes and promoting the promising application potential based on the light and electric dual control devices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Simple Structure Passive MPPT Standalone Wind Turbine Generator System

Variable-speed wind turbines are commonly used in stand-alone wind turbine generator systems (SWTGS). Therefore, achieving maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at different wind speeds for variable-speed wind turbines is the key to increase the annual energy yield of SWTGS [1-3]. Many MPPT methods have been proposed. Such methods can be classified into two types: the power signal feedback (PSF) method and the hill-climbing searching (HCS) method[4-8]. Although these methods differ, they have a common property: all rely on a DC/DC converter or some other electrical control device. Given that SWTGS are typically used outdoors, high reliability is necessary. However, the electronic components contained in the electrical control device are highly likely to break down when exposed to extreme weathers, thereby resulting in the low reliability of SWTGS for outdoor use. Conventional MPPT methods fail to overcome this drawback. Thus, a change in perspective is necessary to find a highly optimal MPPT solution. This study proposes a simple structure passive MPPT SWTGS. A natural characteristic of the system input power versus rotor speed curve is that it approaches the maximum power point (MPP) curve of the matching wind turbine. This feature enables the proposed system to track the MPP automatically without relying on any electrical control device. Therefore, the proposed system eliminates hundreds of electronic components found in these control devices, thereby resulting in high reliability. Another significant advantage of this new system is that the new permanent magnet generator contained in the proposed system has a highly simple structure, similar to that of conventional generators. Therefore, the proposed system is easy to manufacture and thus presents a practical solution.