Electric Vehicle System Research Articles

Experimental investigation on dynamic wireless charging system for electric vehicles using different shape coils

ABSTRACT A dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) charging system is a technology that enables the wireless transfer of electrical energy from a power source to a device or vehicle that needs to be charged. The present study aims to investigate the effect of different coil shapes and a number of coil turns on the performance of the DWPT charging system. An experimental investigation was carried out with different types of coil shapes, such as circular, pentagon, square, rhombus, triangle, and hexagon coils. The voltage, efficiency, and charging capacity were measured with different coil shapes for different distances and number of turns. Experimental results showed that as the number of turns increases in the coils, the voltage increases moderately for all the shapes of the coils. From the experimental analysis observed that, at 16 turns of the coil, the circular coil showed higher voltage (15.03 volts) than the other coil shapes. As the number of coils increases, the voltage increases for all the test coils. From the test analysis, it was observed that number of turns and coil shapes had a significant impact on the voltage output, efficiency and charging capacity.

Monarch butterfly optimization based energy management system for electric vehicle with interleaved landsman converter

The toxic emissions from combustion engine cars and businesses using fossil fuels have steadily increased over time in today's world of expanding needs and urbanization. Due to some advantages over vehicles with traditional engines, using electric vehicles is the most well-liked and successful alternative. The performance of electric cars is significantly influenced by an energy management system (EMS). In this study, a multifunctional power electronic interface capable of using two sources simultaneously throughout the charging process monarch butterfly optimization (MBO) based EMS for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEV) has been developed. The battery can be charged from the grid or solar photovoltaic (SPV), depending on the need. This study designs an electric vehicle (EV) charging system that uses an interleaved landsman converter followed by a flyback converter. As a result, the suggested converter helps in improving battery safety as well as user safety for the vehicle. The proposed control technique is simulated using system models created with MATLAB/Simulink. The outcomes of the simulation demonstrate that the devised technique offers better control in terms of vehicle stability. A number of simulations are run to evaluate the efficiency and performance of the proposed approach.

Implementasi Sistem Keamanan Kendaraan Bermotor Menggunakan GPS Berbasis IoT

<p><em>Rapid technological advancements have driven the development of Internet of Things (IoT)-based products, enabling communication between devices via the internet network. Currently, motor vehicle security system is typically performed in a manual manner, such as through the use of steering locks, chains, or wheel locks. This research aims to design and implement an IoT-based vehicle security system that can be controlled automatically. The system integrates hardware components, such as NodeMCU, relays, GPS modules, and fingerprint sensors, with software including Arduino sketch and the Blynk application. The test results show that the system can generate key data, including control range, follow-up to disconnect the vehicle's electrical system, and vehicle location tracking in the form of coordinates accessible through the Maps application. The research resulted in a security system that can be accessed through two methods: close-range using a fingerprint sensor as a replacement for traditional keys, and remotely through the Blynk application connected to IoT technology.</em></p><p> </p><p> </p>

A New Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle Drive System

In this paper, a new Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) for Electric Vehicle (EV) drive systems is proposed to increase their battery lifespan, with the potential to meet peak power demands without heavily straining the batteries. The developed feedback control circuit works as a controller to maintain the voltage of the Supercapacitor (SC) at a value higher than the battery voltage during the high acceleration periods of the driving cycle, creating a relatively constant load profile for the battery. The battery is not used to directly harvest energy from the regenerative braking, being, thus, isolated from frequent charges during high acceleration/deceleration periods, which increases its lifespan. The simulation results demonstrate HESS's effectiveness in significantly reducing battery discharge/charge rates compared to a standalone system.

Improving efficiency of wireless charging system in electric vehicle using a hybrid ultracapacitor-battery energy storage approach

This research aims to enhance the efficiency of wireless charging systems in electric vehicles by integrating a hybrid ultracapacitor-battery energy storage solution. Traditional standalone battery-based energy storage systems in wireless charging often face sub-optimal charging efficiency, resulting in extended charging times and reduced energy transfer efficiency. To address this limitation, we propose a hybrid approach that combines the rapid charging capability of ultracapacitor (supercapacitor) with the long-term storage capacity of batteries. The optimal charging range is 0 cm to 2 cm, and the combined output voltage and current are 5 V to 12 V and 0.63 A, respectively. This hybrid energy storage system will significantly boost electric vehicles (EVs) charging efficiency. Our research involves experimental evaluation and data analysis to assess crucial parameters, including charging efficiency, energy transfer efficiency, and charging time. The experimental results are validated and compared against existing battery-only systems, shedding light on the advantages and limitations of the hybrid approach. This study contributes to the optimization of wireless charging systems, enhancing energy transfer efficiency, and promoting the broader adoption of wireless charging technology in electric vehicles.

Corrigendum to “A critical review of battery cell balancing techniques, optimal design, converter topologies, and performance evaluation for optimizing storage system in electric vehicles” [Energy Rep. 11 (2024) 4999–5032

Corrigendum to “A critical review of battery cell balancing techniques, optimal design, converter topologies, and performance evaluation for optimizing storage system in electric vehicles” [Energy Rep. 11 (2024) 4999–5032

A Wide-Range Global Optimal Control Strategy for Wireless Charging Systems in Electric Vehicles

A Wide-Range Global Optimal Control Strategy for Wireless Charging Systems in Electric Vehicles

Control Design of Fractional Multivariable Grey Model-Based Fast Terminal Attractor for High Efficiency Pure Sine Wave Inverters in Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a fast and efficient control method is proposed for a pure sine wave inverter used in an electric vehicle system, which can provide better performance under transient and steady-state conditions. The proposed control technique consists of a fast terminal attractor (FTA) and a fractional multivariable grey model (FMGM). The FTA with finite time convergence offers a faster convergence rate of the system state and a singularity-free solution. However, if the uncertain system boundaries are overestimated or underestimated, chatter/steady-state errors can occur during the FTA, which can lead to significant harmonic distortion at the output of the pure sine wave inverter. A computationally efficient FMGM is incorporated into the FTA to solve the chatter/steady-state error problem when an uncertain estimate of the system boundary cannot be satisfied. Simulation results show that the proposed control technique exhibits low total harmonic distortion. Experimental results of a prototype pure sine wave inverter are presented to support the results of the simulation and mathematical analysis. Since the proposed pure sine wave inverter outperforms the classical TA (terminal attractor)-controlled pure sine wave inverter in terms of convergence speed, computational efficiency, and harmonic distortion elimination, this paper will serve as a useful reference for electric vehicle systems.

Battery charging system for electric vehicle

Selecting the appropriate charger for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for enhancing performance, with non-isolated DC-DC converters playing a significant role in charging EV batteries. The efficient conversion of input power into output as per the requirement is main perspective in the design of DC-DC converters. This paper delves into the landscape of non-isolated DC-DC converters utilized in EV charging, emphasizing their pivotal role. Additionally, it introduces a novel approach by incorporating machine learning-based pulse width modulation (PWM) control for the buck DC-DC converter. By integrating machine learning algorithms into the control scheme, the efficiency and performance of the charging system can be greatly enhanced, resulting in improved overall EV operation. This innovative application of machine learning not only optimizes charging efficiency but also enables adaptability to varying input/output conditions, ultimately leading to more efficient and effective charging processes for EVs.

Prognostic of lithium-ion batteries using a combination of physical modeling and hybrid multi-layer perceptron particle filter

With the European Union legislative push to phase out internal combustion engines by 2035, the demand for electric vehicles and efficient energy storage solutions, particularly lithium-ion batteries, is set to rise. Addressing this demand necessitates both the optimization of battery lifespan and the development of robust methodologies for real-time assessment of state of health and prediction of remaining useful life. This study introduces a novel hybrid grey-box prognostic and health management framework that combines a physical battery model with a multi-layer perceptron particle filter (MLP-PF) for real-time estimation of degradation parameters. The approach leverages an electrochemical model developed in Modelica to simulate battery voltage and track degradation parameters, thereby capturing the battery dynamic behavior over time. By integrating a data-driven MLP-PF, this method adapts the physical degradation parameters, ensuring ongoing and precise estimation of remaining useful life. Experimental validation, in terms of accuracy and confidence interval coverage, confirms the framework capability in prediction and relative quantification of uncertainties. These results underscore the framework practical utility for battery management systems in electric vehicles, providing an adaptable and accurate tool for decision-makers in battery maintenance and replacement.

Analysis of the Thermal Runaway Mitigation Performances of Dielectric Fluids During Overcharge Abuse Tests of Lithium-Ion Cells with Lithium Titanate Oxide Anodes

Lithium titanate oxide cells are gaining attention in electric vehicle applications due to their ability to support high-current charging and their enhanced thermal stability. However, despite these advantages, safety concerns, particularly thermal runaway, pose significant challenges during abuse conditions such as overcharging. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of various dielectric fluids in mitigating thermal runaway during overcharge abuse tests of cylindrical LTO cells with a capacity of 10 Ah. The experimental campaign focused on overcharging fully charged cells (starting at 100% State of Charge) at a current of 40A (4C). The tests were conducted under two conditions: the first benchmark test involved a cell exposed to air, while the subsequent tests involved cells submerged in different dielectric fluids. These fluids included two perfluoropolyether fluorinated fluids (PFPEs) with boiling points of 170 °C and 270 °C, respectively, a synthetic ester, and a silicone oil. The results were analyzed to determine the fluids’ ability to delay possible thermal runaway and prevent catastrophic failures. The findings demonstrate that some dielectric fluids can delay thermal runaway, with one fluid showing superior performance with respect to the others in preventing fire during thermal runaway. The top-performing fluid was further evaluated in a simulated battery pack environment, confirming its ability to mitigate thermal runaway risks. These results provide important insights for improving the safety of battery systems in electric vehicles.

Modular multilevel converter-based hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles: Design, simulation, and performance evaluation

ABSTRACT Electric vehicles (EVs) are critical to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing sustainable transportation. This study develops a Modular Multilevel Converter-based Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) integrating lithium-ion batteries (BT) and supercapacitors (SC) to enhance energy management and EV performance. A control strategy equalizes voltage across SC modules, achieving deviations within 1% of reference values, while optimizing energy transfer for peak demands. Simulations using PSIM software demonstrate a 12% improvement in energy efficiency and a 15% enhancement in dynamic response compared to battery-only systems. The optimized energy flow extends battery life by 20%, reducing overall ownership costs. Evaluations under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) validate the system’s performance, with recorded energy efficiencies of 87% for urban driving, 89% for suburban conditions, and 92% for highways. Supercapacitor modules respond to peak demands within 0.8 seconds, delivering a maximum current of 170 A during acceleration. This innovative approach ensures balanced energy distribution, reduces voltage fluctuations, and increases overall system robustness. Future work will focus on experimental validation under real-world conditions and integrating advanced SC materials to enhance performance. This work bridges a critical gap in energy storage systems for EVs, contributing to cleaner transportation solutions and aligning with global sustainability goals.

Redundancy Allocation Problem for a Continuous‐State Series‐Parallel System With Degrading Components: Electric Vehicle Application

ABSTRACTSystem reliability is a critical factor in designing complex engineering systems. Redundancy allocation problem (RAP) has attracted more interest owing to its wide scope of industrial applications for system reliability optimization. RAPs for binary‐state and multistate systems have been extensively studied. However, the redundancy allocation for continuous‐state systems composed of degrading components has not yet been fully explored. This study attempts to build the RAP for the continuous‐state parallel‐series system consisting of identical, independent, and nonrepairable components under active and cold‐standby redundancy strategies. The degradation of individual components in a system is continuous and modeled by the gamma process. The degradation at the system level is derived according to a deterministic structure function that relates the system degradation to the degradation of its components. Genetic algorithm and exhaustive search method are used to find the cost‐optimal redundancy design while satisfying a system reliability requirement. Series‐parallel lithium‐ion battery pack systems for electric vehicles (EVs) are used as an illustrative example to validate the proposed RAP and optimization model.

Experimental study on heat transfer performance of mesh-type ultra-thin vapor chamber for large-area pouch battery

Ultra-thin vapor chambers (UTVCs) with high heat transfer characteristics in tight spaces are ideal for the heat dissipation needs of compact, high-energy-density battery systems for electric vehicles (EVs). This has also led to the expansion of the UTVC area to accommodate the battery size. In this study, a large-area (197 mm × 215 mm) UTVC with cost-effective flat meshes as the internal structure was designed for LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 (NCM) pouch battery. Different from traditional mesh-type UTVCs, the vapor core is designed with multiple partially-through vapor channels to reduce vapor flow resistance. Experimental methods were used to investigate the impact of the UTVC placement and the position of the vapor channel in the vapor core on the heat transfer performance, as well as to examine the actual heat dissipation effect on the battery. The results show that gravity affects the performance of UTVC through placement. The UTVC under gravity-assisted placement has an advantage in both heat transfer performance and maximum heat dissipation power, reaching 0.142 °C/W and 144 W, respectively. And it is beneficial to reduce the thermal resistance of the UTVC by locating the vapor channel deeper into the evaporation section. The heat dissipation of the large-area battery by UTVC reduces the maximum temperature of the battery at the rate of 2.4C charging and 3C discharging by 22.3 and 23.8 °C, and the temperature difference is reduced by 62.31 % and 67 %, respectively.

CFD-based unsteady simulation and performance analysis of scroll compressor

The scroll compressor is an essential part of the heat pump air conditioning system in electric vehicles, with its performance and efficiency having a significant impact on the vehicle's range. This paper employs a combination of experimental and numerical simulations (using the dynamic mesh method) to study the scroll compressor in electric vehicles, exploring the effects of rotational speed and pressure ratio on compressor performance. The results reveal a significantly uneven temperature distribution across the chambers, primarily due to tangential leakage, which results in elevated temperatures in the central areas of the chambers and reduced temperatures near the meshing points. As the rotational speed increases, both the mass flow rate and the isentropic efficiency of the scroll compressor rise, whereas the discharge temperature declines; notably, discharge temperature drops by an average of 1.6 % for 600 r·min-1 increase in rotational speed. For each unit increase in the pressure ratio, the discharge temperature increases by an average of 12.22 K, while the mass flow rate decreases by 7.95 %. The study also shows that the isentropic efficiency initially rises with increasing pressure ratio, reaching a maximum of 67.06 % before starting to decline. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance characteristics of scroll compressors and offer theoretical support for optimizing compressor efficiency in practical applications.

Research progress on efficient battery thermal management system (BTMs) for electric vehicles using composite phase change materials with liquid cooling and nanoadditives

Research progress on efficient battery thermal management system (BTMs) for electric vehicles using composite phase change materials with liquid cooling and nanoadditives

Adaptive Joint Sigma-Point Kalman Filtering for Lithium-Ion Battery Parameters and State-of-Charge Estimation

Precise modeling and state of charge (SoC) estimation of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) are crucial for the safety and longevity of battery systems in electric vehicles. Traditional methods often fail to adapt to the dynamic, nonlinear, and time-varying behavior of LIBs under different operating conditions. In this paper, an advanced joint estimation approach of the model parameters and SoC is proposed utilizing an enhanced Sigma Point Kalman Filter (SPKF). Based on the second-order equivalent circuit model (2RC-ECM), the proposed approach was compared to the two most widely used methods for simultaneously estimating the model parameters and SoC, including a hybrid recursive least square (RLS)-extended Kalman filter (EKF) method, and simple joint SPKF. The proposed adaptive joint SPKF (ASPKF) method addresses the limitations of both the RLS+EKF and simple joint SPKF, especially under dynamic operating conditions. By dynamically adjusting to changes in the battery’s characteristics, the method significantly enhances model accuracy and performance. The results demonstrate the robustness, computational efficiency, and reliability of the proposed ASPKF approach compared to traditional methods, making it an ideal solution for battery management systems (BMS) in modern EVs.

Design and dynamic analysis of a novel scroll compressor-expander unit for the CO2 air conditioning system in electric vehicles

Design and dynamic analysis of a novel scroll compressor-expander unit for the CO2 air conditioning system in electric vehicles

A comprehensive scheme for power management of FC/SC/battery, and solar-roof PV source in electric vehicle systems

This paper proposes a new energy management system to combine Fuel Cells (FC) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary power sources. Also, battery and Super Capacitor (SC) banks are considered as secondary energy systems. The high power density and the fast dynamics of SCs combined with the high energy density and medium dynamics of batteries would be an ideal combination for FC vehicles. The high step-up DC/DC converter is used along with the implementation of the maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) to adapt the low power of PV panels with the high power of DC-Link. Also, an evolutionary optimization algorithm is proposed along with the FOPI controller to improve the output of the energy management algorithm and control the sources more efficiently. The simulation results are validated for a standard urban driving cycle. It indicates for the case of the sustained presence of a PV source during a typical driving cycle, the source delivers about 55% of its maximum power.

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of a ⊥-shaped Oscillating Heat Pipe Used in the Battery Thermal Management System

This paper introduces a ⊥-shaped oscillating heat pipe (OHP) with the purpose of improving the volumetric utilization of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) for electric vehicles. Distinguished from standard OHP structures, the evaporator and condenser sections of the ⊥-shaped OHP are oriented vertically in spatial arrangement. Experimental investigations were conducted on two types of ⊥-shaped OHPs and a standard OHP, employing filling ratios from 13.1% to 32.6%, working fluid mixtures of acetone with methanol, ethanol, and water, and thermal loads from 10 to 100W. The results indicate that all the OHPs with an acetone filling ratio of 19.6% exhibit minimum thermal resistance at 30W. When employing mixed working fluids, the acetone-ethanol and acetone-methanol combinations display the least and most temperature fluctuations, respectively. The OHP with mixed working fluids achieves no more improved thermal performance than the use of acetone. As the heating power increases, the operational stability of the ⊥-type OHP improves, however, the trend is opposite for the R-⊥-type OHP. In comparison to the standard OHP, the ⊥-type OHP demonstrates stronger oscillation stability at 100W and achieves a 3.3°C lower maximum temperature on the heat collector plate.