Control Of Electric Power Systems Research Articles

Study of operating modes of the AION tanker electrical power system

THE PURPOSE. Consider the issue of automation of modern sea vessels with a high degree of electrification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical power system of the AION tanker to determine the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena during parallel operation of generator sets and methods for eliminating them. METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power system and automatic control devices of the AION tanker. Particular attention is paid to the study of systems that ensure the production and distribution of electrical energy between consumers. The widespread use of modern computer-based automatic control systems in ship power plants has been noted. The extensive possibilities for controlling a ship's electrical power plant in various daily or emergency situations are shown. The software and hardware of the ship's Power Management System allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel, oil and other important resources by automatically regulating the load on diesel generators, timing the supply of fuel to the cylinders, and controlling exhaust and starting valves. RESULTS. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, in which power exchange oscillations were recorded. The amplitude of power exchange oscillations reaches 40 % of the steady-state value, and their period is 600 - 800 ms, depending on the operating mode of the ship's electrical power system. During thecollection of these oscillograms, the ship's load is turned on and no starts or stops of any powerful consumers are made, that is, a quasi-steady process takes place. CONCLUSION. It is proposed to introduce a function for eliminating power exchange oscillations into the ship power plant control system. To implement it, it is necessary to add a block that receives information from all parallel operating diesel generator sets and adaptively adjusts the settings of the frequency regulators.

Fabrication of Electric Tricycle

The goal of the Electric Tricycle Project is to bring increased mobility to disabled persons in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Presently, hand-powered tricycles are used by many of the disabled in this community, but some current users of the hand-powered tricycles do not have the physical strength or coordination to propel themselves on the tricycle with their arms and hands. The aim of this project is to add an electric power train and control system to the current hand-powered tricycle to provide tricycle users with improved levels of mobility, facilitating freedom in travel and contribution to the community. The design objectives required a simple and affordable design for the power train and controls, a design that needed to be reliable, sustainable, and functional. In response to the request from an SIM missionary at the Handicap Center in Mahadaga, Burkina Faso, Dokimoi Ergatai (DE) committed to designing and supplying a kit to add electric motor power to the current tricycle design, and we, David Sandberg, Tolulope Ogundipe, and Daniel Dourte partnered with DE in their commitment. Our project was advised by Dr. Donald Pratt and Mr. John Meyer. Key Words: Burkina Faso, Electric Tricycle, Handicap Center, Mahadaga, David Sandberg, Tolulope Ogundipe.

Cascade controller design via controller synthesis for load frequency control of electrical power systems

Cascade controller design via controller synthesis for load frequency control of electrical power systems

Modeling of flexible AC transmission system devices and fuzzy controller for automatic generation control of electric vehicle-injected power system

The automatic generation control (AGC) is a paradigm topic of interest that is continuously evolving for adequate power generation control in the power system. In this proposed study, a fuzzy adapted PID (FPID) controller is assigned for the AGC of the hybrid power system in various electrical risks and hazards. The hybrid power system includes traditional thermal and hydroelectric facilities along with gas and nuclear power plants. Two FACTS components, the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and the interline power flow controller (IPFC), have been included in to the system to improve stability of the system. The proposed FPID controller is developed to its full potential using the newly developed teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) method. The TLBO technique's capability has been compared against a few common evolutionary strategies in order to demonstrate its superiority. It also shows how FPID controllers outperform traditional PID controllers. Investigations are also done on how IPFC and SMES might improve system stability performance. Owing to the outcome study, it is revealed that suggested TLBO-FPID, IPFC and SMES are most effective tool to advance the AGC mechanism. It is revealed from the outcomes that anticipated FPID controller reduces the settling time of area1 frequency (ΔF1) by 135.72 %, 428.58 % and 471.42 % over TLBO;PID, DE;PID and PSO;PI respectively. Finally, the proposed mechanisms are discussed with employing in electric vehicle integrated three-area distributed energy source-based power network to justify the efficacy of the proposed approaches.

Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber security in the control of electrical energy systems: A review

This article provides an assessment of the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the control of electrical energy power systems and its cybersecurity risks. Electrical energy systems are complex and critical infrastructures today, and effective management and control of these systems are of great importance. The use of IoT technology in electrical energy systems allows these systems to become more efficient, flexible, and intelligent. However, the use of this technology also brings various cyber security risks. While this article examines the applications of IoT in power systems, it also focuses on how these systems can be protected against cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Hierarchical Distributed Control of Modular Spacecraft Electrical Power System

Hierarchical Distributed Control of Modular Spacecraft Electrical Power System

Introduction to the Special Section on Control and Management of Electric Power Systems With High Shares of Inverter-Based Resources

Introduction to the Special Section on Control and Management of Electric Power Systems With High Shares of Inverter-Based Resources

Comparative Analysis of Various Controllers used for Automatic Generation Control in Electrical Power Systems

In the rapidly evolving landscape of power systems, achieving a stable and efficient Automatic Generation Control (AGC) remains paramount. The exigency for this research stems from the critical role AGC plays in maintaining frequency and power balance amidst dynamic system changes. The consequences of inadequacies in AGC manifest as frequency deviations, system instabilities, and potential blackouts, with widespread socio-economic implications for different use cases. Historically, various controllers have been proposed and implemented to address AGC challenges. However, existing methodologies have displayed inherent limitations. Predominant issues include lack of adaptability to non-linearities, slow response times, inability to cater to the multifaceted nature of modern power grids with renewable integrations, and susceptibility to uncertainties and disturbances. This comprehensive review delves deep into the spectrum of controllers available for AGC, encompassing conventional PI/PID controllers, robust controllers, adaptive controllers, intelligent controllers, and the more recent forays into neural network-based and fuzzy logic controllers. Each controller's salient features, operational dynamics, advantages, and shortcomings are meticulously dissected. Furthermore, this paper elucidates the contexts in which each controller type excels or is found wanting, providing invaluable guidance for system designers and operators. In essence, this review serves as a holistic compass for stakeholders involved in power system operation and design. It offers both a retrospective understanding and prospective insights, assisting decision-makers in choosing the most suitable controller for a given scenario. Whether one aims to optimize AGC for a traditional grid, a grid with high renewable penetration, or a hybrid system, this paper promises to be an indispensable reference for researchers.

Control strategy study and cascade control system design for space thermionic nuclear reactor

Nuclear reactors are gaining increasing attention for use in spacecraft owing to their long life and high power-density. Because the dynamic characteristics and operation strategy of a space nuclear reactor (SNR) are different from those of a traditional reactor, its control strategy must be investigated to design an appropriate control system. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of the time and frequency domains are analyzed. Based on this analysis, a control strategy is proposed. The cascade control method is applied to the design of control systems, including electric power and coolant temperature control systems. The controller parameters are tuned using the frequency-domain analysis method. To verify the control performance, step and ramp disturbances of the electric power and coolant temperature setpoints are introduced, and comprehensive comparisons are made. Additionally, the startup process is simulated; it reveals that the cascade control systems perform better compared with the traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. Moreover, the control performance of the wide-range power regulation is smooth and steady. Thus, the control strategy and cascade control system designed in this study can be applied to the thermionic nuclear reactors in space.

Ensuring energy balance for sudden demand changes in smart grids

With the increasing diversity in the use of electrical energy and the inclusion of renewable electricity power plants in the system, more efficient and more controllable electrical power systems are provided by smart grid technologies. Load balance based on pricing in electrical power systems; It is a strategy that takes into account customer demands, enables customers to use electrical energy at the most attractive price, and provides suppliers with the desired profit, that is, in summary, it coordinates the efficient operation of energy systems. In this study; While load balance is created with smart grid technology, demand-supply-price balance is achieved by using an optimum Fuzzy Logic PI controller within a closed-loop electric power control system model. Within the scope of the study, the simulation results obtained by applying 6 different demand scenarios to the power system model consisting of different types of generation resources were given graphically and analyzed. The different demand scenarios applied include difficult demand conditions such as possible sudden increase or decreases in demand in the electrical power system.

A Robust Stackelberg Game for Cyber-Security Investment in Networked Control Systems

We present a resource-planning game for cyber-security of networked control systems (NCSs). The NCS is assumed to be operating in closed loop using a linear state feedback <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -controller. A zero-sum, two-player Stackelberg game (SG) is developed between an attacker and a defender for this NCS. The attacker aims to disable communication of selected nodes and thereby render the feedback gain matrix to be sparse, leading to degradation of closed-loop performance, while the defender aims to prevent this loss by investing in the protection of targeted nodes. Both the players trade their <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -performance objectives for the costs of their actions. The standard backward induction (BI) method is modified to determine a cost-based Stackelberg equilibrium (CBSE) that saves the players’ costs without degrading the control performance. We analyze the dependence of a CBSE on the relative budgets of the players and on the node “importance” order. Moreover, a robust defense (RD) method is developed for the realistic case when the defender is not informed about the attacker’s resources. The proposed algorithms are validated using examples from wide-area control of electric power systems. It is demonstrated that reliable and RD is feasible unless the defender’s resources are severely limited relative to the attacker’s resources. We also show that the proposed methods are robust to time-varying model uncertainties and thus are suitable for long-term security investment in realistic NCSs. Finally, we use computationally efficient genetic algorithms (GAs) to compute the optimal strategies of the attacker and the defender in realistic large power systems.

A Framework Design to Improve the Operation Capability of Cyber Security for Electric Power Dispatching and Control Systems based on the Concept of SOC

Benefiting from the vision of the Security Operation Center (SOC), this paper proposes a construction plan for a cyber security operation center for the electric power dispatching and control system. This solution integrates and analyzes various data such as ledger database, knowledge database, and historical alarm database in the power dispatching and control system, and realizes the functions of alarm handling, risk assessment, and emergency response for the existing security management platform. Through the risk evaluation experiment, it is verified that our scheme has the function of overall interacted active security defense, and can effectively improve the cyber security risk resistance of the power dispatching and control system.

Contribution of the thermal inertia of trains to the primary frequency control of electric power systems

There is a wide consensus about substituting fossil fuel-based electric generation with renewable resource-based one. However, the displacement of conventional power plants with power electronics-interfaced plants implies several technical issues that must be addressed. Among these needs, providing ancillary services to electric power systems is fundamental to maintain power quality and system reliability. There is a considerable amount of literature about providing ancillary services from renewable power plants and an increasingly important effort to complement these services with loads. However, the contribution of railway systems to these services has been less explored. Considering the world-wide expansion of railway systems, it is appropriate to consider them as relevant contributors to ancillary services. The present work presents a novel approach to assess the possibilities of contribution of railways to grid primary frequency control based on the thermal inertia of trains. This approach aims at determining how railways can support frequency control tasks without affecting the circulation time of trains and thermal comfort of passengers. This paper proposes to act on the power consumption of the air conditioning system of trains as the way of making the train whole consumption responsive to frequency deviations. In addition, the paper proposes a methodology for analyzing the effectivity of the approach. It defines the extent of the modeling detail of railway and electric power system, and the coupling between them. To validate the feasibility, its application is illustrated with a case study. The results show that frequency deviations can be reduced without affecting passengers’ thermal comfort.

Development of a Smart Static Transfer Switch Based on a Triac Semiconductor for AC Power Switching Control

Power system disruptions can be categorized as issues with the quality of electricity brought on by voltage sags, lightning strikes, and other system-related interferences. The static transfer switch (STS) has recently emerged as the most important technology for electric power transmission, distribution, and control systems to manage power supply during power system disruption issues, particularly in cost-effectively supplying power to critical loads and sensitive loads without interruption. In this paper, for the switching between the two AC sources during the voltage disruptions issue with low transfer time, a smart static transfer switch (SSTS) based on a digital switching algorithm and Triac semiconductor switch is proposed and experimentally tested. A digital switching algorithm based on online AC voltage sensing and zero-crossing detection is proposed and implemented inside a DSP MCU. The printed circuit board (PCB) of the proposed SSTS is designed and manufactured for the experimental performance investigation with different AC input voltage conditions. A comparative study based on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed SSTS system with the previous works is also presented. A smart static transfer switch with a transition time of less than one cycle and a digital protection technique during fault conditions is obtained in this work.

Design of a 2DOF-PID Control Scheme for Frequency/Power Regulation in a Two-Area Power System Using Dragonfly Algorithm with Integral-Based Weighted Goal Objective

The increase in power demand, nonlinearity, complexity, varying structure, and other important causes has necessitated the implementation of artificial intelligent control methodologies for safe and acceptable operation of the electric power systems. Therefore, in this article, an improved two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF-PID) control scheme is proposed for power/frequency control of a two-area interconnected electric power system. The parameters of the 2-DOF-PID control scheme are optimized using the Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) via a new integral-based weighted goal fitness function (IB-WGFF) (i.e., DF-2DOF-PID-IB-WGFF). The superiority of the suggested scheme is proved by comparing the results obtained using the proposed IB-WGFF with those obtained using the conventional controllers, and the 2DOF-PID controllers optimized using the DA and Genetic Algorithm (GA) via the frequently published performance criterion. To verify the stability, efficacy, and robustness of the proposed control scheme, a load disturbances and parameters perturbations with various percentages are implemented in the controlled system under the same controllers. Finally, verification results proved that the proposed 2DOF-PID optimized using DA via the IB-WGFF is more stable, efficient, and robust than the other controllers recently used in the literature.

Use of the Thermal Inertia of Trains for Contributing to Primary Frequency Control and Inertia of Electric Power Systems

The current trend of massively incorporating renewable-based generation into power systems is affecting frequency stability. This generation does not inherently provide inertia owing to its electronic interface. Therefore, many approaches have been proposed to address the problem of inertia weakening. Beyond the new trends of making new generation and storage responsive to grid needs, this study addresses the problem from the role of consumers. The use of railway consumption to contribute to frequency control tasks, without affecting train circulation, is proposed. For the first time, the provision of virtual inertia combined with primary frequency control is presented. This is achieved by means of the power consumption of ventilation and air conditioning systems, while maintaining the thermal comfort of passengers. To illustrate this new concept, a case study of a real metro line is presented. The results demonstrate the benefits of using the thermal inertia of trains to contribute to grid frequency control. Also, some insights into technical requirements and possible issues are provided. An appropriate combination of primary frequency control and virtual inertia can reduce technical requirements and provide better frequency performance.

Protection architecture of endogenous safety and security for industrial control systems

According to the essential characteristic of industrial control system (ICS), endogenous safety and security (ESS) can be achieved by merging cyber security (CS) into functional safety (FS). In this paper, the basic principles, functional requirements and protection architecture (TEMt) of ESS are proposed, and the successful experience of an electric power control system is introduced.

Optimum Reactive Power Dispatch Solution using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Pathfinder Algorithm

Optimum reactive power dispatch (ORPD) significantly impacts the operation and control of electrical power systems (EPS) due to its undeniable benefit in the economic operation and reliability of the systems. ORPD is a sub-problem of optimal power flow (OPF). The main aim is to reduce/minimize the real power loss. Among the swarm intelligence (SI) metaheuristic algorithms is particle swarm optimization (PSO), which has fast convergence speed and gives the optimum solution to a particular problem by moving the swarm in the intensification (exploitation) search space. Also, the pathfinder algorithm (PFA) mimics the collective movement of the swarms with a leading member. Therefore, combining the fast convergence of PSO with PFA to form a hybrid technique is considered a viable approach in this study to avoid decreasing PFA searchability when the dimension of the problem increases. In this article, a hybrid algorithm based on a particle swarm optimization and pathfinder algorithm (HPSO-PFA) is proposed for the first time to study the combination of the control variables (generator voltage, transformer tap, and sizing of reactive compensation to obtain the objective function (total real power loss). The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 30 and 118 bus systems. The losses were reduced to 16.14262 MW and 107.2913 MW for the IEEE 30 and 118 test systems. Furthermore, the percentage (%) reduction for the IEEE 30 and 118 test systems are 9.8% and 19.25%, respectively. The result demonstrates the performance of HPSO-PFA gives a better solution than the other algorithms.

Features of ensuring high-quality work of modern electrical power systems of unmanned vessels

Unmanned seagoing vessels are increasingly being used. In the paper the dump scow Rabochaya is considered as an example of an unmanned vessel. An extended marine control system, a video surveillance subsystem, a surveillance and search engine are additionally installed on the scow to carry out industrial tasks in unmanned mode. The correct operation of these systems and the whole vessel depends on the high-quality operation of the ship's electrical power system. The aim of the study is to identify abnormal modes of parallel operation of marine diesel generator sets and to develop methods and means for their elimination. The results of the experimental research and mathematical modeling have revealed the existence of power exchange oscillations when the ship generators operating in parallel. Power exchange oscillations can be detected with the help of generator current oscillations. It has been proposed to introduce a unit for eliminating power exchange oscillations (EPEO) into the automatic control system of ship electrical power systems for eliminating such oscillations. An algorithm for the operation of the EPEO unit has been developed, it controls the settings of the rotational speed regulators of diesel-generator sets. The proposed methods and tools reduce the amplitude of power exchange oscillations to an acceptable value, and therefore contribute to the high-quality operation of the ship's electrical power system and control systems in unmanned mode. The results obtained make it possible to ensure reliable and trouble-free operation of any autonomous electrical power system during the operation mode without maintenance personnel.

Optimum pricing of smart home appliances based on carbon emission and system cost

Concurrent optimization of two different objective functions is a prominent subject in power systems. A model based on a multi-objective mixed-integer program is presented for smart home scheduling with economic and environmental considerations. One of the objective functions minimizes the operational cost of the building, whereas, the other one minimizes the carbon release. To solve the suggested multi-objective problem, the ɛ-constraint technique and the weighted addition method are utilized. Therefore, to choose the desirable win–win approach from the achieved effective outcomes, a min–max composition of fuzzy is used in order to obtain desirable evaluation results. The CPLEX solver of the GAMS is used to solve the suggested problem. In addition, to assess the effectiveness of the suggested model, ɛ-constraint technique and the weighted addition method case studies have been used. In a comparison of the achieved results, it is seen that by incorporating the ɛ-constraint technique, the overall operational cost of the smart home is 28.57% lower when economically optimizing the model. Also, by environmentally optimizing the model, 7.63% less carbon was emitted. Moreover, using the weighted addition method demonstrates a decrease of 28.76% and 11.37% from economic and environmental viewpoints, respectively. The simulation results show that to minimize carbon release, the building’s electrical power control system prefers utilizing CHP over the boiler.