Electric Power Service Research Articles

Digital twins as a security risk?

Digital twins have become a popular and widely used tool for assessing risk and resilience, particularly as they have increased in the fidelity and accuracy of their representation of real-world systems. Although digital twins provide the ability to experiment on and assess risks to and from a system without damaging the real-world system, they pose potentially significant security risks. For example, if a digital twin of a power system has sufficient accuracy to allow loss of electrical power service due to a natural hazard to be estimated at the address level with a high degree of accuracy, what prevents someone wishing to lead to disruption at this same building from using the model to solve the inverse problem to determine which parts of the power system should be attacked to maximize the likelihood of loss of service to the target facility? This perspective article discusses the benefits and risks of digital twins and argues that more attention needs to be paid to the risks posed by digital twins.

Strategic risks of reforming the energy market of Ukraine in the context of the energy security

Monopoly structures and complete control over pricing deform the electric energy environment. An example of the European model of reforming the electricity market, which is based on transparency and consumer accessibility to electricity services, is shown. On this basis, the goals, and vectors of reforming the regional markets of electric energy services have been determined. It is foreseen that the reform process should be carried out on a combination of organizational, economic, technical, social, and other goals. The advantages and disadvantages of reforming the electric power market of the region and the country were identified using the author's SWOT analysis method. The proposed closed cycle of reforming the electricity market covers an interchangeable combination of the following components: regional electricity networks, market environment, information environment, financial and credit support, integration, labor resources, and communication links. Vectors of further reform are outlined. Competitiveness presupposes the free choice of a supplier by consumers in the absence of barriers to the supply and sales market. The new European format of the electricity market model creates new challenges and threats to the operation of electricity market enterprises, which relate to transparent and objective conditions of access to consumption and operation of electricity networks, impartial accelerated development of the electricity market to the requirements of the dynamism of the economic system. Reforming the electricity market combines the processes of achieving organizational, economic, technical, social, and environmental goals. However, this combination causes various consequences and risks associated with profit maximization. One of the most critical problems of the multi-system operator's functioning is ensuring its independence and mutual respect for all market participants. For this, the following measures are legally justified: procurement of related services on a competitive basis; transparent information about the available list of related services, their volumes, costs, terms, and requirements for suppliers; formation of accounting of the expense and income component when implementing the centralization of dispatching management from other types of activity; formation of access to the capacity of interstate electrical networks by conducting electronic auctions; submission of the UES development plan to the CMU of Ukraine for consideration, even in the case of inconsistency between the interested authorities; the investment component of the region will grow only under the conditions of reforming the electricity market. However, the processes of introducing a new model of the electric power services market are being formed under tight deadlines, the introduction and adoption of legislative acts, the implementation of organizational and structural transformations, and software approvals; despite everything, the processes of reforming the electric energy services market are an integral attribute of the region's integral investment policy. Keywords: energy market, energy security system of Ukraine, energy system, energy risks, strategic risks.

The Effect of Employee Engagement and Physical Work Environment on Employee Performance at PT PLN (Persero) Sulselrabar Main Distribution Unit

This study aims to determine the effect of employee engagement and physical work environment on employees' performance at PT PLN (Persero) Sulselrabar Main Unit. PT PLN (Persero) as a state company that is currently not only paying attention to the social mission in providing electric power services to all Indonesian citizens is also experiencing the VUCA phenomenon. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, the results show that employee engagement and the physical work environment have a positive and significant effect on employees' performance. The coefficient of determination using R2 shows that there is an effect of 91.6% on employee engagement and physical work environment on employees' performance. This research concludes that the effect of employee engagement and physical work environment on employees' performance at PT PLN (Persero) UID Sulselrabar simultaneously and partially, namely employee engagement has a t-statistics value of 5.484 and a p- value of 0.00, so partially employee engagement has a significant positive effect on employees' performance; the physical work environment has a t-statistics value of 9.748 and a p-value of 0.00, so partially the physical work environment has a significant positive effect on employees' performance; employee engagement and physical work environment have an R-square value of 0.916, so simultaneously the influence of employee engagement and physical work environment on employees' engagement has a strong influence of 91.6%.

THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE LOCATION OF SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT OF UTILITIES ON THIRD PARTY LAND

Business activities conducted by utilities are of a quasi-public character. The purpose of these activities is to supply consumers with electric energy, thermal energy, gas, water as wellas to provide sewage disposal services. Utilities also include telecommunications enterprises and any other enterprises that carry on their business by using a network, that is, a complex system of closely interrelated, in physical, technological and functional terms, pieces of equipment that form a definite whole and are used to supply the users with utility services or to provide sewage disposal. Distribution networks are mostly located on land not belonging to utilities, but they are not a part of a given property if they are an asset of a utility. The aim of this article is a synthetic summary and presentation of the legal possibilities of legal foundation of technical infrastructure equipment on third party land. The legislator provides for a number of legal measures that allow distribution systems and equipment to be lawfully located on such land, so that reliable and uninterrupted supplies of thermal energy, electric power, water, gas and other utility services can be provided to consumers, but at the same time the legislator takes into account the interests of property owners, with special attention to respect for the right of property. The main purpose of the publication, based on a thorough, dogmatic method, is to analyze the provisions governing the location of network installations and devices on real estate, as well as the legal possibilities of legalizing their already existing foundation. In the analysis of this subject, the formal-dogmatic method, related to the exegesis of the legal text, the historical-legal method, as well as comparative legal studies were used.

ANALISIS GANGUAN PERANGKAT HUBUNG BAGI TEGANGAN RENDAH PADA GARDU DISTRIBUSI DI PLN UP3 BEKASI

This analysis focuses on device interference to connect low or short voltage (PHB-TR) at substation distribution and overcome it at PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Bekasi UID West Java. PHB-TR is an electrical device or equipment in the form of a connecting device made of conductive and non-conductive materials mounted on a frame or cabinet and equipped with electrical equipment and electrical safety and is part of a distribution substation on the low voltage side. The disturbances in the PHB-TR are usually caused by human error or environmental factors that refer to electrical devices and equipment. Therefore, based on the results of the analysis of PHB-TR disturbances in the distribution of substations at PLN UP3 Bekasi, they found disturbances and looked for solutions to these problems so that the distribution network installation operates reliably, performance operates well and the continuity of electric power services is maintained properly. activities that include a series of stages from planning, implementation, to controlling and evaluating PHB-TR installation maintenance work.

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINING FACTORY LOCATION OF CONSUMER GOODS COMPANY

The location of a business becomes very important because it concerns the efficiency and effectiveness of a business. Manufacturing companies are in dire need of raw materials, labor, and various other input factors, which are easy, fast and precise. The business location must be easily accessible to consumers, known to consumers and make it easier for factory managers to reach the goods to be sold to increase effectiveness; determining the location of the business is not easy, many factors influence the decision in determining the location, because it concerns the company's operational costs. This study aims to determine the factors that are the consideration of a consumer goods company in choosing the current factory location. The study was conducted using primary data and secondary data. The data analysis was carried out using the rating factor method by determining the determinants of location feasibility and the center of gravity method as well as the forecasting method. factors that are taken into consideration in choosing the business location of a consumer good company are availability of labor, availability of electric power, transportation facilities, health, security, and fire prevention services, community attitudes, land and building costs, and possibility of expansion. Factors that are not paid much attention to in determining the business location for the company are: the location of the market, the location of raw materials, residential, educational, shopping, and telecommunication facilities, the area of the parking lot, the sewer, and the width of the road.

Social Factors Associated with Poverty in Households in Peru

The objective of the research was to identify the determinants of poverty at the household level in Peru in 2020. The research design was descriptive and correlational, with a type of non-experimental research and quantitative approach, and considered the logit econometric model; the sources of information used correspond to the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, from which the variables that are considered determinants of poverty were extracted and managed. It was determined that the size of the household positively influences by 1.3%; the economic income of the head of household negatively influences by 0.000828%; the years of education of the head of household influences by 0.1%; homeownership influences by 0.9%; access to social programs of food and non-food aid influence by 0.9% and 0.6%, respectively; access to drinking water service, hygienic service and electric power service have a negative influence of 1.8%, 0.6% and 1.7%; all these factors are associated with the poverty of households in Peru. Therefore, the social determinants of poverty were household size, economic income, years of education, access to homeownership, access to a social food aid program, access to a social non-food aid program, access to drinking water services, access to hygienic services and access to electric power services.

Wireless Multi-Node uRLLc B5G/6G Networks for Critical Services in Electrical Power Systems

The successful operations of power system require the support of communication networks with massive nodes access and two-way reliable and latency-critical transmission, which is the most-important use case of ultra-reliable low-latency communications (uRLLc) in the Fifth-Generation and Beyond and Sixth-Generation (B5G/6G) networks. In this paper, based on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal in 5G, a new OFDM employing the hopped subcarrier technique (OFDM/FH) is proposed to attain the multiple nodes connectivity and the enhancement of transmission reliability. Considering the short and bursty packet types in the control information of power systems, the OFDM/FH signal can be naturally integrated with the mini-slot frame structure and automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheduling scheme to reduce the latency. The trade-off between the reliability in terms of the bit-error rate (BER) and the retransmission latency is investigated by semi-analytic simulations. Through the new joint design of the signal waveform and frame structure for uRLLc, we find that the proposed system can attain up to 99.999% reliability and ms-level latency for electric power services, even in the harsh wireless environment.

Household Adaptations to Infrastructure System Service Interruptions

When critical infrastructure system services are disrupted, households typically respond by reducing, delaying, or relocating their demand (e.g., delaying laundry), or augmenting supply (e.g., using a generator). While this phenomenon is well known, there has been little systematic empirical investigation of it. Focusing on electric power and water service interruptions and using revealed and stated preference survey data from Los Angeles County, California, we develop 24 mixed logit models, one each to predict the probability an individual undertakes a specified adaptation as a function of outage duration and characteristics of the individual. The analysis aims to determine: (1) how common different household adaptations are; (2) how adaptation implementation varies with infrastructure type, outage duration, and uses of the service; (3) what household characteristics are associated with implementation of different adaptations; and (4) how adaptations tend to occur together. The percentage of individuals who report doing an adaptation varies greatly across adaptations and outage durations, from 2% to 88%. In general, adaptations that require moving out of the home are the least common of those investigated. For electric power outages, adaptations that could be done at home are less likely as the outage duration increases, while those that require going somewhere are more likely as the duration increases. For water outages, all adaptations (except delaying consumption) are more likely as an outage lasts longer. Using electric power or water for medical devices and/or work and business has a large effect on the likelihood of implementing many adaptations. Preevent conservation habits are also associated with an increased likelihood of implementing adaptations. The influence of household characteristics varies greatly across adaptations. There is evidence that some adaptations tend to occur together (e.g., using water from lakes and the government) and others tend not to (e.g., delaying electricity use and going to a hotel).

Study of Wind Power Plant for Alternative Energy in Vannamei Litopeneaus Shrimp Cultivation

The focus of this research is to utilize wind energy for power generation as an electric power service for shrimp farming in the Kulon Progo district of Yogyakarta. This is done in order to minimize the use of diesel fuel in daily operations to drive the aerator pump that produces air bubbles and needs lighting. The method used is to calculate the need for electrical power in 24 hours, plan the windmill according to the local average wind speed. Parameters for measuring the final result are net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (CoE), and payback period. The scenario is used by installing a wind power generator compared to a generator from a diesel engine. The results of the study with a wind power generation system capable of producing 41755,07kW/year of power with the NPC value having a more efficient economic value of Rp. 158,254,000.00, a more efficient CoE value of Rp. 477.41, and for a diesel power plant of Rp. 1,569,015,240.00 and CoE worth Rp5,867,45. The payback period for the scenario with wind power is 3 years and 9 months and and 15 years 7 months for the scenario with diesel power plants.

Household impacts of interruption to electric power and water services

Critical infrastructure systems derive their importance from the societal needs they help meet. Yet the relationship between infrastructure system functioning and societal functioning is not well-understood, nor are the impacts of infrastructure system disruptions on consumers. We develop two empirical measures of societal impacts—willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid service interruptions and a constructed scale of unhappiness, compare them to each other and others from the literature, and use them to examine household impacts of service interruptions. Focusing on household-level societal impacts of electric power and water service interruptions, we use survey-based data from Los Angeles County, USA, to fit a random effects within-between model of WTP and an ordinal logit with mixed effects to predict unhappiness, both as a function of infrastructure type, outage duration, and household attributes. Results suggest household impact increases nonlinearly with outage duration, and the impact of electric power disruptions is greater than water supply disruptions. Unhappiness is better able to distinguish the effects of shorter-duration outages than WTP is. Some people experience at least some duration of outage without negative impact. Increased household impact was also associated with using electricity for medical devices or water for work or business, perceived likelihood of an emergency, worry about an emergency, past negative experiences with emergencies, lower level of preparation, less connection to the neighborhood, higher income, being married, being younger, having pets, and having someone with a medical condition in the house. Financial, time/effort, health, and stress concerns all substantially influence the stated level of unhappiness.

Education Financing Management at Modern Islamic Boarding School in Medan

This study aims to provide an overview of education financing management at Ta'dib Al-Syakirin Modern Islamic Boarding School, Medan. The method used in this study is a qualitative policy analysis method. Data was gathered through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings revealed that Ta'dib Al-Syakirin Modern Islamic Boarding School Medan's education financing was managed in three stages. The three stages are as follows: (1). Planning entails creating work schedules and budgets for Ta'dib Al-Syakirin Modern Islamic Boarding School Medan. (2). Implementation entails: a) Education Financing Sources at Ta'dib Al-Syakirin Modern Islamic Boarding School, Medan: Education funding is derived from students' monthly and annual educational development contributions, as well as unrestricted non-donors. b). Implementation of Education Financing at Ta'dib Al-Syakirin Modern Islamic Boarding School, Medan; Fixed costs in education include the salaries of all educators and education personnel; electrical power services; water; Wi-Fi (internet network) providing equipment for stationery shopping; and non-routine cost requirements such as the cost of repairing facilities and infrastructure due to disaster damage or the period of resilience of goods; and maintenance of Islamic boarding school goods. (3) The evaluation includes the agency's accountability audit report; the repair is carried out in two stages over the course of a year.

Social, Ethical & Legal aspect of RWA (Resident Welfare Association) Management.

There has been a sharp rise in the number of highrise buildings in almost all cities during the last 10 years and particularly after the declaration of “Smart Cities” by Government of India. So far as the business and management of infrastructure companies are concerned, it is needless to say that it is an established industry. However, after these high rise buildings become habitable, and are handed over to the housing societies or Resident Welfare Associations (Hereafter referred as RWAs), there are many issues and challenges faced by the apartment owners. The motivation behind the study of social, ethical and legal aspect of RWAs/Housing Societies of India is therefore taken up, and we have carried out some study while managing a society from its day-one management. As on date, RWA management is a complex subject as it covers Security, Hospitality, Soft Services, Support Services, House Keeping, Technical Services such as Lift, Electrical Power and Pest Control Management Services. In fact, these facilities have to be managed with a fixed annual budget, collected through Common Area Maintenance (CAM) charges from all the residents. Many of us have the misconception that managing the society within the stipulated CAM (Common Area Maintenance) charges is the only challenge faced by the RWA office bearers, as collection of service changes is always a challenging issue. However, almost all of us forget to abide by the statutory compliances such as Minimum wages, ESI, EPF and GST rules of the government notified from time to time. In addition RWA should follow the norm of City Development Authority, Fire Safety Department, State Pollution Control Board and other statutory bodies, who issue the compliance certificates for the facilities available in the premises after due inspection, which is a mandatory requirement for community living. Therefore, we have made an attempt to highlight this area, so that more study can be carried out and we can have a better living.

Analysis of the reality of electric power service in the right side of the city of Mosul, a study of urban geography

After studying the reality of electric power service, which is the backbone of the development of cities and their civilized, technological and economic progress after their recent entry into the various fields of life. By reviewing the service reality of this sector in the study area, the results showed that there is a significant lack of infrastructure in electrical power services from major and secondary stations with voltage 11/33/132/400 K.V. as a result of the significant destruction of its infrastructure. Which was the reason why the study area was unable to benefit from the energy generated from the Mosul dam station, which made there a significant shortage of this service towards the population and covered the annual increase of energy required for the study area.

Disposición al ahorro de energía eléctrica en los hogares de México

El objetivo del trabajo consiste en identificar la disposición al ahorro de energía eléctrica que presentan los hogares de México. Para ello, se analiza un total de 2 815 hogares provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional de los Hogares, así como del Módulo Hogares y Medio Ambiente (2017). Además, se estima un modelo de regresión logística para identificar los determinantes de dicha disposición. Los resultados encontrados señalan que sólo el 50.6% de los hogares presenta una disposición al ahorro de electricidad, y que las características de la vivienda, el tamaño de la localidad, la ubicación geográfica y la compra de enseres eléctricos con cierta conciencia ecológica son determinantes para explicarla, en tanto que el precio del servicio no fue relevante. Por lo tanto, las estrategias de ahorro deben de provenir principalmente de programas que estimulen los hábitos de uso.

On Application of Artificial Intelligence in Electric Power Service Field

with the development of science and technology, artificial intelligence has gradually come into people’s vision, which has brought great convenience to people’s work and life. Especially in the field of electric power service, the application of artificial intelligence technology has greatly promoted the development of the industry. In order to better integrate this technology into the power service industry, this paper analyzes the specific application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of power service. And based on the current situation and application scenarios of artificial intelligence development, and this paper also puts forward constructive suggestions on how to develop artificial intelligence technology in the industry.

Applications in the Electric Power Industry based on Multi-Service Optical Transport Network

Transmission technologies are crucial to the automatic electric power systems in the smart grids. The goal is the higher bandwidth and reliability, just as in power line communication, microwave transmission, and the latest optical fiber communication. Based on the time division multiplexing, the fiber communication develops from the plesiochronous digital hierarchy and the synchronous digital hierarchy to optical transport network. The system can transmit the signal securely through hard pipes. Based on the synchronous digital hierarchy, optical transport network and the packet transport technologies, the MS-OTN is expected to offer secure, reliable, and flexible transmission for future electric power services.

The reality of electricity services in the urban Cities centers of Erbil Governorate and its future directions

The discovery and innovation of electric power and the invention of devices have revolutionized our life in the present century. The problem of determining the share of the electric power service in a precise and clear manner is one of the important steps in the discovery and analysis for the coverage ratio in urban districts centers in Erbil province. Also the factors of the distribution and whether there is a difference in distribution to the urban districts centers in the province, and if it is possible to improve the levels in the study area. The study aims to reveal the role of the electricity service in the life of the urban districts centers by analyzing it, discovering the coordination of its data and efficiency, and identifying its problems, clarifying its role in developing the economic and social life. Also analyzing its components and indicating its coverage ratios and its adequacy for the requirements of human activities and points of weakness and problems regarding the human, economic and building development on one hand, and its natural qualities on the other hand since the fact that the electricity service is the cornerstone of economic and social development in Erbil province. The most important conclusions that the government of the province of Erbil started to depend on attracting investments to the private sector and the most important company that equip the province of Erbil with electricity is Mased Global company, The second project is Car Karup Company

Indicators of Electric Power Instability from Satellite Observed Nighttime Lights

Electric power services are fundamental to prosperity and economic development. Disruptions in the electricity power service can range from minutes to days. Such events are common in many developing economies, where the power generation and delivery infrastructure is often insufficient to meet demand and operational challenges. Yet, despite the large impacts, poor data availability has meant that relatively little is known about the spatial and temporal patterns of electric power reliability. Here, we explore the expressions of electric power instability recorded in temporal profiles of satellite observed surface lighting collected by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) low light imaging day/night band (DNB). The nightly temporal profiles span from 2012 through to mid-2020 and contain more than 3000 observations, each from a total of 16 test sites from Africa, Asia, and North America. We present our findings in terms of various novel indicators. The preprocessing steps included radiometric adjustments designed to reduce variance due to the view angle and lunar illumination differences. The residual variance after the radiometric adjustments suggests the presence of a previously unidentified source of variability in the DNB observations of surface lighting. We believe that the short dwell time of the DNB pixel collections results in the vast under-sampling of the alternating current lighting flicker cycles. We tested 12 separate indices and looked for evidence of power instability. The key characteristic of lights in cities with developing electric power services is that they are quite dim, typically 5 to 10 times dimmer for the same population level as in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In fact, the radiances for developing cities are just slightly above the detection limit, in the range of 1 to 10 nanowatts. The clearest indicator for power loss is the percent outage. Indicators for supply adequacy include the radiance per person and the percent of population with detectable lights. The best indicator for load-shedding is annual cycling, which was found in more than half of the grid cells in two Northern India cities. Cities with frequent upward or downward radiance spikes can have anomalously high levels of variance, skew, and kurtosis. A final observation is that, barring war or catastrophic events, the year-on-year changes in lighting are quite small. Most cities are either largely stable over time, or are gradually increasing in indices such as the mean, variance, and lift, indicating a trajectory that proceeds across multiple years.

Calidad del servicio de energía eléctrica en el sector rural de la ciudad de Azogues

La investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la calidad del servicio de energía eléctrica en el sector rural de la ciudad de Azogues – Ecuador. Se basó metodológicamente en la descripción de los hechos tal como ocurren en la realidad, por lo tanto, se procedió a desarrollar un tipo descriptiva con diseño de campo no experimental. La organización puede acogerse a favorables procedimientos para mejorar la calidad, por cuanto estos facilitan una adecuada toma de decisiones, sin la necesidad de una gran inversión, eliminar procesos que no son precisos en la empresa. La falta mantenimiento por parte del equipo técnico en las diferentes parroquias rurales de la ciudad de Azogues, esto no es bien visto por los usuarios que residen en dicho sector, por cuanto tienen cortes de energía imprevistos en el sector residencial y los daños de equipos electrodomésticos son frecuentes según lo señalado por los encuestados.