Interconnected Electric Power Research Articles

Interstate power interconnection along with carbon dioxide emission constraint collaboration: Effective tool for low-carbon electric power expansion in Northeast Asia

Interstate electric power integration with the formation of interstate electric ties and power interconnection in Northeast Asia has been studied for several years. Research has examined the directions, indicators, costs, and systemic (integration) benefits (technical, economic, environmental, etc.) of forming such ties and grids. Studies conducted in different Northeast Asia countries have shown that despite the significant investments required to create an interstate electric ties infrastructure, which serves as the basis for interstate power grids and electricity markets development, participants of these interstate power grids and markets gain substantial benefits. These include reduced needs for installed and reserve generation capacity, lower electricity prices, increased overall flexibility of power resources, and accordingly, greater capability to integrate renewable energy sources. This results in reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel power plants. The latter undoubtedly contributes to achieving the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations and reducing anthropogenic climate impact, which many countries globally (including Northeast Asia) have targeted via announced carbon neutrality by 2050–2060. The main target of the article is to conduct and present new multi-scenario study on forming a potential Northeast Asia’s interstate power grid under national and grid-wide (for the entire power system interconnection) carbon emission constraints. The mathematical model of electric power system expansion and dispatching was modified to account for carbon dioxide emission constraints and used for the study. The results of the study showed that the creation of interstate power grid in Northeast Asia accompanied by climate change collaboration among countries to control carbon dioxide emission would lead to effectively constraining of carbon dioxide emission in the subregion, which is the novelty of the study. The results of the study are useful and applicable for choosing particular ways, options, stages of formation and expansion of low-carbon power system interconnection in Northeast Asia.

Structural and Operating Features of the Creation of an Interstate Electric Power Interconnection in North-East Asia with Large-Scale Penetration of Renewables

Transition to green energy is the dominant process in the electricity sector globally, including in North-East Asia (NEA). The interstate power grid expansion in the NEA will facilitate the large-scale development of intermittent and uncertain green generation. This paper is aimed at considering the structural and operating features and effectiveness of a potential NEA power grid with large-scale penetration of renewables. A computing and geo-information system provides collection, processing, storage, and geo-visualization of technical and economic data. It incorporates a mathematical model for the optimization of the expansion and operation of power systems. Benefits (including saving the capacity, investment, fuel cost, and total cost) of power interconnection have been estimated in the study. Transfer capability required for the interstate electric ties was calculated and proved quite significant. A tax on greenhouse gases emission from thermal power plants, including carbon dioxide (CO2), has been used in the study as an economic incentive to facilitate the penetration of renewable energy sources in NEA power interconnection. An installed capacity, power generation mix, power exchange among countries, and operating modes (dispatching) have been calculated for different levels of CO2 emission tax. This study has shown the economic viability of the interconnection, defined major indices of interstate transmission grid infrastructure, revealed the changes in the mix of generating capacities and their operation under conditions of large-scale expansion of renewables, and found out the roles of various countries with different levels of CO2 tax, detailed the impact of CO2 emission tax in encouraging capacity additions and power generation growth from renewables. These capacities altogether suppress the expansion of coal-fired power plants in the potential North-East Asia power grid and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDG 7, to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

Structural and Operating Features of the Formation of an Interstate Electric Power Interconnection in North-East Asia with Large-Scale Penetration of Renewables

Structural and Operating Features of the Formation of an Interstate Electric Power Interconnection in North-East Asia with Large-Scale Penetration of Renewables

A survey on the development status and application prospects of knowledge graph in smart grids

With the advent of the electric power big data era, semantic interoperability and interconnection of power data have received extensive attention. Knowledge graph technology is a new method describing the complex relationships between concepts and entities in the objective world, which is widely concerned because of its robust knowledge inference ability. Especially with the proliferation of measurement devices and exponential growth of electric power data empowers, electric power knowledge graph provides new opportunities to solve the contradictions between the massive power resources and the continuously increasing demands for intelligent applications. In an attempt to fulfil the potential of knowledge graph and deal with the various challenges faced, as well as to obtain insights to achieve business applications of smart grids, this work first presents a holistic study of knowledge-driven intelligent application integration. Specifically, a detailed overview of electric power knowledge mining is provided. Then, the overview of the knowledge graph in smart grids is introduced. Moreover, the architecture of the big knowledge graph platform for smart grids and critical technologies are described. Furthermore, this paper comprehensively elaborates on the application prospects leveraged by knowledge graph oriented to smart grids, power consumer service, decision-making in dispatching, and operation and maintenance of power equipment. Finally, issues and challenges are summarised.

The Impact of Electrical Power Interconnection Cooperation Between West Kalimantan and Sarawak in Increasing Economic Growth Potential in West Kalimantan

Electric power is a very important energy source for human life in fulfill the needs of lighting and production processes involving electronic and industrial goods. Indonesia is the country with the largest population in the Southeast Asia region. So, the demand for electricity also increases. The development of uneven electricity infrastructure in Indonesia has made some regions experience limited electrical power. Frequent interruptions and sharing the electric power, West Kalimantan is one of the provinces in Indonesia that still has electricity problems since 2006. Almost every day blackouts occur in a number of areas including Pontianak City and surrounding areas. In dealing with this problem, the efforts undertaken by the Government are conducting power interconnection cooperation with Sarawak, Malaysia which is geographically bordered directly with West Kalimantan through the ASEAN Power Grid program . In this study, the author will use a qualitative descriptive method, by clearly describing how the positive impact that given from the electric power interconnection between West Kalimantan and Sarawak in increasing economic growth potential in West Kalimantan. Keywords: Electric Power Interconnection, ASEAN Power Grid, West Kalimantan, Sarawak, Economic Growth Potential

From interconnections of local electric power systems to Global Energy Interconnection

The interconnections of electric power systems are developed for the economic benefits and in order to increase the overall power supply reliability and quality level. Development of power industry shows the positive effects in operation of the country-wide electric power systems and international interconnections. Creation of World Energy System or, by the other words, Global Energy Interconnection is objective trend on the way of expansion of international and intercontinental electric power interconnections. Several important aspects of above mentioned problems are discussed in this paper.

The Data Processing and Geo Information System Technological Aspects to Support Research in the field of Prospective Interstate Electric Power Interconnections Development

The Data Processing and Geo Information System Technological Aspects to Support Research in the field of Prospective Interstate Electric Power Interconnections Development

Polypropylene-based ternary nanocomposites for recyclable high-voltage direct-current cable insulation

Polymeric high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables are the core equipment in energy internet, which enable the long-distance large-capacity electric power transmission, large-scale utilization of renewable electric power and flexible interconnection of large power grids. Performance of the HVDC cables are determined by the properties of their insulation material. However, the traditional polymeric HVDC cable insulation material, crosslinking polyethylene (XLPE) is limited to relatively low working temperature which restricts the power capacity of HVDC cables. XLPE with thermosetting characteristics also presents a major barrier to material recycling and environmental pollution reduction. Here we report the ternary nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) and MgO nanoparticles as an efficient way to recyclable HVDC cable insulation material that simultaneously possess excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, especially at high temperatures. At an optimal composition, the ternary nanocomposites integrate the complementary properties of the multi-components to raise the mechanical flexibility at room temperature and greatly improve the electrical properties at high temperatures (including suppressed space charge accumulation and increased breakdown strength and volume resistivity) while retaining high melting temperature comparable to PP of about 160 °C. This work may pave a way for synergistic optimization of the overall properties of insulation materials and enabling the successful development of recyclable insulation material for large-capacity HVDC cable application.

Mongolia’s potential in international cooperation in the Asian energy space

The paper is concerned with the issues of interstate electric power interconnections to be created in the countries of Northeast Asia. The conditions are formulated, the problems are stated, and solutions for Mongolia’s entry into the Asian energy space are proposed. The electricity consumption rates are growing, however, the Northeast Asia countries differ considerably in available energy resources to cope with this growth. Therefore, the need to build international electric power interconnections that take into account climatic features, seasonal peak load differences and other factors in order to rationally match power demand and supply is getting increasingly more obvious. Mongolia can take an active part in this process, as the country is rich in energy resources and interested in their development to meet their domestic needs and exchange with neighboring countries. The establishment of interstate power interconnections in the Northeast Asia countries represents a topical task whose solution will make it possible to meet the demand of this region for electricity on mutually beneficial terms. Mongolia has a good spatial position, energy resources and is interested in ensuring domestic energy balance. Therefore, the country can be an active participant in such an integration process.

一带一路战略下中国缅甸孟加拉电力互联互通初探

一带一路战略下中国缅甸孟加拉电力互联互通初探

Data processing and optimization system to study prospective interstate power interconnections

The paper presents Data processing and optimization system for studying and making rational decisions on the formation of interstate electric power interconnections, with aim to increasing effectiveness of their functioning and expansion. The technologies for building and integrating a Data processing and optimization system including an object-oriented database and a predictive mathematical model for optimizing the expansion of electric power systems ORIRES, are described. The technology of collection and pre-processing of non-structured data collected from various sources and its loading to the object-oriented database, as well as processing and presentation of information in the GIS system are described. One of the approaches of graphical visualization of the results of optimization model is considered on the example of calculating the option for expansion of the South Korean electric power grid.

Well-Being Analysis of Power Systems Considering Increasing Deployment of Gas Turbines

With the significant decrease in natural gas prices in many parts of the world, the employment of gas turbine (GT) units has increased steadily in recent years. The ever-increasing deployment of GT units is strengthening the interconnections between electric power and natural gas systems, which could provide a higher level of operational flexibility and reliability. As a result, the planning and operation issues in the interconnected electric power and natural gas systems have aroused concern. In these circumstances, the impacts of increasing deployment of GT units in power system operation are studied and evaluated through well-being analysis (WBA). The fast responsive characteristics of GT units are analyzed first, and the definition and adaption of WBA in a power system with increasing deployment of GT units are addressed. Then the equivalent reserve capacity of GT units is estimated, taking demand fluctuations, commitment plans, and operational risks of GT units into account. The WBA of a power system with increasing deployment of GT units is conducted considering the uncertainties of system operation states and renewable energy sources. Finally, the proposed methods are validated through an integrated version of the IEEE 118-bus power system and a 10-bus natural gas system, and the impacts of GT units on power system security under various penetration levels are examined. Simulation results demonstrate that the role of a GT unit as a low-cost electricity producer may conflict with its role as a reserve provider, but through maintaining a proper proportion of idle GT capacities for reserve, the well-being performance of the power system concerned can be significantly improved.

An Efficient Decentralized Control Strategy Applied to an Interconnected Multi-Machine Electric Power Grid

Background/Objectives: It is essential to design an efficient decentralized control strategy to deal with the stability against various disturbances in a practical electric power interconnection with nonlinearities and uncertainties. Methods: This paper presents theoretically a decentralized control strategy which is appropriately applied to an interconnected power system. Such an electric power grid is mathematically modeled first, then the design of an efficient control scheme for a stabilized solution will be presented. Finally, the feasibility and superiority of the proposed approach will be verified through various simulation cases using MATLAB/Simulink platform for a typical three-machine electric power system. Findings: It should be obviously found that a practical multi-area electric power network, which is considered to be a typical example of large-scale systems, composes of many synchronous generators. These machines are strongly interconnected via a number of nonlinearities such as parameters of transmission lines, thereby this feature brings a big challenge to the modeling of the network and the design of an efficient control strategy for an electric power interconnection in order to ensure its stability and reliability. Decentralized control strategies have been applied to be more suitable for tackling the stabilization problem of such an interconnected power grid in comparison with the centralized control scheme. In the present paper, an efficient linear decentralized control methodology based on a number of modified Riccati equations to calculate a proper feedback control law will be studied as a typically feasible candidate to this issue. The promising simulation results obtained in a three-machine interconnected power system model with various cases of initial conditions are quite able to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control methodology. Application/Improvements: The proposed decentralized control strategy is successfully applied to a three-machine electric power interconnection model as a typical case study. Hence, this control methodology can afford to be efficiently adopted to a practical power network.

Novel Hybrid Load-Frequency Controller Applying Artificial Intelligence Techniques Integrated with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Devices for an Interconnected Electric Power Grid

The focus of this work is to design a novel hybrid load-frequency control (LFC) strategy for a multi-area large-scale electric power interconnection. The proposed methodology is based on two consecutive control phases, including an artificial neural network model and a PD-like fuzzy logic inference system. The new two-stage architecture enables this control strategy to utilize the advantage of each phase, and thus it is able to enhance the robustness of the LFC controller to quickly restore the steady state of the network after load variations. In addition, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) devices, which can powerfully compensate for the loss of energy in an electric power grid, are investigated to support the LFC scheme. The integration of the novel hybrid LFC controller and the SMES devices in a large-scale network is completely capable of being a promising control solution for maintaining the system frequency against the load variations. The feasibility and superiority of the proposed control strategy over the conventional PI regulators as well as a number of previous studies will be demonstrated through numerical simulation processes with various load conditions implemented in a six-control-area electric power interconnection.

Comparing the Topological and Electrical Structure of the North American Electric Power Infrastructure

The topological (graph) structure of complex networks often provides valuable information about the performance and vulnerability of the network. However, there are multiple ways to represent a given network as a graph. Electric power transmission and distribution networks have a topological structure that is straightforward to represent and analyze as a graph. However, simple graph models neglect the comprehensive connections between components that result from Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws. This paper describes the structure of the three North American electric power interconnections, from the perspective of both topological and electrical connectivity. We compare the simple topology of these networks with that of random (Erdos and Renyi, 1959), preferential-attachment (Barabasi and Albert, 1999) and small-world (Watts and Strogatz, 1998) networks of equivalent sizes and find that power grids differ substantially from these abstract models in degree distribution, clustering, diameter and assortativity, and thus conclude that these topological forms may be misleading as models of power systems. To study the electrical connectivity of power systems, we propose a new method for representing electrical structure using electrical distances rather than geographic connections. Comparisons of these two representations of the North American power networks reveal notable differences between the electrical and topological structure of electric power networks.

Game-theoretical control models for electric power and capacity market

Models that describe interconnected wholesale electric power and capacity markets are considered. Several ways to control the capacity market are analyzed. For each way, the equilibrium state of the model for the rational behavior of producers is matched to the solution to the problem on the optimal configuration of the generating equipment. The results are used to state propositions on optimal capacity market structure.

Models of hydro power plant in dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections

This paper presents hydropower plant models used in dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections. The general structure and functional block diagram of a hydropower plant are given, as well as a review of the current state of hydropower plants within the electrical power system of Serbia. A hydropower plant model used for analyses of short-term dynamics, where transient stability analyses are dominant, is presented. Additionally, a hydropower plant model used for the analyses of long-term dynamics is presented, providing insight into the role and effects of a hydropower plant, which would be included in the secondary and tertiary load-frequency control. Following verification based on experimental measurements, all these models have been incorporated into appropriate computer programs for dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections. The computer programs mentioned have been developed at the Institute 'Nikola Tesla' and some typical examples of their application have been provided.

Models of generator excitation control systems in dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections

This paper presents models of generator excitation control systems used in dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections. The general structure and functional block diagram of generator excitation control systems are given, as well as a review of the current state within the electrical power system of Serbia. The model used for analyses of short-term dynamics where transient stability analyses are dominant, has been presented. The model used in the analyses of long-term dynamics, has also been presented. After verification based on experimental measurements, these models have been incorporated into appropriate computer programs for dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections. These computer programs have been developed at the 'Nikola Tesla' Institute and some typical examples of their application have been provided.

Primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control in dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections

This paper presents the incorporation of primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control in the dynamic security analyses of electric power interconnections. This was done in accordance with the wider environment of the existing state of the Serbian power system. The improved software for dynamic security analysis has been tested on the regional transmission network, which includes power systems of Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania.

Characteristics and possibilities of computer program for fast assessment of primary frequency control of electric power interconnections

This paper presents the possibilities and practical features of a computer program for fast assessment of the effects of primary frequency regulation of electric power interconnections. It is based on two methods. The first one is the analytical method, which applies analytical expressions for the non-zero initial conditions, with a range of benefits provided by the analytical form, allowing consideration of possible structural changes in the power system during the analysis process. The second is a simulation method, with recurrent application of suitable drafted, fully decoupled difference equations. Capabilities and features of this computer program have been identified in case of isolated power system of Serbia, and then for the case of a widespread appreciation of its surrounding.