Electric Heat Source Research Articles

TIG assisted surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V with B4C, SiC particles

This research article assesses the improved hardness and wear behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V (Titanium-6Aluminium-4Vanadium) ex-situ produced composite case on its surface by TIG Arcing. This method is recognized for its potential to modify the surface of various metallic substrates by carefully controlling the melting and solidification of the substrate using a significantly less expensive high density electric arc heat source of the widely used autogenous (without filler) gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process.The molten base and the hard particles in the applied coating through reinforcement led to the development of hard surface characteristics in the Ti-6Al-4V surface matrix. The hard particles that have been reinforced by using TIG arcing to develop a hard wear-resistant surface coating are boron carbide (B4C) and silicon carbide (SiC). The presence of hard particles on the surface of Ti64 has been verified by XRD Pattern and EDS examination. The effect of different reinforced particles on the wear behaviour as well as the hardness of the modified surface has been studied by comparing the Ti64 modified surface without reinforcement and the as-built Ti64 surface samples. Vickers micro hardness testing measures the hardness of the modified particulate surface composite and demonstrates a significant increase in hardness, ranging from 1.5 to 2 times that of the base metal and wear tests confirm that the surface-coated samples of B4C and SiC on the base metal, showed a reduction in wear rate of approximately 55% and 45% respectively, compared to the base metal.

High strength low alloy steel joint fabricated by laser welding with real-time high-frequency resistance heating

The balance between softening and hardening is still a great challenge for the laser welding of the high strength low alloy steel. For example, welding with low heat input was commonly used to avoid softening, but it would inversely harden the joint and introduce the undesired welding defects such as hydrogen-induced cracks. This work proposed a simple and robust processing technique, denominated High Frequency electric cooperated Laser Welding. Laser heat source was combined with high-frequency electric heat source to balance heat input distribution and reconcile the contradiction between softening and hardening in the welding of high strength low alloy steel. As a structural material sensitive to welding softening and hardening, S690QL steel was adopted to show the fundamental advancement of the new process. Benefitted from the skin effect and proximity effect of high-frequency current that improve the heat input distribution and the regulation of the high-frequency heat input proportion, the martensite content in the heat affected zone was greatly reduced, whilst the grain size was limited to a low value. Under the high-frequency heat input proportion of 47.1 %, lower bainite distributed throughout the heat affected zone. The softening and hardening issues of the joint therefore have been improved simultaneously: the tensile strength of the joint was almost equal to that of the base material, the impact energy of weld seam and the heat affected zone reached 77.6 J and 66.2 J respectively.

Noise coupling reduction using temperature enhanced device for future integrated circuit integration applications

<p>Information technology-to-internet of things may have succeeded because of fast silicon chip capability expansion. Moore's law, which reduces device size, boosted integrated circuit (IC) performance. Delay rises with highdensity connection parasitic capacitance. Interconnect delays have surpassed transistor delays and slowed progress. An alternative is required now to reduce connection latency. The third dimension is used in popular 3D IC technology IC technology requires through silicon via (TSV) for signal integrity and heat mitigation. Noise coupling hinders electrical communication between signal-carrying TSVs (aggressive TSVs) and ground TSVs (victim TSVs), a 3D IC bottleneck. TSVs must be dielectrically insulated from Si substrates to avoid electrical signal interference. Additionally, first-order modelling will confirm the suggestions. This article proposes using the nanosheet field effect transistor (NSFET) to overcome 3D IC noise coupling and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology nodes. After discussing the electronic industry and sub nm, several basic metrics and criteria for developing electronic components are presented. The first technique uses Perylene-N's exceptional noise-cancelling characteristics. Second technique uses electrical TSV (ETSV), thermal TSV (TTSV), and heat source models to measure noise coupling on numerous ICs. The third proposes many noise-reducing materials. The suggested structures outperform traditional approaches.</p>

Surface Interaction and Wear Due to Sliding Electrical Contact of Materials

This article reports a research study on sliding electrical contacts of copper–diamond materials, involving modeling and validation, contact status simulations, and parametric studies. The simulation model includes the analyses of both mechanical and electrical heat sources, evaluations of heat partition and temperature, and the capture of material thermal softening, plastic deformation, and material removal. The simulation model is validated through result comparison with experimental average temperature and measured wear. With this model, temperature variation and surface wear accumulation were numerically predicted under the influences of material property variations. Factors influencing wear of the copper surfaces were explored, and parameter sensitivity was investigated by means of the Taguchi L18 matrix. The results reveal that thermally related parameters of the contact interface strongly affect the wear of the copper pin, and thermal conductivity of its mating surface material is of critical importance. The research also suggests that the electromagnetic field change due to switching the polarity of the power supply does not affect the friction and wear results; however, the polarity change influences material electrochemistry, which results in a difference in friction and wear.

Performance Test, Noise, and Economic Analysis of Coffee Roasting Machines Rotating Cylinder

The roasting process carried out in this study was at the medium roast level, using a rotating cylindrical coffee roasting machine that used an electric heat source. This research aims to determine the performance and economic analysis of a rotating cylinder coffee roasting machine. Descriptive analysis in this study includes coffee roasting machine performance data (roasting temperature, moisture content, electrical energy requirements and noise) and economic performance data (NPV, IRR and BCR). The results of observing the performance of the machine obtained a roasting temperature of 205°C and a moisture content of 4.42%, in accordance with the Indonesian national standard (SNI) and the need for electrical energy in the heater was 3.18 kWh and in the motor of electric was 1.17 kWh. In this study, the noise analysis obtained showed the number 90 dB, which means it is less effective for operators in that environment. Meanwhile, the results of the economic analysis were obtained NPV, IRR and BCR respectively are IDR 225,363,266; 21.6 %; 5.18.

Snow accretion on a model train: Climate wind tunnel experiments

Snow and ice accumulation on the main parts of rolling stock can lead to malfunctions and safety issues. This paper presents the results of snow accretion tests conducted in a climate wind tunnel to investigate the icing process on a model train at various ambient temperatures. A simplified 2/3-scale EMU-320 high-speed Korean train model was used without electrical power or heat sources. Before testing, the snow flux and liquid water content of snow were measured to enable their use as input conditions in future simulations and to inform further analysis of the icing process. Both qualitative and quantitative data from the tests were analyzed, including photographs and snow density and thickness measurements. Snow accretion was broader at higher ambient temperatures, and snow accretion on the nose tended to be thicker further away from the stagnation point at higher temperatures. Snow accreted on all components of the bogie, and the thickest snow accretion on the wheels occurred at arc angles of 15–40° for cases of lower temperature while occurring at a larger angle at the highest temperature. The comprehensive data from these experiments is expected to support future analysis and development of anti-icing systems.

Design and construction of coffee roasting machine with rounding cylinder tube using electric heat source

Design and construction of coffee roasting machine with rounding cylinder tube using electric heat source

Comparative Evaluation of Distortion in Wax Patterns Fabricated Using Conventional and Electrical Heat Sources: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Tooth loss significantly impacts individuals' functional capabilities and quality of life. Fixed partial dentures have been a reliable treatment method for tooth replacement, with their fabrication often involving waxes. Waxes play a crucial role in creating a wax pattern in dental restoration; in particular, inlay waxes play a role in the shape, size, and contour of therestorations. However, these waxes have inherent disadvantages, including a high thermal expansion coefficient and propensity to warp or distort over time. This study aimed to compare wax patterns derived from two heat sources, an electric heat source and a conventional flame, to enhance their marginal accuracy and dimensional stability. Methods This study used an abutment resembling a prepared maxillary right central incisor designed via computer-aided design software and milled from zirconia. Inlay wax was melted using either an electrically heated spatula or a conventional flame, poured into a metal sleeve or a cuboidal mold, and allowed to cool to room temperature. The wax patterns were stored at room temperature for one hour and 24 hours. Subsequently, linear and volumetric measurements were taken to assess the shrinkage of the wax patterns. Results Patterns fabricated using the electric heat source showed less shrinkage at both time points for linear shrinkage and at one hour for volumetric shrinkage than those made using the conventional flame. However, by the 24th hour, patterns made with the electric heat source showed more volumetric shrinkage than those made with the conventional heat source. Significant shrinkage was observed between one hour and 24 hours for both heat sources, suggesting that wax patterns should be invested immediately after fabrication for maximum precision. Conclusions The results suggest that electric heating may be a viable alternative to conventional flame for minimizing discrepancies in wax patterns, particularly in the initial stages of wax pattern fabrication. However, prolonged use may lead to greater volumetric shrinkage with electric heating. These findings point to the potential of electric heating as an alternative to conventional flame in dental restorations, although further research is needed to validate and expand upon these findings.

Enhancing Heat Transfer in Blood Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Ag–TiO2 Nanoparticles and Electrical Field in a Tilted Cylindrical W-Shape Stenosis Artery: A Finite Difference Approach

The present research examines the unsteady sensitivity analysis and entropy generation of blood-based silver–titanium dioxide flow in a tilted cylindrical W-shape symmetric stenosis artery. The study considers various factors such as the electric field, joule heating, viscous dissipation, and heat source, while taking into account a two-dimensional pulsatile blood flow and periodic body acceleration. The finite difference method is employed to solve the governing equations due to the highly nonlinear nature of the flow equations, which requires a robust numerical technique. The utilization of the response surface methodology is commonly observed in optimization procedures. Drawing inspiration from drug delivery techniques used in cardiovascular therapies, it has been proposed to infuse blood with a uniform distribution of biocompatible nanoparticles. The figures depict the effects of significant parameters on the flow field, such as the electric field, Hartmann number, nanoparticle volume fraction, body acceleration amplitude, Reynolds number, Grashof number, and thermal radiation, on velocity, temperature (nondimensional), entropy generation, flow rate, resistance to flow, wall shear stress, and Nusselt number. The velocity and temperature profiles improve with higher values of the wall slip parameter. The flow rate profiles increase with an increment in wall velocity but decrease with the Womersley number. Increasing the intensity of radiation and decreasing magnetic fields both result in a decrease in the rate of heat transfer. The blood temperature is higher with the inclusion of hybrid nanoparticles than the unitary nanoparticles. The total entropy generation profiles increase for higher values of the Brickman number and temperature difference parameters. Unitary nanoparticles exhibit a slightly higher total entropy generation than hybrid nanoparticles, particularly when positioned slightly away from the center of the artery. The total entropy production decreases by 17.97% when the thermal radiation is increased from absence to 3. In contrast, increasing the amplitude of body acceleration from 0.5 to 2 results in a significant enhancement of 76.14% in the total entropy production.

Titelbild Chem. Ing. Tech. 5/2023

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 95, Issue 5 p. 617-617 Cover PictureFree Access Titelbild Chem. Ing. Tech. 5/2023 First published: 25 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202370501AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Graphical Abstract View into electrically heated OCMC ceramic tube at 1200 °C. Copyright: Thomas Schall & Jörn Matthies, 2022, Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Universität Stuttgart The transition to renewable energy sources in the chemical industry requires new thinking in the design of reactors with electrical heat sources. The use of directly heated ceramics in high temperature reaction technology offers new process designs at extreme temperatures. The cover picture shows a view into one of the novel ceramic reactors of the eOCMC concept at 1200 °C. We propose the use of a composite tube in which a thin metallic layer is embedded between ceramic layers. Only the inner layer is monolithic ceramic, while the outer layer is fiber-reinforced ceramic. In initial tests, the eOCMC reactor exceeded the softening point of the metallic heater with a maximum operating temperature of 1250 °C and a maximum heat output of 85 kW m–2 without showing any material changes. J. Matthies, T. Schall, W. Pritzkow, U. Tuttlies, U. Nieken, Chem. Ing. Tech. 2023, 95 (5), 701–707. DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200186 Volume95, Issue5Special Issue: Reaktionstechnik und Wärme‐ und StoffaustauschMay 2023Pages 617-617 RelatedInformation

Marangoni convection in a dielectric fluid layer with an AC electric field and nonuniform volumetric heat source due to incident radiation

AbstractThe role of a uniform AC electric field and a nonuniform volumetric heat source arising due to an external incident radiation on the onset of Marangoni convection in a horizontal layer of an incompressible dielectric fluid is investigated. The bottom rigid surface is fixed at a constant temperature while the top free surface at which the surface tension acts is considered to be nondeformable and a Robin boundary condition on the perturbation temperature is invoked. The nonuniform internal heating within the fluid layer alters the conduction temperature profile from linear to nonlinear in the vertical coordinate. The linear stability of the quiescent basic solution is studied with respect to normal mode disturbances. The resulting stability eigenvalue problem with variable coefficient is solved numerically using the Galerkin method. The impact of governing parameters on the instability of the system is discussed thoroughly. The forces causing instability reinforce together and are found to be tightly coupled. It is observed that the strength of nonuniform heat source and the electric Rayleigh number is to hasten, while an increase in the Biot number is to delay the onset of Marangoni electroconvection. Finally, the results obtained under the limiting cases are shown to be in good agreement with those published earlier.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTOF SOLAR DRYER USINGAN AUXILIARY HEAT SOURCE UNDER DIFFERENT VALUES OF AIRFLOW RATES

One of the most crucial methods for preserving agricultural produce is solar drying. The major focus of this paper is increasing solar drying systems' effectiveness. The development of new methods and variables that may have an impact on the functionality of solar dryers aids in enhancing their efficiency. An indirect-type solar dryer for drying agricultural products is proposed and developed in this study. A dryer consisting of a solar flat plate air collector, an insulated drying chamber, an auxiliary (electric) heat source, and an electric fan is constructed to improve the dryer's performance. The dryer's most typical function is to blow hot air at the product, forcing the water in it to evaporate. The effect of air temperature and velocity on evaporation rate has been studied experimentally. Tests with three different airflow rates—0.042, 0.0735, and 0.105 m3/s—are conducted. When there is little or no solar radiation, an auxiliary heater is used to provide sufficient heat. For varying airflow rates, solar mode and electrical mode were tested experimentally with only one energy source in each mode. The findings revealed that using a different heat source in addition to solar radiation will allow you to keep the air temperature in the drying chamber between 32oCand 42oC. Also, it was found that for the whole drying process at high air velocities, the temperature had less influence on the dryer's performance.

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TILAPIA FISH AS AFFECTED BY CHARCOAL, ELECTRIC GRILLER, AND FIREWOOD HEAT SOURCES

The influence of three heat sources on the physicochemical composition and meat quality of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was investigated. The fish farm produced twelve Oreochromis niloticus weighing an average of 65825 grams each. The fish were gutted and washed with distilled water to eliminate filth and blood; the dressed weights were then smoked. Smoking was accomplished using charcoal, wood, and an electric grill. Study examined the product's production, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), and oxidative rancidity. A sensory analysis and microbiological count were conducted in accordance with standard procedures. The data were analyzed using 0.05-level one-way ANOVA and graph pad prism. Compared to firewood and electricity, cooking Tilapia with charcoal yielded the highest output. Tilapia prepared over a firewood heat source had a pH of 6.62, whereas those prepared over an electric heat source had a pH of 6.56. At 54.44 percent, the Tilapia using an electric heat source had the highest Water holding capacity (WHC). There was a statistically significant difference (P0.05) in the Oxidative Rancidity, with the electric heat source Tilapia fish having the highest level at 0.31 mg/g. In terms of appearance, electric heat source Tilapia fish was preferred to firewood and charcoal heat source Tilapia fish; nevertheless, it was inferior in terms of taste, tenderness, texture, and salinity. Firewood-heated Tilapia fish had the best texture, but the worst flavor. This study found that electric heat sources for smoking Tilapia fish might be used without impacting nutritional content or consumer acceptability.

Characteristics of roasting arabica and robusta coffee beans with rotary cylinder tube roast machine with electric heat source

Arabica and Robusta coffee beans have physical differences in general. In the process of roasting coffee beans with different physical forms, it is possible that there will be differences in the roasting temperature and water content of the beans after the roasting process. Arabica and Robusta coffee beans have physical differences in general. In the process of roasting coffee beans with different physical forms, it is possible that there will be differences in the roasting temperature and water content of the beans after the roasting process. In brewing coffee, it can also be affected by the roasting process. There are several factors that need to be considered in the roasting coffea bean namely early moisture of coffea beans, temperature in the roaster and the time it takes for the coffee beans to ripen as desired. The use of heat energy to get a specific aroma and taste in coffee beans is very necessary. The objective of the research is to determine how the criteria of the roast of Arabica coffea beans and Robusta coffee beans using cylindrical roaster rotates with electrical energy as its heat source. The results obtained at the treatment temperature of 205°C using a rotating cylinder tube coffee roaster using an electric heat source takes 78 minutes to reach coffee maturity with a dark roast level of maturity. Analysis of the color of coffee beans after roasting, it was found that Arabica coffee and Robusta coffee were more dominant, showing on the color track-60 with the Agtron Color Classification System scale, where the initial moisture content of dry robusta beans is 12.50% reduced to 3.66% after roasting, while the initial moisture content of arabica beans is 12.36% reduced to 3.54%.

Power load modeling of new energy electric heating

the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of four electric heat sources, as well as the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of centralized electric heating and decentralized electric heating are compared and analyzed. Combined with the structure and working principle of the central heating electric boiler, the thermal efficiency and heat network loss of the electric boiler are analyzed, and the mathematical model of the total load of central heating is established. Finally, the model is used to budget the heating load.

Copper water heat pipe applied for Stirling engine

Power generation in remote locations requires the advancement of efficient and long-lasting power generation technologies. One possible solution is a microreactor, which uses heat pipes to transport fission heat from a nuclear source to Stirling engines producing energy. In this context, TERRA (Advanced Fast Reactor Technology) project conducted by the Institute for Advanced Studies (IEAv) developed a Stirling engine and copper-water heat pipes for an initial study of both coupled devices. However, before using a nuclear source, it is necessary to understand the thermal behavior of the devices using an electrical heating source. Thus, the objective of this work is to test experimentally if a copper heat pipe can carry the necessary heat to activate the Free Piston Stirling engine. For this, it was necessary to develop a copper adapter to connect the pipe to the engine. The pipe was connected to the engine and temperatures were collected using T-thermocouples. The results of the experiments showed that the heat pipe was able to transport 28 W to the Stirling engine, which ran continuously. The maximum heat pipe temperatures were 253°C and the Stirling engine ran at 212°C in the hot source. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the IEAv´s copper-water heat pipe is capable of conducting the necessary heat to activate the IEAv´s Stirling engine and produce electricity. The results will form the basis for the future application of a nuclear source.

Evaluation of the Drying Characteristics of Coffee Grounds with Electric and Gas Combustion Heat Sources

The water content of the coffee grounds discharged from coffee beverage production facilities and coffee stores is about 75 wt.%. When the coffee grounds is used as solid energy source, drying technology is important because the high water content of the coffee grounds causes lower heating values reduction and combustion deterioration. In particular, it is necessary to maintain a constant water content of the dried coffee grounds with low energy consumption. In this study, two types of coffee ground batch dryer were tested: an electric heating and a gas burning system. After coffee grounds were injected into each dryer, vapor evaporation, drying rate, specific moisture evaporation rate, and drying efficiency were measured. The drying systems applied the moisture intensity (pulse, P) sensor and an automatic control program to maintain the moisture content of the dried coffee grounds. The drying performance and efficiency of the electric heating dryer were 21% and 33% higher than the gas burning dryer, respectively. The water content of dried coffee grounds is about 2.1 wt.%, and the ash content is 1.5 wt.%. The lower calorific value of dried coffee grounds is 5,710 kcal/kg, satisfying Bio-SRF (solid refuse fuel, Korea) quality standard. Therefore, when the dried coffee grounds is used as a solid energy source, it is advantageous to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas and save fossil fuels compared to the case of landfilling the dried coffee grounds.

Analysis of the Environmental Impact in the Life Cycle of a Single-Family House in Poland

Buildings consume energy, which is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reduce their environmental impact, it is important to choose suitable building materials and energy source. The paper presents the results of a multi-variant analysis of five environmental impact categories (global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, and total use of primary energy) for a single-family house located in Poland in a 25-year life cycle. The tests were carried out for two different types of building structures (brick and wooden), two variants of external partition insulation, and four heat sources. The following computer programs were used for the calculations: OpenStudio and EnergyPlus, and One Click LCA. The analysis took into account the erection of the building in its shell and the energy consumption for heating in a 25-year life cycle. Studies have shown that when an electric heat source is used, the use stage has the greatest environmental impact, accounting for up to 80% of the total emissions over the life cycle. This ratio can be reduced by half in the case of a house with thicker external wall insulation and an eco-biomass boiler.

Application of The Rotary Dryer Machine in The Semi Modern Herbal Herbs Business Group in Nguter District, Sukoharjo Regency

The purpose of this community service program is to apply the rotary dryer unit to the production of herbal herbs that do not require solar heat. Target on the management aspect, partners are able to manage business with standard business management. Partners have an entrepreneurial spirit and have a strong spirit. Activities are carried out with coordination and discussion with partners. A meeting to determine the capacity of the rotary dryer unit and the needs of electrical energy and heat sources. Whereas for the herbal medicine business entrepreneur group, coordination was carried out to determine the material and motivation management training to foster an entrepreneurial spirit. The rotary dryer unit consists of two main parts, namely: air heater and rotary dryer cylinder. Air heater is made from a range of 3/4 inch diameter mild steel pipes, while the shell wall is made of mild steel plates with 1.2 mm thickness. For air plants centrifugal blowers are used with a 2 inch pipe diameter. A heat source is used by a single burner with LPG fuel. The rotary dryer cylinder, is a concentric tube, from a perforated stainless steel plate used as a place for dried simplicia. While the outer tube is made of mild steel plates. The tube is rotated using a 200 Watt one pasha electric motor. Improved business management with standard management to improve marketing efficiency and development.

Testing coffee roasting machine with electric heater as energy source

The roasting process is the process of frying something without using oil. The roasting processes raw materials into cooked or ready-to-eat ingredients. The purpose of the roasting is to get a certain taste using heat transfer methods either without media or using sand. When the roasting process occurs, the coffee beans undergo physical changes, one of which is the water content due to heat transfer from the roasting medium to the material. During the roasting process, evaporation of water content occurs and the coffee beans will experience a decrease in mass. Coffee bean roasting machines with stove heat sources from gas fuel are currently being developed. The use of gas fuel is sometimes difficult to regulate a constant temperature because it depends on the valve setting to exit the gas flow on the stove. On the other hand if incomplete combustion occurs it will affect the flavour of the roasted coffee beans. The purpose of this study was to test a coffee roasting machine with an electric element heat source. Roasting machine testing with a time of 50 minutes produces an average temperature of 196.64 °C with a final moisture content of 3.61%.