Electrical Energy Distribution Systems Research Articles

Electrodynamic Forces in Main Three-Phase Busbar System of Low-Voltage Switchgear—FEA Simulation

This paper concerns the effects of electrodynamic forces that act on current paths that are part of high-grade industrial distribution switchgear. This work is composed of experimental and simulation sections. In the experimental section, the short-circuit tests are presented and the occurrence of electrodynamic forces are shown in a visible way. The formation of electrodynamic forces in the current circuits of electrical energy distribution systems is related to the flow of high currents, but mostly it is related to short-circuit currents. In order to highlight these phenomena, the detailed specification of the parameters during tests is displayed. In the simulation section, the physical phenomenon of electrodynamic forces is being captured by employing a detailed real-scale model of switchgear and current paths. Therefore, the authors proposed employment of the FEM (finite element method) in order to obtain values of electrodynamic forces acting on the current paths by executing the detailed 3D coupled simulation. The analysis of the results and aftermath effects of their interactions provided interesting conclusions that concerned the operation of such power distribution layouts in critical short-circuit conditions.

Loss of Life Transformer Prediction Based on Stacking Ensemble Improved by Genetic Algorithm By IJISRT

Prediction for loss of life transfomer is very important to ensure the reliability and efficiency of the power system. In this paper, an innovative model is proposed to improve the accuracy of lost of life transfomer prediction using stacking ensembles enhanced with genetic algorithm (GA). The aim is to develop a robust model to estimate the remaining life of a transformer in order to generally increase the reliability of the electrical energy distribution system. This approach involves integrating various machine learning models as a basic model, namely Support Vector Machines (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). A stacking ensemble framework is then used to combine the predictions of these base models using a meta model namely Logistic Regression (LR). The results show a significant improvement in both transformers using stacking-GA, both TR-A and TR-B, with each prediction evaluation 99% and with a minimal error rate, namely approaching 0.the developed framework presents a promising solution for accurate and reliable transformer life prediction. By integrating a variety of basic models, applying improved stacking layouts using GA, these models offer valuable insights to improve maintenance strategies and system reliability in power grids.

Decreased SAIDI and SAIFI the Buruan Feeder Distribution Line with Insulator Cover

The Buruan feeder is one of the electrical energy distribution systems operated by PLN South Bali. The Buruan feeders are an overhead distribution system with A3CS conductors. This feeder has several components that are open, so it is easy to get external disturbances from animals and trees. To overcome this problem, exposed components need to be isolated, one of which is with an insulator. This research found that in 2021, the value of SAIDI was 3.33 hours/year/customer, and the value of SAIFI was 7 times/year/customer. After maintenance, reconductor, and installed animal barrier, in 2022, the value of SAIDI is 0.65 hours/year/customer, and the value of SAIFI is 4 times/year/customer. This value of SAIFI is not enough for PLN UID Bali to become a world-class company. To support the PLN UID Bali to go to a world-class company, need some act to install an insulator cover. If the insulator cover was installed, the prediction of the value of SAIDI would be 0.019 hours/year/customer, and the value of SAIFI is 0.94 times/year/customer, according to the company's world-class target.

Multi-planar injection lap riveting

This paper is focused on multi-planar hybrid busbars made from copper and aluminum for electric energy distribution systems. The objective is to provide an overview of its assembly by injection lap riveting in multidirectional tools and to compare the electrical performance of its joints against that of conventional (in-plane) busbars.The injected lap riveted joints require a dovetail ring hole and a countersunk hole to be first machined in the overlapped copper and aluminum sheets and then to inject the semi-tubular rivets by compression through the lined-up holes in order to fix the sheets in position. In this work, the injection of the semi-tubular rivets was carried out in a laboratory multidirectional tool set that converts the vertical press stroke into two-orthogonal horizontal movements by means of cam slide units consisting of compression punch holders and sliding wedge actuators attached to the upper bolster.Experimental results obtained for a multi-planar, three-conductor, rake-shaped elbow of a hybrid busbar system allow concluding that while the required compression force is proportional to the number of injected lap riveted joints, the electrical performance is non-proportional due to changes in the distribution of electric current density. Numerical simulation with finite elements gives support to the discussion and allows readers to recognize the pitfalls of designing busbar joints exclusively based on mechanical requirements.

Reliable low-cost data transmission in smart grid system

The Smart Grid (SG) designates an electrical energy distribution system that automatically and autonomously adapts production to demand. To achieve this balance, the Smart Grid uses a network of sensors and transmission devices. The smart meter, as the key element of the Smart Grid, is an undisputed promise to optimize energy efficiency, but it raises certain questions in terms of data exploitation and privacy protection. Smart meters (SM) deployed in SG systems collect and transmit data to the service provider. Therefore, trust, security, and confidentiality are required in the SG system. Since communications between entities are exposed to attacks, strong protection is needed. In this article, we perform both trust mutual authentication algorithm and soft data transit for the Smart Grid using rotation function. We prove the security of our algorithm against known attacks. To prevent key escrow problems, keys are smoothly updated. In addition, the efficiency of the algorithm against relevant work is demonstrated using real measurements.

Condition-based maintenance optimisation for multi-component systems using mean residual life

This paper aims to propose a Novel Condition-based maintenance (CBM) decision aid model for optimising the maintenance of complex multi-component systems. As the degradation level of each component is assumed to be independent and stochastic, it follows a specific probability distribution determined from historical data of experimental observations and inspection. The main objective is to optimise the total cost for providing maintenance actions and reducing the excess of spare parts usage. The decision support model consists of determining measurements on components with the aim of estimating the instant of time of removing predictively one or a group of components before they fail. The measurement model includes the mean residual lifetime (MRL) and some extensions developed for this purpose. For demonstrating the pertinency of the proposed model, we use a preventive maintenance strategy for one-component systems and a grouping/opportunistic maintenance for multi-component systems. Besides, a numerical comparative study performing these measurements is carried out using several examples and a case study from Electric energy distribution systems. The solution is illustrated as a decision-making optimal model for optimising the maintenance operations’ costs and the total number of spare parts. The numerical results and the comparison show the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Jarak Penempatan Lightning Arrester sebagai Pelindung Transformator terhadap Tegangan Lebih pada Gardu Induk 150 Kv Harapan Baru

The substation is part of the electrical energy distribution system, therefore depending on its function it must be protected from disturbances that cause disruption to the distribution of electrical energy. One of the important equipment in a substation is a transformer, and the protection device used is a lightning rod. With its good characteristics, the arrester plays a role in bypassing lightning currents so that the equipment does not produce high overvoltages. The analysis results show that the maximum distance between the arrester and the transformer is 10.96 meters, while the installation distance in the field is 3.2 meters, so the arrester can still protect the transformer because it is still lower than the maximum distance. Allowed. After the arrester turns on for 9.54 μs, the voltage on the transformer will drop. And because the BIL of the transformer is 650 KV and the peak voltage reaches 751.3 kV at 300 μs, the arrester can still protect the transformer.

Overcurrent and ground fault relay protection settings at tranformator-1 150kV/20kV Braga substation

The occurrence of a malfunction at the substation results in power outages and losses in the electrical energy distribution system to consumers. Many tests are carried out to see the performance of the protection system, including the parameters of the over current relay (OCR) and ground fault relay (GFR) in the electrical energy distribution system. This research aims to analyze OCR and GFR values, analyze OCR setting, drop-off, and pick-up values, and analyze OCR time characteristics using DigSilent Power Factory 15.1 software based on existing equipment specification data at the Braga substation. The results show an OCR accuracy level of around 94% on the 20 kV and 150 kV sides. Meanwhile, 92.39% on the 20 kV GFR side and 94.87% on the 150 kV side. The setting value for the pick-up current is 0.92 A on the 20 kV side of the GFR and the drop-off current is 0.85 A on the 150 kV side with a pick-up current of 0.39 A and a drop-up current of 0.37 A. Setting a value on the 20kV side is greater than on the 150 kV side due to the difference in current transformer ratio values. The simulation results show that the OCR and GFR characteristic curves on both sides meet the criteria for a protection system with good performance.

A new hybrid CBSA-GA optimization method and MRMI-LSTM forecasting algorithm for PV-ESS planning in distribution networks

Renewable energy sources have gained significant attention as a priority option for cost reduction and emissions reduction from fossil fuels. However, their utilization introduces uncertainty and decreases reliability in distribution networks. To effectively harness these resources and mitigate their uncertainties, this paper proposes a model for determining the optimal size and location of photovoltaic (PV) systems and energy storage systems (ESS) in electrical energy distribution networks. The objective is to minimize network power losses, voltage deviations, customer interruption cost, PV system installation cost, and ESS installation cost. To achieve this, the study employs a hybrid forecasting model based on MRMI feature selection and LSTM deep neural network to forecast daily solar power and electrical load for 12 different days across various months of the year, considering the desired electrical energy distribution system. Subsequently, these predicted values serve as 12 scenarios to determine the optimal location and size of PV systems and ESSs. The optimization problem is tackled using a novel hybrid optimization method known as the Coot Bird Search Algorithm-Genetic Algorithm (CBSA-GA). The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by comparing its results with GA, PSO, and CBSA algorithms. Among the optimization methods discussed in this paper, CBSA-GA excels in reducing the objective function by accurately determining the capacities of PV resources and ESS. Compared to scenarios where distributed generation (DG) is not integrated into the distribution network, the implementation of CBSA-GA algorithm results in significant improvements in the objective function for Cases 1 to 3. The reductions achieved in the objective function are 9.10 %, 11.88 %, and 24.39 % for Cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These findings highlight the effectiveness of CBSA-GA in optimizing the integration of DG resources, specifically in terms of reducing the objective function and improving system performance.

Optimization methods for planning in electric power grids

A rise in the rate of population growth leads to higher demand rates for electric power consumption. Therefore, it is necessary that the electrical energy generation, transmission and distribution system be planned in an optimized way, in order to provide an excellent service to the consumer and reduce costs for the supply of electrical energy distribution and transmission. For this, the location and load balancing of each substation is extremely important in the distribution systems. The problem can be modeled as a combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, we propose an allocation model using the p-median for this problem. The heuristic methods developed, to solve this problem, were based on algorithms from Teitz and Bart (1968), to find the best location of the substations, and Gillett and Jhonson (1976), which it designates demand points to be connected to each substation. Finally, an exact method using the branch-and-bound algorithm was used to compare the computational results. The tests used several scenarios applied to the electrical energy distribution networks in a metropolitan region. The computational results were promising in terms of quality as well as in computational time. Finally, the validated algorithm were applied in a database for planning the transmission sector.

How Instrument Transformers Influence Power Quality Measurements: A Proposal of Accuracy Verification Tests.

The integration of renewable energy sources on a large scale in the electrical energy distribution systems, as well as the widespread of non-linear loads, has led to a significant increase in power quality (PQ) disturbances. For this reason, PQ monitoring is also becoming a key task in medium voltage (MV) grids. The measurement of PQ at MV levels can only be performed using instrument transformers (ITs) to scale down the level of voltage and current to levels suitable for the input stage of PQ instruments. However, no international standards currently require the verification of the errors introduced by ITs in the measurement of PQ phenomena. Moreover, this issue is only partially addressed in the scientific literature, where papers dealing with specific and limited aspects of the problem can be found. For this reason, this paper aims to comprehensively assess the issue, proposing IT accuracy verification tests for different PQ parameters. First, a set of PQ phenomena relevant for IT testing is chosen, as well as the associated ranges of variation, based on a review of the enforced standards and the scientific literature. For each selected PQ phenomenon, possible performance indices and test waveforms are proposed. Finally, the proposed procedure is validated by applying it to the characterization of two different types of commercial voltage transformers.

Development of the Concept Design of Rooftop Solar Power Plant Practice Tool

Solar energy source as an alternative to gain electrical energy continues to grow. One of the utilization systems is to use the solar panels on the roof top of the house. The Household-scale of Solar System Power Plant has been widely used. This case requires skilled workers for the installation of this system.
 This study aims to develop a household-scale of Solar System Power Plant practice tool into a complete system. The used method begins with a literature study and then continues with the design system. The results obtained are a household-scale Solar System Power Plant tool design that can describe a complete system of the electrical energy distribution. The concept of a practical tool that previously only focused on the mechanical installation of solar panels but now become more complete with the addition of an electrical energy distribution system.

Sistem Tapping Fasa Keseimbangan Beban Berbasis Internet of Things

Load imbalance that occurs continuously will decrease in the reliability of a system, the maximum limit for load imbalance, according to IEEE Std 446-1995 is 20% in each phase. The design of a prototype for the management of 1-phase loading electrical energy using the Blynk platform as a user interfaces, monitor and controller. The phase shift method reduces the percentage value of the load imbalance in the electrical energy distribution system. An Energy Meter is used for measuring the electrical quantities and detecting unbalanced phases. Arduino Mega and ESP 8266-01 are used to communicate data as sending and receiving commands from Blynk, testing before balancing the measured load on the Energy Meter. The R phase has a current of 0.36 Ampere, The S phase is 0.71 Ampere, and 0.00 Ampere in the T phase. The percentage before load imbalance shows a value of 100%. After balancing the load, the measured current becomes 0.41 Ampere in the R phase, 0.44 Ampere in the S phase, and the 0.39 Ampere for T phase. The value of the load imbalance decreased to 17.7%.

Power quality disturbances diagnosis: A 2D densely connected convolutional network framework

The fast and accurate diagnosis of power quality disturbances (PQD) aids in avoiding shutdowns and unnecessary procedures, concerning electric energy distribution systems. As such, a number of techniques have been tested and applied in order to reach this objective. Majority of the techniques applied are two-step based. On the first step, power quality disturbances features are extracted. Second step, considering features extracted, disturbance classification is implemented. Recently, relevant literature has presented data-driven signal processing-based approaches, as deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN), which can implement both processing steps while providing automated recognition of patterns and outliers in data. However, not considered by state-of-art, power quality disturbances are evolving in nature, while all possible regularities might not be represented in the dataset. In this work a 2 Dimension Densely Connected Convolutional Network (2D-DenseNet) framework is presented. Case study with synthetic disturbance events are analyzed. Easy-to-implement formulation, built on the 2D-DenseNet, without hard-to-design parameters, highlight potential aspects for real-life implementation.

Resilience of Cyber-Enabled Electrical Energy and Water Distribution Systems Considering Infrastructural Robustness Under Conditions of Limited Water and/or Energy Availability

New metrics and a new methodology for determining system infrastructural–operational resilience are presented for the optimal real-time operation of two critical interdependent infrastructure systems—the water distribution systems (WDS) and the electric power system (EPS) under critical conditions of limited water and/or limited electrical energy resulting from extreme drought or electric grid failure, respectively. Operational resilience (OR) and infrastructural resilience are defined. The integrated resilience computation method is presented and utilizes results from a combined optimization–simulation framework, which involves capturing the interactions and associated dynamics between the EPS and WDS. A realistic example of the WDS and EPS is used to demonstrate the application of the resilience concepts to assess the interdependent systems’ performance.

Priorities for tariff compensation of distributed electricity generation in Brazil

The economic, financial, environmental, social, and regulatory impacts of distributed generation influence energy policymaking. In 2012, Brazilian National Electricity Regulation Agency issued Normative Resolution 482/2012 to regulate the access and compensation of energy produced by micro-generation and mini-generation distributed to electric energy distribution systems. The paper aims to contextualize the history of the Brazilian electricity industry and its focus on centralization to demonstrate the need for expanding decentralized (distributed) generation. It is expected to contribute to the discussion about the decentralization of the natural monopoly from the expansion of distributed energy generation and its regulation. It is also expected to contribute to the discussion on the compensation of distributed generation in the electricity tariff in Brazil considering the regulatory basis/update and additional aspects like prosumer as a new player in the electricity market, diversification of renewable sources in the energy and in the electricity matrix, financing of investments in distributed generation, electricity supply versus GDP growth, and security of electricity supply to the country.

A Novel Analytical Approach for Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generations in Radial Electrical Energy Distribution Systems

Considering the strong influence of distributed generation (DG) in electric distribution systems and its impact on network voltage losses and stability, a new challenge has appeared for such systems. In this study, a novel analytical algorithm is proposed to distinguish the optimal location and size of DGs in radial distribution networks based on a new combined index (CI) to reduce active power losses and improve system voltage profiles. To obtain the CI, active power losses and voltage stability indexes were used in the proposed approach. The CI index with sensitivity analysis was effective in decreasing power losses and improving voltage stability. Optimal DG size was determined based on a search algorithm to reduce active power losses. The considered scheme was examined through IEEE 12-bus and 33-bus radial distribution test systems (RDTS), and the obtained results were compared and validated in comparison with other available methods. The results and analysis verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in reducing power losses and improving the distribution system voltage profiles by determining the appropriate location and optimal DG size. In IEEE 12 and 33 bus networks, the minimum voltage increased from 0.9434 p.u and 0.9039 p.u to 0.9907 p.u and 0.9402 p.u, respectively. Additionally, the annual cost of energy losses decreased by 78.23% and 64.37%, respectively.

A Conceptual Model for Mitigating Security Vulnerabilities in IoT-Based Smart Grid Electric Energy Distribution Systems

Smart Grid (SG) systems involves large Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure integrated with the power grid system to allow bidirectional flows of information, for effectiveness and to provide economic and sustainable processes that facilitates constant electricity supplies. As a result of open IoT used in smart grid infrastructure, electricity generation and distribution information are getting more vulnerable to online threats. The need to find effective and mitigating measures to the vulnerability and threats in the systems. As broadband network moves from 4G to 5G networks with its attendant advantages, smart grid interoperability will require a well-structured security strategy to avert cyber-attacks and ensure grid security. Cyber-attack issues are critical factors that need to be understood and mitigating techniques developed to ensure the smooth running of smart grid systems. Research has shown that severe vulnerabilities in the implementation of the smart meter pose a threat to grid infrastructure, as such, it is only when these issues are resolved that we can have a sustainable and realistic smart grid technology. This study addressed these concerns by developing a conceptual model for the mitigation of security vulnerabilities in IoT-based smart grid electric energy distribution systems.

Attenuation of Zero Sequence Voltage Using a Conventional Three-Wire Dynamic Voltage Restorer

Voltage sags/swells and harmonics are recurring problems in electric energy distribution systems. In order to solve these issues, several dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) topologies, such as the conventional three-wire DVR, have been proposed in the literature. Despite its capability of mitigating voltage disturbances, many researchers have established that conventional three-wire DVR cannot compensate for zero sequence voltage disturbances. In this paper, an in-depth study of the conventional three-phase DVR is presented, which shows that this DVR topology can also be used to attenuate zero sequence voltage components without increasing control complexity. The necessary conditions for this to occur are discussed in details and a brief comparison between the conventional three-wire DVR and other DVR topologies that can compensate for zero sequence voltage disturbances is made. Experimental results are included to validate the theoretical study.

Interaction Between Energy Distribution Systems and Urban Afforestation in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte

Urban growth promotes changes in the environment and in the quality of life. Urban afforestation enables environmental services. But afforestation requires planning and maintenance to avoid conflicts with other urban equipment. The objective of this work was to analyze the interaction between urban afforestation and energy distribution systems in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte. The state-owned energy concessionaire’s database was used, seeking to analyze the relationship between the history of outages in energy supply and the environmental factors associated with the fact, in the period between 2010 and 2015. It was found that the most relevant factors were the type of electrical energy distribution system (bare or isolated) and the maintenance (pruning) of the trees. The size of the tree and the strength of the wood are decisive in defining the demand for maintenance pruning to ensure a harmonious relationship between the trees and the electrical energy distribution system.