Electrical Communication Systems Research Articles

Implementation of Underwater Electric Field Communication Based on Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation.

Stable communication technologies in complex waters are a prerequisite for underwater operations. Underwater acoustic communication is susceptible to multipath interference, while underwater optical communication is susceptible to environmental impact. The underwater electric field communication established based on the weak electric fish perception mechanism is not susceptible to environmental interference, and the communication is stable. It is a new type of underwater communication technology. To address issues like short communication distances and high bit error rates in existing underwater electric field communication systems, this study focuses on underwater electric field communication systems based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation techniques. To verify the feasibility of the established spread spectrum electric field communication system, static communication experiments were carried out in a swimming pool using the DSSS-based system. The experimental results show that in fresh water with a conductivity of 739 μS/cm, the system can achieve underwater current electric field communication within a 11.2 m range with 10-6 bit errors. This paper validates the feasibility of DSSS BPSK in short-range underwater communication, and compact communication devices are expected to be deployed on underwater robots for underwater operations.

A new magneto-optical phenomenon enhanced by Au nanoparticles on 3D Ni sub-microstructures.

We constructed a bio-structured surface-plasmonic/magneto-optic composite of ferromagnet metal Ni and noble metal Au. It was found that Ni Morpho menelaus (Mm) butterfly wings (BWs) with a natural photonic crystal structure have an apparent enhancement of light reflection under a 0.3 T magnetic field. Additional introduction of discrete Au particles helps further increase this magnetism-induced response. Compared with Mm-Ni-BWs, Mm-Ni-Au30-BWs' reflectance increases 5.3 times at 1944 nm. This investigation helps reveal and understand the effects of new micro-nanostructures on surface plasmon/magneto-optic coupling, benefiting future applications of biology sensors, chemical sensors, photonic chips, electrical communication systems, etc.

Optimization design of Three-phase balanced power supply for vehicle mobile power

This paper analyzed the harm of three-phase unbalanced power supply of vehicle mobile power supply to generator set electrical equipment and communication system, and the cause of the harm is analyzed. The three-phase balance control box is designed by adopting the design concept of “three input one output” and “rectifier inverter”. Through the comparison of the experimental data, the feasibility of the three-phase balance control box for the three-phase balance adjustment of the external power supply of the vehicle mobile power supply is verified, so as to achieves the optimization of the three-phase balance power supply and improves the reliability and safety of the external power supply of the vehicle mobile power supply.

AC power analysis for second-order memory elements

As the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, apparent power (S) is of paramount necessity and importance in electrical utilities, electronics, communication, and neural network systems. Based on the existing AC power analysis on the two-terminal passive elements (i.e., R, L, and C), some in-depth research on AC apparent power calculations for second-order memory elements and memristive systems is introduced to help with revealing their complex and unique non-linear phenomena. This paper derives the forms of real power, reactive power, and apparent power for the proposed second-order memory elements (i.e., MR, MC, and ML) and reveals the difference between ideal memory elements and traditional passive ones (i.e., R, C, and L). For all involved memory elements, harmonic values and an extra term occur in the expression of powers to represent their memory characteristics. Especially, the real power is a function of a circuit’s dissipative elements (usually resistances R), but not exactly the memristor (MR). Then, the corresponding curves could be depicted, which demonstrate the differences between R/C/L and MR/MC/ML and verified that harmonic values existed in SMR/SMC/SML, meaning that it would perpetually supply energy when operated with an alternating current.

Front Cover: Digital twin‐based online tools for electric power communication system training: Online digital twin power communication system

Front Cover: Digital twin‐based online tools for electric power communication system training: Online digital twin power communication system

Digital twin‐based online tools for electric power communication system training: Online digital twin power communication system

Electric power information has garnered particular interest in conventional electrical power systems because it plays a crucial role in the electric power industry. Additionally, electric power communication networks ensure the overall power system's reliability and safety. The concepts and techniques used in digital twin (DT)-based online tools for electric power communication networks are introduced in this paper. Moreover, online DT tools are proposed as daily learning and training resources for both new staff and communication commissioners, which can be used for the internet and the company intranets. Users can control DT and physical equipment simultaneously, and device status can be seen in real time. The design, modelling, control principles, data collection, and visual display of the DT tools are all covered in this study. To validate the applicability of the proposed framework, a case study for optical fibre damage and the recovery process in a typical communication interruption malfunction is investigated. The research presented in this paper has the potential to provide useful tools and new paradigms for designing online DT training and education systems.

Secure hybrid fiber optic and free optical space communication systems

This work investigates the integration of Electrical to Optical (E/O) and Optical to Electrical (E/O) communication systems. Two ways of transition, namely, Hybrid Fiber Optic (FO) and Free Optical Space (FSO) transmission system have been proposed. This work aims to evaluate the performance of these two transition ways. FO has the optimum transmission due to its lower attenuation which can be reached to 350 km. However, for further assurance of reaching data to the receiver side a second way of transition has been investigated. FSO path has been employed under different weather conditions of clear, moderate dust, heavy dust and heavy fog. Matlab and Optisystem7 software’s have been used to simulate Optical Secure Data Transition (SDT). The results show that an optimum transmission could be obtained using FO with RGB image encryption where the Mean Square Error (MSE) reach to 9.88 ×10^7 in read channel and it can reach to 4.93 ×10^9 using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT).

On-chip ultra-compact nonvolatile photonic synapse

The important research content of modern communication systems is to realize high-speed, stable, and intelligent information transmission and processing. All-optical neural networks based on the silicon integrated technology and phase change materials (PCMs) can realize picosecond-level modulation speed, faster processing speed, and lower energy consumption compared with the traditional electrical communication system. The photonic synapse is the core component of the all-optical neural network module, but the existing photonic synapses based on PCMs require a modulation distance (MD) of several micrometers or even ten micrometers to achieve a large output intensity range. In this paper, we propose an ultra-compact nonvolatile photonic synapse, in which MD can be shortened to 1 μm, breaking the record of the minimum signal MD of the silicon photonic synapse using the PCMs. At the same time, the output intensity range of our synapse is almost twice that of the existing research. Based on this photonic synapse, we analyze the relationship between the output response and incident wavelength, which can help to design an ultra-compact photonic convolutional neural network. This work has great potential in future photonic computing and photonic communication technologies.

Данные об истории замедления тела в реологической среде как основа для верификации расчетных задач

Relying on data on the history of body deceleration during high-speed penetration into the target, the paper reviews the Proceedings of the 23rd – 31st International Symposiums on Ballistics, as well as the findings in the field of terminal ballistics, i.e. the study of body acting on a target, and the history of striker deceleration in the target material. The paper observes a half-century path of development of the technology as a new scientific direction, started in the department of High-Precision Airborne Devices at Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Strikers in measuring technology are equipped with shock accelerometers and original electrical recorder communication systems. Theoretical and experimental studies revealed a new law of medium penetration resistance. The law allows the use of engineering methods to solve problems, e.g. spatial problems of penetration. The data on the history of the measuring striker deceleration recorded in the experiments provided additional opportunities for verifying the models and the results of virtual simulation of the processes of spatial penetration. The paper introduces the studies carried out by the authors in a wide range of different initial conditions of impact and designs of strikers and targets. New technical solutions in measuring technology developed recently are also presented.

Smart Grid System Using IoT

Smart Grid is a flexible Electric Grid, Communication and IT systems that can monitor the flow of energy from production areas to utility areas (even down to the level of electrical equipment) and control the flow of energy or reduce load to keep pace with real or near generation. Real-time smart Grids can be achieved through effective transfer and distribution systems, system functionality, customer integration, and renewable integration. Intelligent grid solutions help to monitor, measure, and control the flow of energy in real-time which can contribute to the detection of losses and thus take appropriate technical and administrative measures to capture losses. Electricity is an important invention otherwise life on Earth would not be possible. It is therefore clear that there is a need to measure the electricity used. A wattmeter is achieved, but a person from TNEB should visit each customer's house to measure energy consumption and calculate customer debt. So it requires a lot of manual labor and is time-consuming. We aim to build an IoT-based power meter for each TNEB customer. So the proposed energy meter measures the amount of energy used and uploads it to the Thitspeak cloud the affected person can view the reading. Power reading is sent to the cloud using ESP 8266, a Wi-Fi module. Power readings in a digital wattmeter are read using coupler opt and transmitted digitally to Arduino. So it automatically performs the process of measuring domestic energy use using IoT and thereby enables remote access and digitalization for each TNEB customer.

IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING AN OIL-FILLED HIGH-VOLTAGE COUPLING CAPACITOR

Oil-filled high-voltage capacitors are used in high-frequency electrical communication systems, the reliability of which is highly demanding. The article is devoted to the improvement of procedures for diagnosing an oil-filled high-voltage coupling capacitor by using methods of gas chromatographic determination of the content of dissolved diagnostic gases in mineral condenser oils. The aim of the work is to increase the reliability of the technical diagnostics results of electric capacitor communication type SMA-166V3- 14UHL1 to monitor its technical condition, determine the location and causes of failure, predict technical condition and clarify the possibility of maintenance and repair. The following studies were performed: electrical characteristics and thermal field characteristics of the communication capacitor; properties of condenser oil after disassembly of the condenser. The following parameters are determined: for the coupling capacitor - the tangent of the dielectric loss angle, electric capacitance and its changes, electrical resistance; for condenser oil - electric breakdown voltage, dielectric loss tangent, flash point in a closed crucible, density, moisture content, acid number, presence of mechanical impurities, hydrogen solubility, dissolved diagnostic gases content, antioxidant additive and furan compounds. The obtained results allow to increase the reliability of the results of diagnosing the technical condition of oil-filled electric capacitors in connection with the use of traditional and additional methods of diagnosing high-voltage electrical equipment filled with mineral oils.

Detecting Electromagnetic Geographical Environment Changes Based on the Frequency-Intensity Curve

Electromagnetic geographic environment is closely related to human life. With continuous popularization of public infrastructures and daily electronic instruments, such as electric power communication systems and household appliances, electromagnetic radiation sources have increased sharply in the geographic environment, which leads to increasingly serious electromagnetic radiation pollution. Thus, it is significant to monitor, evaluate, and analyze the electromagnetic radiation condition and explore its changing law in the environment. However, the traditional monitoring method can only detect anomalies within certain frequencies in the fixed stations. To fill this gap, this research first develops a vehicle-mounted electromagnetic environment monitoring system to collect both spatial positioning data and electromagnetic data of the whole frequency range. The acquired data are then used to construct the location-based frequency-intensity curve to reflect the variation of electromagnetic radiation at different frequency ranges. On this basis, a curve similarity measurement method is introduced to analyze the similarity of different curves, which is effective to diagnose time-varying sources from both global and local perspectives. This research provides a real-time mobile monitoring method, which is significant to know the dynamic variation of local electromagnetic environment and promotes subsequent comprehensive geographic analyses.

Design of electric power emergency communication system based on multi-network integration

Natural disasters and emergencies generally pose serious threats to power facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an efficient electric power emergency communication (EPEC) system. Existing systems based on a single network carrier (for example,4G, satellite, and Wi-Fi) may not meet the requirements of complex environments. We design a new EPEC system based on multi-network convergence technology by integrating the above three network carriers. It overcomes the limitations of single network carrier and improves the efficiency of power emergency communication. The test results show that the system can improve the transmission line bandwidth, automatically switch to the optimal signal network, and guarantee the security and stability of data transmission.

Communication energy optimization of electric vehicle platoon on curved road

The cruising range of an electric vehicle is limited by its battery. Reducing the energy consumption of MES (main energy systems) or AES (auxiliary energy systems) of the vehicle battery is an effective means to increase the electric vehicle cruising range. Platoon driving can greatly reduce the wind resistance of the vehicle and then reduce the energy consumption of MES for electric vehicles. This paper proposes an adaptive communication energy optimization scheme based on road curvature radius to save the energy of AES for the electric vehicle platoon on curved roads. In this paper, the inter-vehicle distance error based on the car-like model in a two-dimensional space is established. Then, the inter-vehicle distance error is used to design a control law K to accomplish successful platooning. Next, three platooning control schemes based on different information flow topologies are discussed. Finally, the consensus of three platooning control schemes and the energy consumption of electric vehicle communication systems are analyzed by MATLAB’s Simulink. Simulation results show that the communication energy optimization scheme reduces the power consumption of AES as long as the platoon driving on curved roads.

Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health.

Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.

Online Learning Approach for Predictive Real-Time Energy Trading in Cloud-RANs.

Constantly changing electricity demand has made variability and uncertainty inherent characteristics of both electric generation and cellular communication systems. This paper develops an online learning algorithm as a prescheduling mechanism to manage the variability and uncertainty to maintain cost-aware and reliable operation in cloud radio access networks (Cloud-RANs). The proposed algorithm employs a combinatorial multi-armed bandit model and minimizes the long-term energy cost at remote radio heads. The algorithm preschedules a set of cost-efficient energy packages to be purchased from an ancillary energy market for the future time slots by learning both from cooperative energy trading at previous time slots and by exploring new energy scheduling strategies at the current time slot. The simulation results confirm a significant performance gain of the proposed scheme in controlling the available power budgets and minimizing the overall energy cost compared with recently proposed approaches for real-time energy resources and energy trading in Cloud-RANs.

An Approach to Design a Wireless Air Flow Transmitter Using Flex Sensor

In process industries, air flow rate measurement and transmission are usually performed by various passive conventional sensors. Here, air flow rate for moderate flow applications is sensed by resistive type flexible bend sensor having the characteristics of light weight, tiny size, cost-effective, fine linearity and also good repeatability. The flexible resistive type bends sensor which acts as a cantilever beam derives the linear relationship between air flow rate and the change in resistance of the sensor in the form of an electrical signal. For transmission purposes, the generated electrical signal passes through the electrical communication system which is not permeable in hazardous and inflammable areas of the process industry. Henceforth, for the data transmission purpose, Internet of Things (IoT) is being introduced in industries for avoiding explosions due to electric spark and also the real-time data is transmitted throughout the globe with the help of internet. The proposed air flow transmitter has been theoretically analyzed in this paper and the relationship of air flow rate with a transmitted voltage signal has been derived. The experiment has been performed on the fabricated prototype air flow measuring unit. The experimental results are presented in the paper which is matched with the theoretical one. The proposed IoT based air flow transmitter unit shows linear characteristic with good repeatability. The higher value of air or any clean fluid flow rate can be measured by this prototype flow transmitter by only changing the dimensions of the cantilever type bend sensor.

Toward Hijacking Bioelectricity in Cancer to Develop New Bioelectronic Medicine

AbstractBioelectronic medicine is a treatment modality that uses electricity to treat disease by altering the body's electrical communication systems. All cells are electrically active, in that they possess bioelectric circuitry generating a resting membrane potential and endogenous electric fields that influence cell functions and communication. There is now an accepted paradigm that cancer is characterized by malfunctions in cells’ bioelectrical circuitry. This yields opportunities for bioelectronic medicine as novel treatments for cancer by manipulating its bioelectrical properties. To highlight the possibilities a bioelectrical approach can offer cancer therapy, the relevance of bioelectrical activity in cancer is reviewed and also how such activity can be hijacked in novel treatments. This includes sensing or measuring the electrical activity of cells for diagnostic and prognostic applications, controlling or altering bioelectricity including both ionic and faradaic current processes, and eliciting morphological changes using electric fields. Importantly, key links between cellular ionic and faradaic processes that contribute to cancer phenotypes are presented, which if considered and understood as a whole, can bring broad‐reaching improvements to cancer therapy.

СЛОЖНЫЕ ВОДНО-РЕСУРСНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ, НАДЕЖНОСТЬ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ

Water-resource systems have become as much a reality as electric power, transport, communication systems and other large man-made systems. The concept of water resource systems (WRS) refers primarily to a hydraulically connected set of sources and means of managing and delivering water resources to water consumers and water users. The world experience shows that the largest WRS use river runoff as a source of water resources; however, as our research has shown, the future belongs to WRS which are based on the joint management of surface and underground water resources. Despite the significant similarity in the processes of creating and managing large man-made systems, WRS have a number of features that require solving specific problems. First of all, the strategy for the development and management of WRS should take into account the variability of river flow, as well as the fact that these systems are one of the most important elements of the environment. It is these factors that underlie the solution of the problem of the WRS guaranteed output and the reliability of the functioning of these systems on the basis of the calculated availability of their guaranteed to the socio-economic sphere and guaranteed satisfaction of the environmental requirements which is one of the principles of sustainable economic development.

Safety Assessment of Dynamic Systems: An Evidential Group Interaction-Based Fusion Design

Considering the inherent unknown risks in the operation of complex dynamic system, it is very important to assess its safety accurately. Within the framework of human-in-the-loop, we propose a novel evidential group interaction-based (EGIB) safety assessment approach based on the evidence group interaction. With the analysis of safety assessment levels (SALs), the basic belief assignment (BBA) distribution of multiple safety indicators can be obtained. Fuzzy ranking technology is used to collect the individual’s cognition of these indicators. Using Shapley function in the framework of fuzzy measure and considering the cooperation effect, the peer importance is modeled. The collective group opinions of these indicators are obtained after the convergence process. The fusion procedure with weighted evidence combination is used to identify the safety state. To illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method, we carry out simulation using real data obtained from electrical and observation communication system of deep-sea manned submersible, and comparsion is conducted between our approach and the baseline methods. Results show that the proposed approach can be applied to solve the safety assessment problems of complex dynamic systems in practice.