Generation Of Electric Charge Research Articles

Potential of nitrite-absent anaerobic ammonium oxidation by mixed culture ANAMMOX granules in a single chamber bio-electrochemical system

Nitrogen (N) removal from wastewater is essential, but it a process that demands a substantial amount of energy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop treatment processes that can conserve and use energy effectively. This study investigated the potential of a single chamber bio-electrochemical system (BES) for ammonium (NH4+) removal. Various NH4+:NO2− ratios (1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0) were tested at an applied potential of 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Potential in the reactors (R-1, R-2, and R-3) significantly improved NH4+ removal efficiencies. Specifically, R-1, R-2, and R-3 exhibited removal efficiencies of 68.12%, 64.22%, and 57.86%, respectively. NH4+ oxidation in R-3 involved using a carbon brush electrode as an electron acceptor. Significant electric charge generation was observed in all reactors (R-1, R-2, and R-3) during NH4+ removal. Particularly, the use of a carbon brush as an electron acceptor in R-3 resulted in higher electric charge generation compared to those in R-1 and R-2, where NO2− served as an electron acceptor. Upon NH4+ removal and concurrent electric charge generation, nitrate (NO3−) accumulation was observed in reactors with applied potential (R-1, R-2, and R-3), demonstrating greater accumulation compared to reactors without potential (R-7, R-8, and R-9). The mechanism involves ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) oxidizing NH4+ to NO2−, which is then further oxidized by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) to NO3−. ANAMMOX bacteria could directly produce N2 from NH4+ and NO2− or NH4+ could be oxidized to N2 through extracellular electron transfer (EET). A carbon brush electron acceptor reduces NO2− requirement by 1.65 g while enhancing NH4+ oxidation efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential of mixed culture ANAMMOX granules for efficient NO2-free NH4+ removal.

Effect of anode material and dispersal limitation on the performance and biofilm community in microbial electrolysis cells

In a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), the oxidization of organic compounds is facilitated by an electrogenic biofilm on the anode surface. The biofilm community composition determines the function of the system. Both deterministic and stochastic factors affect the community, but the relative importance of different factors is poorly understood. Anode material is a deterministic factor as materials with different properties may select for different microorganisms. Ecological drift is a stochastic factor, which is amplified by dispersal limitation between communities. Here, we compared the effects of three anode materials (graphene, carbon cloth, and nickel) with the effect of dispersal limitation on the function and biofilm community assembly. Twelve MECs were operated for 56 days in four hydraulically connected loops and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to analyse the microbial community composition on the anode surfaces at the end of the experiment. The anode material was the most important factor affecting the performance of the MECs, explaining 54–80 % of the variance observed in peak current density, total electric charge generation, and start-up lag time, while dispersal limitation explained 10–16 % of the variance. Carbon cloth anodes had the highest current generation and shortest lag time. However, dispersal limitation was the most important factor affecting microbial community structure, explaining 61–98 % of the variance in community diversity, evenness, and the relative abundance of the most abundant taxa, while anode material explained 0–20 % of the variance. The biofilms contained nine Desulfobacterota metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), which made up 64–89 % of the communities and were likely responsible for electricity generation in the MECs. Different MAGs dominated in different MECs. Particularly two different genotypes related to Geobacter benzoatilyticus competed for dominance on the anodes and reached relative abundances up to 83 %. The winning genotype was the same in all MECs that were hydraulically connected irrespective of anode material used.

Enhanced capacitive pressure sensing performance by charge generation from filler movement in thin and flexible PVDF-GNP composite films

ABSTRACT This study introduces an approach to overcome the limitations of conventional pressure sensors by developing a thin and lightweight composite film specifically tailored for flexible capacitive pressure sensors, with a particular emphasis on the medium and high pressure range. To accomplish this, we have engineered a composite film by combining polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) derived from expanded graphite (Ex-G). A uniform sized GNPs with an average lateral size of 2.55av and an average thickness of 33.74 av with narrow size distribution was obtained with a gas-induced expansion of expandable graphite (EXP-G) combined with tip sonication in solvent. By this precisely controlled GNP within the composite film, a remarkable improvement in sensor sensitivity has been achieved, surpassing 4.18 MPa−1 within the pressure range of 0.1 to 1.6 MPa. This enhancement can be attributed to the generation of electric charge from the movement of GNP in the polymer matrix. Additionally, stability testing has demonstrated the reliable operation of the composite film over 1000 cycles. Notably, the composite film exhibits exceptional continuous pressure sensing capabilities with a rapid response time of approximately 100 milliseconds. Experimental validation using a 3 × 3 sensor array has confirmed the accurate detection of specific contact points, thus highlighting the potential of the composite film in selective pressure sensing. These findings signify an advancement in the field of flexible capacitive pressure sensors that offer enhanced sensitivity, consistent operation, rapid response time, and the unique ability to selectively sense pressure.

A Novel Injectable Piezoelectric Hydrogel for Periodontal Disease Treatment.

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial, bacterially induced inflammatory condition characterized by the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The successful nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis requires multifunctional technologies offering antibacterial therapies and promotion of bone regeneration simultaneously. For the first time, in this study, an injectable piezoelectric hydrogel (PiezoGEL) was developed after combining gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with biocompatible piezoelectric fillers of barium titanate (BTO) that produce electrical charges when stimulated by biomechanical vibrations (e.g., mastication, movements). We harnessed the benefits of hydrogels (injectable, light curable, conforms to pocket spaces, biocompatible) with the bioactive effects of piezoelectric charges. A thorough biomaterial characterization confirmed piezoelectric fillers' successful integration with the hydrogel, photopolymerizability, injectability for clinical use, and electrical charge generation to enable bioactive effects (antibacterial and bone tissue regeneration). PiezoGEL showed significant reductions in pathogenic biofilm biomass (∼41%), metabolic activity (∼75%), and the number of viable cells (∼2-3 log) compared to hydrogels without BTO fillers in vitro. Molecular analysis related the antibacterial effects to be associated with reduced cell adhesion (downregulation of porP and fimA) and increased oxidative stress (upregulation of oxyR) genes. Moreover, PiezoGEL significantly enhanced bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) viability and osteogenic differentiation by upregulating RUNX2, COL1A1, and ALP. In vivo, PiezoGEL effectively reduced periodontal inflammation and increased bone tissue regeneration compared to control groups in a mice model. Findings from this study suggest PiezoGEL to be a promising and novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of periodontal disease nonsurgically.

Flexible Hybrid Piezoelectric‐Electrostatic Device for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications

AbstractConverting mechanical energy from either the ambient environment or the human body motions to the useful electrical energy will revolutionize power solutions for flexible electronics. Here, a hybrid energy harvesting strategy is reported, which combines porous polymeric piezoelectric film with an electrostatic layer as an integration for converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric materials through engineered microstructures are developed to enhance energy generation due to the higher compressibility and larger surface contact area. The electrostatic effect from the charged layer further contributes to the generation of electrical charges. By directly coating the stretchable carbon nanotubes onto the elastomers, more intimate integration of the hybrid energy harvesters enables the designs for complex electronics. Such flexible hybrid piezoelectric‐electrostatic device exhibits superior energy harvesting performance with a voltage output of 1.95 V, which improves 30% and 100% compared to the electrostatic and piezoelectric alone device, respectively. Experiments are also performed to demonstrate the implementation of the hybrid device's energy conversion to power small electronics and recognition of different body motions. Such hybrid strategy provides a new solution toward future energy revolution for flexible electronics.

Origin of electric field-dependent charge generation in organic photovoltaics with planar and bulk heterojunctions

The electric field dependence in the charge generation process of organic solar cells in planar heterojunction and bulk heterojunction structures is related to the energetics and molecular orientation at the donor/acceptor interfaces.

THE COMPTON NEUTRON HAFNIUM DETECTOR: ELECTRIC CHARGE GENERATION RATE

The properties of a Compton neutron detector with the emitter of metallic Hf were studying in this work. Using the previously calculated the emitter material nuclide composition during reactor irradiation, the dependence of the emitter signal value on the irradiation time was obtained with a step of 1 year for 5 years. It is shown that the composition modification due to nuclear transmutations changes the rate of an electric charge generation in the emitter.

Determinative Factors for the Thermochemical Generation of Electric Charges upon Combustion of Nitrate–Organic Precursors for Materials Based on Lanthanum Manganite and Cerium Dioxide

Determinative Factors for the Thermochemical Generation of Electric Charges upon Combustion of Nitrate–Organic Precursors for Materials Based on Lanthanum Manganite and Cerium Dioxide

Piezoelectric mathematical modeling; technological feasibility in the generation and storage of electric charge

Emerging technologies are efficient alternatives for satisfying the growing demand for sustainable and cheap energy sources. Piezoelectrics are one of the most promising energy sources derived from emerging technologies. These materials are capable of converting mechanical energy into electricity or vice versa. Piezoelectrics have been used for almost a hundred years to generate electrical and sound pulses. However, the use of piezoelectrics for power generation is constrained by the cost associated with equipment and infrastructure. This problem has been addressed through mathematical models that relate the physical and electrical properties of the piezoelectric material with the voltage generated. Although these models have high performance, they do not incorporate voltage rectification and electrical charge storage stages. This work presents a mathematical model that describes the relationship of the physical and electromechanical properties of a system employing a piezoelectric for energy generation. The voltage of the system and the charge stored in a capacitor are calculated through this model. Also, contour diagrams are presented as a tool for facilitating the efficiency of energy generation.

Highly efficient electron transport based on double-layered PC61BM in inverted perovskite solar cells

Electron transport layer (ETL) plays a major role in determining performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). [6, 6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) has been the preferred choice as the ETL in inverted PSCs. However, it has some drawbacks including current leakage, low mobility, and difficulty in full coverage of the perovskite layer with rough surface, resulting in charge recombination losses, charge leakage pathways and inefficient charge transfer at the perovskite/ETL, thus contributing to lower device efficiency and stability. For the first time, we introduce a simple strategy of implementing double-layered (DL) PC 61 BM as ETL to address the aforementioned challenges. The use of DL PC 61 BM particularly resulted in reinforced morphology of the ETL with reduced pin-holes and surface roughness compared to the single-layer (SL) PC 61 BM. This yielded increased electrical conductivity of the PC 61 BM, suppressed charge recombination, and facilitated higher number of charge generation, transfer/collection at the perovskite/PC 61 BM interface. Consequently, the DL PC 61 BM-based PSC delivered a considerable increase of power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 18.06%, which is much higher than the SL-based pristine PSC with 14.20%. Furthermore, the transition to DL from SL PC 61 BM exhibited longer ambient stability of the PSCs. This work can be easily adopted for other perovskite compositions. • A double-layered (DL) PC 61 BM is a simple strategy to improve the PSCs performance. • DL PC 61 BM ETL decreases the pinholes and smoothed the perovskite film. • Electrical conductivity, charge generation, and charge collection were increased. • DL PC 61 BM ETL reduces the charge leakage and recombination at the interface. • Significant enhancements in efficiency and stability could be obtained.

Lifting of Tribocharged Grains by Martian Winds

Abstract It is a long-standing open question whether electrification of wind-blown sand due to tribocharging—the generation of electric charges on the surface of sand grains by particle–particle collisions—could affect rates of sand transport occurrence on Mars substantially. While previous wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations addressed how particle trajectories may be affected by external electric fields, the effect of sand electrification remains uncertain. Here we show, by means of wind tunnel simulations under air pressure of 20 mbar, that the presence of electric charges on the particle surface can reduce the minimal threshold wind shear velocity for the initiation of sand transport, u *ft, significantly. In our experiments, we considered different samples, a model system of glass beads as well as a Martian soil analog, and different scenarios of triboelectrification. Furthermore, we present a model to explain the values of u *ft obtained in the wind tunnel that is based on inhomogeneously distributed surface charges. Our results imply that particle transport that subsides, once the wind shear velocity has fallen below the threshold for sustained transport, can more easily be restarted on Mars than previously thought.

Piezoelectric Signals in Vascularized Bone Regeneration.

The demand for bone substitutes is increasing in Western countries. Bone graft substitutes aim to provide reconstructive surgeons with off-the-shelf alternatives to the natural bone taken from humans or animal species. Under the tissue engineering paradigm, biomaterial scaffolds can be designed by incorporating bone stem cells to decrease the disadvantages of traditional tissue grafts. However, the effective clinical application of tissue-engineered bone is limited by insufficient neovascularization. As bone is a highly vascularized tissue, new strategies to promote both osteogenesis and vasculogenesis within the scaffolds need to be considered for a successful regeneration. It has been demonstrated that bone and blood vases are piezoelectric, namely, electric signals are locally produced upon mechanical stimulation of these tissues. The specific effects of electric charge generation on different cells are not fully understood, but a substantial amount of evidence has suggested their functional and physiological roles. This review summarizes the special contribution of piezoelectricity as a stimulatory signal for bone and vascular tissue regeneration, including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, vascular repair, and tissue engineering, by considering different stem cell sources entailed with osteogenic and angiogenic potential, aimed at collecting the key findings that may enable the development of successful vascularized bone replacements useful in orthopedic and otologic surgery.

Закономерности возгорания метана и угольной пыли от электрического источника в горных выработках

Fires and explosions pose the greatest threat in underground mines that use high-voltage electrical grids. The paper presents data on explosions of combustible methane and coal dust mixtures in Russian mines. It is shown that there always exists a high risk of fire resulting from a malfunction in the electrical grid. The research aims at determining the type and parameters of an electric arc, spark or open flame generated at the breaking points of electric conductors which initiate the ignition of a combustible medium. It was found that the commonly known ionic and thermal theories of ignition do not match the present state of knowledge. The methodology consisted in investigating patterns of electric charge generation and transfer up to the point of the mains failure. Regularities of energy processes in the atomic and molecular structure of the conductor material are presented. For the first time ever the concept of transformation of the electromagnetic energy generated in the alternator into photon packets of high-frequency energy is justified. An electron of the conductor atom absorbs a quantum of the generated energy, converts the generated frequency into a high-frequency photon packet and radiates it into the electric grid. It has been found that an electric arc or a spark, acting as a source of ignition for a combustible medium, is an electromagnetic emission of energy in the visible range.

Frontispiece: Mechanoredox Chemistry as an Emerging Strategy in Synthesis

Recent research endeavors have established that the mechanochemical activation of piezoelectric materials can open new avenues in redox chemistry. The application of mechanical force to a material can lead to the generation of electric charge; piezoelectricity. For the first time, this effect has been harnessed and applied to radical reactions under ball-milling conditions. For more information, see the Concept article by J. A. Leitch and D. L. Browne on page 9721.

Formation of 3D Self-Organized Neuron-Glial Interface Derived from Neural Stem Cells via Mechano-Electrical Stimulation.

Due to dissimilarities in genetics and metabolism, current animal models cannot accurately depict human neurological diseases. To develop patient-specific in vitro neural models, a functional material-based technology that offers multi-potent stimuli for enhanced neural tissue development is devised. An electrospun piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) nanofibrous scaffold is systematically optimized to maximize its piezoelectric properties while accommodating the cellular behaviors of neural stem cells. Hydro-acoustic actuation is elegantly utilized to remotely activate the piezoelectric effect of P(VDF-TrFE) scaffolds in a physiologically-safe manner for the generation of cell-relevant electric potentials. This mechano-electrical stimulation, which arose from the deflection of the scaffold and its consequent generation of electric charges on the scaffold surface under hydro-acoustic actuation, induces the multi-phenotypic differentiation of neural stem cells simultaneously toward neuronal, oligodendrocytic, and astrocytic phenotypes. As compared to the traditional biochemically-mediated differentiation, the 3D neuron-glial interface induced by the mechano-electrical stimulation results in enhanced interactions among cellular components, leading to superior neural connectivity and functionality. These results demonstrate the potential of piezoelectric material-based technology for developing functional neural tissues in vitro via effective neural stem cell modulation with multi-faceted regenerative stimuli.

A Review Paper on AutomaticSun Tracking System Using on Application of Robotic System

In this paper we will discuss about the Automatic sun tracking system which we will implement on metal detectionaobotic system, where robotic spontaneous sun tracing system is a hybrid hardware/software prototype, whichautomatically furnish best positioningof panelwith the sunlight to get maximal electric charge generation through solar panel. It’s active sensors continuously observed the monochromaticrays of sun and spin the panel about the direction where the potential of sun rays is maximal. A micro-controller works on automatic sun tracing deviceconnected with the new solar power transformunit is developed & execute. The automatic sun tracker is executed with a DC motor and a DC Motor controller. The conditions of the hardware subjected to the changes of the environmental conditions. In the new unit of the MAXIMUM POWER POINT is resolved to easy insertion software with a present sweep perspective, with this new perspective the standardization of the transform from solar energy to electric energy at its maximal power point can be develops extra definitive and extra authentication.

Photoelectret effect in polymer-photosensitive semiconductor n-InSe composites

The photoelectret property of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-semiconductor (n-InSe) composite is investigated. It was found that the magnitude of the photoelectret potential non-monotonically depends on the n-InSe content. Treatment under the action of an electric discharge plasma in an electronegative gas significantly affects the magnitude of the photoelectret potential and its dependence on the content of the semiconductor filler in the composite. It is shown that in the considered case the main source of electric charge generation is the filler, and in the process of polarization the determining one is the electric field at the polymer-semiconductor interface. This composite is promising for optoelectronics.

Electrostatic Jumping of Frost.

The electrification of ice has been a subject of research since 1940, mostly in the context of charge generation in thunderstorms. This generation of electric charge is spontaneous, distinct from applying an external electric field to affect the diffusive growth of ice crystals. Here, we exploit the spontaneous electrification of ice to reveal a surprising phenomenon of jumping frost dendrites. We use side-view high-speed imaging to experimentally observe frost dendrites breaking off from mother dendrites and/or the substrate to jump out-of-plane toward an opposing polar liquid. Analytical and numerical models are then developed to estimate the attractive force between the frost dendrites and liquid, in good agreement with the experimental results. These models estimate the extent of charge separation within a growing sheet of frost, which is caused by mismatches in the mobilities of the charge carriers in ice. Our findings show that the unexpected jumping frost event can serve as a model system for resolving long-standing questions in atmospheric physics regarding charge separation in ice, while also having potential as a deicing construct.

Flexoelectric energy harvesters utilizing controllably wrinkled micro-dielectric film

Self-powered electronic devices require energy harvesting systems to support their energy needs, but their energy harvesting efficiency seems still insufficient. In this paper, a flexoelectric energy harvester based on controllable wrinkling mechanism is theoretically proposed to enhance the energy harvesting efficiency. The dielectric film, partly bonded to a pre-stretched substrate, wrinkles after release to achieve controllable wavy shapes. A harmonic cyclic post-stretch is employed to stimulate the generation of electric charges. Meanwhile, an electrode-regrouping technique is resorted to optimize the energy harvesting efficiency. Formulation toward this problem includes both the flexoelectricity and piezoelectricity of dielectrics. Theoretical prediction indicates that electrode-regrouping technique can effectively act to relieve neutralization of the charges induced mainly by flexoelectricity and thus improve the energy harvesting efficiency of FEHs. A larger loading frequency and a lower resistance are preferred to optimize the effective power. The power density of the present FEHs is at least 1 orders of magnitude higher than that of vibrational FEHs under micro-scale. Meanwhile, with the scale shrinking below 100 nm, the energy density of the present FEHs may exceed 104W/m3 which is generally 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than that of most vibrational energy harvesters (including electrostatic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric types).

Application of pincents of spinal leaf (chlorophylle) as a natural die for paint sensitive sun element (DSSC)

This study examines the history of the creation of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and the principle of their action. The materials from which these solar cells are made and the technology for manufacturing layers in them are given. Processes of generation of electric charge, potential and electric current in DSSC are investigated.