Election Mechanism Research Articles

S&SEM: A Secure and Speed-Up Election Mechanism for PoS-Based Blockchain Network

To be a stakeholder/validator/token holder is not so difficult in the Proof of Stake (POS)-based blockchain networks; that is why the number of validators is large in these networks. These validators play an essential part in the block creation process in the PoS-based blockchain network. Due to the large validators, the block creation time and communication message broadcasting overhead get increased in the network. Many consensus algorithms use different techniques to reduce the number of validators, such as Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithms, which select the set of delegators via stake transactions for the block creation process. In this paper, we propose S&SEM, a secure and speed-up election process to select the ‘z’ number of validators/delegators. The presented election process is based on a traditional voting style with multiple numbers of rounds. The presented election mechanism reduces the possibility of malicious activity in the voting process by introducing a special vote message and a round that checks duplicate votes. We did horizontal scaling in the network to speed up the election process. We designed an improved incentive mechanism for the fairness of the election process. The designed reward and penalty procedure controls the nodes’ behaviors in the network. We simulate the S&SEM, and the result shows that the presented election process is faster and more secure to select delegators than the existing process used by DPOS.

Energy-Efficient Decentralized Federated Learning for UAV Swarm With Spiking Neural Networks and Leader Election Mechanism

Energy-Efficient Decentralized Federated Learning for UAV Swarm With Spiking Neural Networks and Leader Election Mechanism

Interim Dismissal of DPRD Members Who Commit Criminal Offenses

Indonesia adheres to representative democracy within it’s constitutional system. This representative democracy is manifest by a general election mechanism to elect candidates who will occupy strategic position in managing the running of government. The candidate must be affiliated with a political party in participating in the general election because according to the laws and regulations the general election participants are political parties. A candidate needs a political party to take part in the general election, thus the relationship between the candidate and the political party is like superiors and subordinates with the theme of regeneration. This relationship persistes until the candidate is elected as a member of the regional people’s representative council (DPRD). In addition, political parties hace the authority to impose inter-term termination (PAW) on their cadres who are already sitting in the regional people’s representative council (DPRD) based on the terms and conditions set out in the law. This research is a legal research that uses a statutory approach and a conseptual approach to answer the legal issues contained in this research.

Legal Protection Political Rights of Women of Original Papua in The Institution of The Papua Representative Council

This research was conducted in the Jayapura City area, the capital of Papua Province. The research method used in this research is normative legal research carried out by analyzing the provisions of statutory regulations governing the general election of members of legislative bodies including members of the Papuan People's Representative Council (DPRPapua) based on Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua and Special Regional Regulation concerning the Appointment of DPRPapua members within the Papua Special Autonomy framework for the 2019-2024 term of office. The discussion of the two problems can be described as follows: the level of representation of indigenous Papuan women in the membership of the Papua Province People's Representative Council for the period 2019-2024 is 4 (four) people, carried out using an election mechanism of 3 (three) people and 1 person appointed (one) person out of 69 (sixty-nine). The composition of women's representation still shows no partiality and deviations from women's political rights due to (i), the Election Law only states a quota of at least 30% (thirty percent) of women registered as Central Executives in parties and not as a guarantee of membership procession in DPRPapua institutions. (ii), the Papua Special Autonomy Law only provides general regulations including in the Regional Regulation on the Appointment of Members of the DPRPapua DPR for the 2019-2014 period which only uses the formulation of the phrase "must pay attention to women's representation" in the selection process.

KONTESTASI PEMILIHAN KEPALA DESA PERIODE 2022-2028 DI DESA KRADENAN KECAMATAN PALANG KABUPATEN TUBAN

The village head election contest is a small political competition, but it is often found that the village head election mechanism does not work in accordance with applicable regulations. This research was carried out with the aim of knowing the mechanism for selecting village heads according to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 112 of 2014, knowing the portrait of the implementation of the village head election contestation in Kradenan Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency, and accommodating the responses of residents of Kradenan Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency regarding the village head election contestation for the 2022-2028 period. The research method used in this study is qualitative using a phenomenological approach by digging deeper into the events that occurred. Data collection was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation obtained from the village community, namely 4 candidates, chairman of the election committee, community leaders, youth leaders, and the success team. Qualitative data analysis techniques arecarried out interactively according to Miles and Hubermen, namely by data reduction, data presentation, data interpretation, and drawing conclusions. The research findings show that 1). The village head election mechanism is carried out according to stages starting from the preparation stage to the determination. 2). Portraits of village head elections during the preparatory stages were carried out on a limited basis, as were campaigns held on a limited basis to minimize conflict between supporters. 3). Residents' responsesregarding the village head election were that most people tended to be indifferent to the mechanisms that were running from the preparatory to finalstages. A small number wanted the opportunity to contribute to the implementation of the village elections in order to resolve the problem of the committee's lack of transparency and the existence of money politics irregularities within it. As for suggestions, it should be able to provide opportunities for village residents, especially the younger generation, who complain about the circulation of money politics in the village elections. Of course, the younger generation with a high level of education has a critical spirit to convey aspirations for the village through village elections

Constitutional Framework: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Systems in Pakistan and the United States

Constitution means that principles on which state regulate organized and determine relationship through their subjects of states. Constitution may in form of written and unwritten to some extend we can say that Constitution of Pakistan and America are written Constitutions but United Kingdom’s Constitution is unwritten Constitution. Constitution is a comprehensive code which consists on Preamble, introduction, parts that parts consist on chapter and Constitution also define the fundamental right of subjects of state, Principals of polices, mechanism of election and procedure of Amendment into the Constitution by legislation. Judicial Review is of one the impressive and incomparable silent feature of the Constitution. According to this principle no one use Excessive power regarding his authority.

Digital-based Political Education through the Election Care Village Program in Deli Serdang Regency

The General Election Commission of the Republic of Indonesia established Desa Peduli Pemilu dan Pemilihan (DP3) to increase knowledge skills and strengthen public acceptance and trust in the election mechanism as the main instrument of the political system. The low voter turnout in Deli Serdang Regency is the reason for the KPU of North Sumatra Province to focus the program on Bandar Khalipah Village and Tembung Village. Observation results show the usefulness of the Desa Peduli Pemilu dan Pemilihan program as a projection to increase voter participation in 2024. Therefore, this service activity was carried out to provide an understanding of Digital-Based Political Education through the Election and Election Care Village Programme in Deli Serdang Regency by involving Bandar Khalipah Village and Tembung Village. The method used is a combination of Participatory Rural Appraisal and Participatory Learning and Action through three stages, namely Preparation, Implementation, and Evaluation. Firstly, this service activity was carried out together with DP3 with Bandar Khalipah Village and Tembung Village, which included learning about political education. Second, increasing understanding of the development of socialization and political education for citizens and increasing voter participation in Deli Serdang Regency; and third, assisting in digital content creation training. The results of this service recommend that activity participants be able to transform the understanding of political education to increase voter participation in Deli Serdang Regency. This service also suggests that the coaching and mentoring of digital content creation training be used in the long term by Bandar Khalipah Village and Tembung Village.

“Weighed, not counted”: territorial (mis)representation in Italian metropolitan council elections

Metropolitan cities were established by Italian Law no. 56/2014 (commonly known as the “Delrio Law”) as a new level of government, replacing and redefining functions previously performed by provinces in selected major urban areas. One of their three key governing bodies is the metropolitan council, a representative assembly the members of which are elected via an indirect, second-level, proportional, list-based system in which the electorate comprises all sitting mayors and councillors from metropolitan city municipalities. The election mechanism applies a differential weighting scheme that reflects the population size of the municipalities in which voters serve as mayors or councillors. Using the outcomes of the metropolitan council elections held in the years 2021 and 2022 in eight metropolitan cities, this study highlights the variety of ways (many of which appear to be largely unintended) in which demographic weighting bestows significantly greater (and, arguably, unwarranted) power to larger cities’ representatives, essentially disrupting the principles of territorial representation that the weighting scheme intended to embody. The study also focuses on how the legal framework for metropolitan council elections generates institutional instability via mandatory forfeitures and ensuing substitutions of seat vacancies. Finally, the author identifies potential adjustments to the electoral system – especially a proposal for the attenuation of disproportionate territorial representation via demographic weighting based on the so-called “square-root method”.

Adaptive Load Balancing for Dual-Mode Communication Networks in the Power Internet of Things

As an important part of the power Internet of Things, the dual-mode communication network that combines the high-speed power line carrier (HPLC) mode and high-speed radio frequency (HRF) mode is one of the hot directions in current research. Since non-uniform transmission demands for power consumption information can lead to link congestion among nodes, improving the network load-balancing performance becomes a critical issue. Therefore, this paper proposes a load-balancing routing algorithm for dual-mode communication networks, which is achieved in dual-mode communication networks by adding alternate paths and proxy coordinator (PCO) node election mechanism. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves the load-balanced distribution of power consumption information transmission. The proposed scheme reduces the delay and packet loss rate, as well as improving the throughput of dual-mode communication compared to existing routing algorithms.

Civil and Political Rights in Constitutionality of Accommodation of Individual Candidates and Elimination of Presidential Thresholds from the Perspective of the 1945 Constitution

Indonesia will hold presidential and vice-presidential elections, however, currently, the election mechanism for presidential and vice-presidential candidates only accommodated nominations through political parties and also still uses the provisions of the Presidential Threshold. Indonesia is a country that adheres to a democratic system which of course strongly adheres to the principle of people's sovereignty which guarantees the rights of all its citizens, and should also accommodate the mechanism of presidential nomination through individual or independent channels. Thus, blocking the rights of some citizens who wish to nominate themselves through non-political party channels, indicates that democratic principles have not been implemented properly. Based on this background, the formulation of the problem, how is the accommodation of individual candidates in the presidential election and the elimination of the presidential nomination threshold in Indonesia and the solution as a democratic country from the perspective of the 1945 Constitution? The type of research used is juridical-normative research, in designing the format of the mechanism for the recruitment of candidates for president and vice president in the electoral system in Indonesia, it must be by democratic principles, this is based on the preamble of the 1945 Constitution as the highest law in Indonesia that adheres to the principle of people's sovereignty. To implement democratic principles well in general elections, Indonesia needs to apply a two-door recruitment mechanism format, which is a format that provides two kinds of doors as a nomination pathway. Based on this, it is necessary to immediately implement and realize a two-door nomination mechanism, namely through political parties and also through individual or independent channels in the Presidential Election and it is also necessary to remove the Presidential Threshold to carry out democratic elections. and justice to maintain peace and prosperity.

Delegated Proof of Stake Consensus Mechanism Based on Community Discovery and Credit Incentive.

Consensus algorithms are the core technology of a blockchain and directly affect the implementation and application of blockchain systems. Delegated proof of stake (DPoS) significantly reduces the time required for transaction verification by selecting representative nodes to generate blocks, and it has become a mainstream consensus algorithm. However, existing DPoS algorithms have issues such as "one ballot, one vote", a low degree of decentralization, and nodes performing malicious actions. To address these problems, an improved DPoS algorithm based on community discovery is designed, called CD-DPoS. First, we introduce the PageRank algorithm to improve the voting mechanism, achieving "one ballot, multiple votes", and we obtain the reputation value of each node. Second, we propose a node voting enthusiasm measurement method based on the GN algorithm. Finally, we design a comprehensive election mechanism combining node reputation values and voting enthusiasm to select secure and reliable accounting nodes. A node credit incentive mechanism is also designed to effectively motivate normal nodes and drive out malicious nodes. The experimental simulation results show that our proposed algorithm has better decentralization, malicious node eviction capabilities and higher throughput than similar methods.

Extension Time Presidential Office Through Delay General Elections in A Constitutional Democracy Perspective

A democratic system in the state, which uses the rule of law system (rechtstaat), is a constitutional democracy. Constitutional democracy is a system which respects and implements the mandate of the Constitution and applicable laws. Constitutional law aims to create discipline, peace and welfare in a country based on applicable law. Constitutional democracy is a system applied in many countries worldwide, without exception in Indonesia. In Indonesia, an applied system is a presidential one. Thus, the leader of the government is the president and vice president. The regulation on the terms of office for the president and vice president was written in Article 7 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Meanwhile, the general election mechanism is written in regulated law number 7/2017. Regarding the terms of office for the president and vice president, minister of Coordinator for Maritime Affairs and Investment Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan made a public opinion that postponing the 2024 elections would have consequences in prolonging the terms of office for the president and vice president. Thus, this statement makes a public outreach because the opinion is based on big data of public opinion from social media and is not strengthened by the legally applied basis in Indonesia. This statement has violated the code of ethics of a minister based on the general principles of good governance (AAUPB) in Article 10 of Law Number 30/2014 concerning Government Administration. In addition, this statement caused public uproar and had implications for upholding the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and violating the values ​​​​of constitutional democracy in Indonesia.

Authority of the Village Head in Appointing and Removing Village Equipment Based on Regulation of the Minister of Internal Affairs Number 67 of 2017

The administration of village government has an organizational structure for village governance led by a head who is appointed based on community agreement with an election mechanism regulated in laws and regulations, namely Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, the village head in running the wheels of government is assisted by a secretary village officials and village government officials, the existence of village officials is often a polemic against the process of appointing and dismissing village officials considering the limited number of village officials, while many local people want village officials as a form of community service, so problems arise with the interpretation of who has the authority to appoint and dismissed village officials.

Juridical Review of the Mechanism of Election of Heads Area in Area Special Yogyakarta ( Perspective Democracy and Historical )

Indonesia is a democratic country, hence the constitution Indonesia in a manner fundamentals confess And ensure sovereignty on actually belongs to the people. This is stated in Article 1 paragraph (2) UUD 1945, that "sovereignty is in the hands of the people, and implemented according to the law Basic . The purpose of this study is to study the Juridical Review of Regional Head Elections in the Special Region of Yogyakarta by conducting research methods. This research is a qualitative research, with the type of research yang used is study References ( libraries research )

Implementasi Permensos Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2019 Di Kelurahan Kedondong Raye Kecamatan Banyuasin III Kabupaten Banyuasin

Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2019 concerning Distribution of Non-Cash Social Assistance developed by the Government to improve the economy of poor families. The election for the implementation of the BPNT program in the Kedondong Raye Village is not necessarily determined by the central government, in this case the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs will go through a predetermined election mechanism. The criteria for selecting the implementation of the BPNT program were: high rates of poverty and malnutrition. Apart from being based on these data criteria, what is no less important is the regional commitment to implement the BPNT program. The formulation of the problem in this study, how is the implementation of the Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) program in improving the economy of poor families in Kedondong Raye Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency. This type of research is qualitative research using a sociological approach. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and documentation. The validity of the data used is source triangulation, technical triangulation, and time triangulation. Data analysis used is data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results show that the Kedondong Raye Kelurahan BPNT program that is implemented can make the community more independent in conducting non-cash transactions at the BPNT e-Warong Program and help the community in an economic sense. Improving the effectiveness of social assistance in a non-cash way in providing food, and encouraging financial inclusion, namely involving the community to become entrepreneurs.

Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation for IoT Intrusion Detection: A Geometric Graph Alignment Approach

Data scarcity hinders the usability of data-dependent algorithms when tackling IoT intrusion detection (IID). To address this, we utilise the data rich network intrusion detection (NID) domain to facilitate more accurate intrusion detection for IID domains. In this paper, a Geometric Graph Alignment (GGA) approach is leveraged to mask the geometric heterogeneities between domains for better intrusion knowledge transfer. Specifically, each intrusion domain is formulated as a graph where vertices and edges represent intrusion categories and category-wise interrelationships, respectively. The overall shape is preserved via a confused discriminator incapable to identify adjacency matrices between different intrusion domain graphs. A rotation avoidance mechanism and a centre point matching mechanism is used to avoid graph misalignment due to rotation and symmetry, respectively. Besides, category-wise semantic knowledge is transferred to act as vertex-level alignment. To exploit the target data, a pseudo-label election mechanism that jointly considers network prediction, geometric property and neighbourhood information is used to produce fine-grained pseudo-label assignment. Upon aligning the intrusion graphs geometrically from different granularities, the transferred intrusion knowledge can boost IID performance. Comprehensive experiments on several intrusion datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art performance of the GGA approach and validate the usefulness of GGA constituting components.

A Fast and Secured Vehicle-to-Vehicle Energy Trading Based on Blockchain Consensus in the Internet of Electric Vehicles

The organization and management of electricity markets worldwide are rapidly evolving, moving towards decentralized, distributed, and renewable energy-based generation with solutions based on real-time data exchange. A Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) energy trading has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives for relieving the load imposed on the traditional grid enabling two individuals to buy and sell energy directly without intermediaries. However, the Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV) environment is trustless, and such P2P energy trading is prone to different kinds of cyber attacks. Blockchain technology has lately been proposed to implement V2V energy trading to securely and fairly share energy. The consensus mechanism is one of the most important modules of blockchain applied to the V2V network. It determines the efficiency and security among untrustworthy EVs of the energy trading blockchain (ETB). Nevertheless, most works on ETB have currently adopted traditional consensus mechanisms. Due to high computing power and communication overhead, these consensus algorithms are unsuitable for applications requiring real-time services such as energy trading. The efficient and secured Hashgraph is the revolutionary technology of consensus in blockchain and a promising technology suitable for V2V energy trading with frequent transactions. However, Hashgraph does not support the dynamic addition and deletion of nodes and is completely decentralized and vulnerable to Sybil Attack in a large-scale blockchain. Furthermore, this “complete decentralization” model may result in states losing the ability to macro-control the energy industry and even systemic energy security issues. Therefore, we propose a Block Alliance Consensus (BAC) mechanism to solve these problems. BAC can maintain the throughput of Hashgraph and resist Sybil Attack in a large-scale P2P energy trading network. We design a cryptography-based leader election mechanism and adopt a reputation incentive mechanism to motivate honest and cooperative electric vehicles (EVs). Finally, we implement ETB and the BAC consensus mechanism on the Hyperledger Fabric platform. The high efficiency and security of BAC and the blockchain-based V2V energy trading platform are verified through experiments.

Network consensus analysis and optimization of distributed FANETs based on multi-agent consensus theory

Distributed flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) have been widely used in collaborative reconnaissance, situation construction, and other scenarios. In distributed FANETs with multi-hop and intermittent links, nodes only maintain neighbors’ information and cannot obtain the whole network messages. There may be contradicting information collected across nodes, resulting in inconsistency problems. However, existing research on collaborative consensus focuses mainly on the control domain using multi-agent consensus theory. The study on distributed network consensus does not consider the effect of the multi-hop forwarding order, hence limiting the optimization of distributed FANETs. Based on this, we establish a network consensus model utilizing the multi-agent consensus theory and analyze the impact of the outage probability of links and untimely forwarding on the distributed consensus probability, considering the node density, link outage probability, and network maintenance times. Besides, using the election mechanism as an example, we establish distributed network performance analysis models considering consensus error to enhance the service delay and resource efficiency performance analysis of distributed FANETs. Finally, we construct a protocol-level simulation platform based on Visual Studio and extensive experiments to determine the optimal mechanism parameters under different network and channel parameters. The simulation results show that the optimal network maintenance times increase with the increasing outage probability of links. Moreover, distributed FANETs can achieve optimal resource efficiency without achieving complete consensus, that is, there is a tradeoff between network maintenance cost and network performance.

Multi‐strategy‐based leader election mechanism for the Raft algorithm

SummaryRaft is a consensus algorithm that implements highly available replicas. As raft requires a leader to drive the protocol execution, it usually employs a round‐robin leader election mechanism to select a random leader among all nodes. However, when the elected leader suffers from performance issues, the protocol will temporarily lose aliveness. To address this issue, we propose a multi‐strategy leader election mechanism that allows nodes to proactively trigger a new round of election when they believe the leader suffers from performance issues, and replace this leader with a new one in a designated priority queue. The formal analysis and experimental results show that the mechanism can improve the system's throughput/latency without additional election time overhead.

COMPATIBILITY OF REGIONAL HEAD ELECTIONS THROUGH THE REGIONAL PEOPLE'S REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL (DPRD) ON PANCASILA: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF REGIONAL HEAD ELECTIONS IN INDONESIA

as the state's fundamental norm, Pancasila requires that all forms of legislation, including the regional head election mechanism, align with or imbued with Pancasila values, especially its 4th Precept. The debate over the election of regional heads through the DPRD or directly through the people is a classic debate. It is often understood that direct elections by the people are more democratic compared with indirect regional head elections. This study aimed to answer the indirect regional head election's compatibility with the values of the Fourth Precepts of Pancasila. This study argues that the indirect regional head election model is more suitable or compatible with Pancasila values. Therefore, reformulation of the regional head election model through the DPRD should be considered for its implementation by the Government and the House of Representatives.