Eld Of Study Research Articles

BIOMIMETIC AGENTS IN PERIODONTOLOGY

Periodontitis is an inammatory condition that damages soft tissues and induces periodontium destruction. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary eld, which advanced from the development of biomaterials to restore or maintain the function of impaired tissue or organ. Biomimetics in dentistry is an upcoming area of interest, research and development. It is the eld of study that attempts to design system and synthesize materials through biomimicry. Today, the emergence of biologics, agents that stimulate a true regeneration and reconstruction of the tissues to their original form, are becoming the new horizon in periodontics.

Speculation, segregation and (absence of) conflicts: In the production of the urban space of Palmas / TO

This article introduces partial discussions from a doctoral research in progress that has as object of study the tendency to paci cation and concealment of con icts veri ed in the production process of contemporary urban space - particularly in the most recent Brazil- ian cities - as well as its strategies and mechanisms of control. As a eld of study, it is proposed the city of Palmas, capital of Tocantins, last planned capital of the twentieth century, founded on May 20, 1989, a year that symbolizes the opening of the Western world to the neoliberal economic policy. Based on the observation of the absence of signi cant movements of resistance to the urban space production process at Palmas and interpreting it as a re ection of pacifying tendency of consensus and appeasement / masking of con icts as a feature of neoliberal city, we propose the hypothesis of physical and territorial con guration of the city as a laboratory of the neoliberal model of urban management, in which socio-spa- tial dynamics gradually developed in other contemporary cities through processes historically constructed, get explicit and take place, immediately or in a very short time. Through a historical ap- proach to the context of its creation and occupation, we propose an urban space production reading based on the recognition of char- acteristics relating to its conditions of New Town and neoliberal city as well as the incipient action of the social movements dedicated to the struggles for housing as social agents in this process.

A trabalhadora rural e a exposição ocupacional no cultivo do tomate

O estudo teve por objetivo identifi car a percepção da mulher rural sobre sua exposição ocupacional no cultivodo tomate. Pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, realizada em localidades rurais que cultivam agricultura tomateira,na cidade de Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro/RJ. A escolha do cenário deve-se ao fato de grande número de mulherestrabalharem nestes espaços agrícolas. Além disto, o desenvolvimento da atividade de Agente Comunitária deSaúde promoveu familiaridade com o campo de estudo e viabilidade através da unidade de Estratégia Saúde daFamília (ESF) correspondente. Participaram do estudo 20 mulheres adultas que trabalham no cultivo do tomate.O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi um questionário com 10 perguntas, levando em consideraçãoaspectos referentes à saúde, exposição ocupacional e percepção frente a sua prática diária no manejo da agriculturaem questão. Observou-se que, 25% dessas mulheres trabalham mais de 10 horas por dia, somente 35% delas usamEquipamento de Proteção Individual (EPI) e 65% das agricultoras não relacionam seu problema de saúde com seuambiente de trabalho. Em síntese, o estudo traz contribuições para novas pesquisas no contexto da saúde da mulherrural como fator determinante para prevenção e promoção da saúde.Palavras-chave: Enfermagem; Saúde da Mulher Rural; Exposição Ocupacional.

PRINCIPLES OF MOTOR RECOVERY IN POST-STROKE PATIENTS USING HAND EXOSKELETON CONTROLLED BY THE BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE BASED ON MOTOR IMAGERY

Motor recovery in post{stroke and post{traumatic patients using exoskeleton controlled by the brain-computer interface (BCI) is a new and promising rehabilitation procedure. Its development is a multidisciplinary research, which requires the teamwork of experts in neurology, neurophys- iology, physics, mathematics, biomechanics and robotics. Some aspects of all these elds of study concerning the development of this rehabilita-tion procedure are described in the paper. The description includes the principles and physiological prerequisites of BCI based on motor imagery, biologically adequate principles of exoskeleton design and control and the results of clinical application.

Qualifications of Food Science and Technology/Engineering professionals at the entrance in the job market

The qualications of Food Science and Technology/Engineering (FST/E) professionals were examined by a web-based survey conducted in 15 countries (14 EU and Turkey). The analysis of the responses showed that 65% of the respondents had a higher education (HE) degree (BSc 29%, MSc 28%, and PhD 8%), and 20% carried out extracurricular training before entering in the job market. The main elds of study were Food Science and Technology/Engineering, followed by Agriculture, Nutrition and Health, Safety/Hygiene, and Chemical Engineering in all three levels of HE degrees. Dierences in the level of degree between genders were not observed, although a higher percentage of female respondents (36% of all female respondents) reported no higher qualication

Origen social y sobreeducación en los universitarios españoles: ¿es meritocrático el acceso a la clase de servicio?

Este artículo analiza el impacto del origen social en la probabilidad de sobreeducación de una cohorte de universitarios españoles, nacida en los 70 y graduada en el curso 1999/2000, mediante la encuesta Refl ex-2005. Comprobamos la infl uencia de tres recursos asociados al origen social (capital cultural, social y económico) para poner a prueba uno de los pilares de la teoría de la modernización: la selección meritocrática. Hemos confi rmado que, aun controlando el campo de estudios, la experiencia laboral y la nota media, existe un efecto del capital cultural y social en la probabilidad de sobreeducación, no así del capital económico. Además, concluimos que el efecto directo del origen social en la sobreeducación no está mediado signifi cativamente por una elección del campo de estudios dependiente del origen social.

Agrobiology of Rhizosphere

Modern trends in studying the rhizosphere agrobiology in accordance to the specifi cities and mechanisms of formation of natural functional and structural interspecies relations, the organizational components of soil formation system as well as plant-microbe interactions have been considered. It was demonstrated that the investigations at the interface of different fi elds of study (agriculture, soil science, microbiology, biogeochem- istry, etc.) allow revealing the specifi cities of the formation of the structure of taxon-wise functional diversity of rhizobacterial groups as a constituent of the complicated system of rhizosphere organization and conducting effective integration and management of soil processes in agroecosystems.

The Quiet Revolution and the Family: Gender Composition of Tertiary Education and Early Fertility Patterns

It is well known that highly 'female'…elds of study in tertiary education are char- acterized by higher fertility. However, existing work does not disentangle the selection- causality nexus. We use variation in gender composition of …elds of study implied by the recent expansion of tertiary education in 19 European countries and a dierence- in-dierences research design, to show that the share of women on study peer groups aects early fertility levels only little. Early fertility by endogamous couples, i.e., by tertiary graduates from the same …eld of study, declines for women and increases for men with the share of women in the group, but non-endogamous fertility almost fully compensates for these eects, consistent with higher early fertility in highly 'female' …elds of study being driven by selection of family-oriented students into these …elds. We also show that the EU-wide level of gender segregation across …elds of study has

Evolution of Private Returns to Tertiary Education During Transition: Evidence from Slovenia

This paper analyzes the evolution of private returns to tertiary education during the period of transition from a socialist to a market economy using the personal income tax data of all Slovenian workers employed between 1994 and 2008. We document a rich interplay between supply and demand in the labor markets of high school and university graduates. We show that, in spite of signi cant increases in the labor supply, the demand for university graduates dominated and increased the rates of return in the early period of transition (1994-2001), while in the later period (2001-2008) the opposite was the case. We also provide evidence on considerable heterogeneity in the rates of return between genders, levels, and elds of study, with particularly large (low) returns to the elds that were suppressed (favored) during socialism. These initial di erences in returns have, however, gradually declined.

Reflexões sobre diferentes abordagens do conceito de signo linguístico

This article refl ects about the different concepts of linguistic sign based on the sign theories proposed by Saussure in 1916; by Peirce in the end of 19th century and by Bakhtin in the end the twenties. For this purpose, it is presented a brief history of language studies until the proposition of the Linguistics by Saussure in 1916, and the consequent change of the focus of the studies to linguistic facts. The paper also presents refl ections about these three theoretical approaches of sign based on the concepts of dichotomy and trichotomy; system and language; formal and social aspects. The aim of the article is to broaden the understanding of the concept of linguistic sign as it is considered fundamental to furthering the study of language and its various fi elds of study

Professor Heinz-Joachim Spies

Heinz-Joachim Spies was born in Frankfurt/Oder on 25 June 1934. Having qualifi ed for university entrance in 1950, he fi rst worked as a blast furnace operator at the state ironworks combine Eisenhuttenkombinat Ost in Eisenhuttenstadt for a year before enrolling at the Bergakademie Freiberg in 1953 to study ferrous metallurgy. After graduation he started work in quality control and research at the Edelstahlwerk Freital special steelworks in 1958. As head of the materials department he initially dedicated himself to the advancement of test methods for analysing the microstructure and assessing the properties of high grade steels. This led on to research on steels for advanced applications. Over the period 1962–68, in addition to endurance and corrosion test facilities, a laboratory for the analysis of structure and microstructure emerged, including electron microscopy, X-ray fi ne structure analysis, electron beam analysis and physical measuring methods. In close cooperation with Forschungsinstitut Manfred von Ardenne, a multi-chamber electron beam furnace was used to produce nickel base alloys and pure titanium. His contribution to the development of special smelting methods and to the testing and application of the materials thus produced won high awards and honours. Based on the excellent scientifi c results thus obtained he earned his doctoral degree (Dr-Ing) in 1966 and successfully completed his higher doctorate (Habilitation) in 1972. In 1974 Heinz-Joachim Spies was appointed full professor for material applications at Bergakademie Freiberg, where, with his innate intensity and determination, he dedicated himself to establishing a new fi eld of study, i.e. material applications/materials technology. The experience he had gained in practice was an ideal basis for developing a sustainable education concept for materials engineers. The objective was to cover the entire process from material production and processing to Professor Spies, right, receives the Fellowship plaque from Professor Hans Zoch, IWT Bremen, IFHTSE Vice President

The challenge of inadequate achievement in mathematics: Focus on a meta-approach

As is the case elsewhere in the world, all stakeholders in South Africa are deeply concerned about the level and scope of underachievement in mathematics, not only at Grade 12 level, but, indeed, at University, University of Technology and Further Education and Training levels. These concerns assume a deeper dimension in light of the fact that inadequate achievement in mathematics inevitably will have a ripple effect on the academic situation in any country: inadequate achievement in mathematics precludes learners from applying for admission to sought-after fi elds of study, which, in turn, prevents numerous learners from realising their true potential and, eventually, from being happy and successful in careers that they might otherwise have been able to execute successfully. It goes without saying that inadequate achievement in mathematics will impact negatively on the overall economic situation in any country (even more so in a developing country such as South Africa). Truth being, achievement in mathematics amounts to equipping oneself with survival skills. In this article, the spotlight shifts from a narrow and outdated focus on problems that are associated with inadequate achievement in mathematics to possible solutions for this disconcerting situation and the implied challenge it raises. The focus is thus on three levels that collectively underpin and impact on achievement in mathematics, viz. the macro level, the meso level and the micro level. The macro level refers mainly to the input by the national government (and, by default, the National Department of Education). In the fi rst instance, it is the responsibility of the state to provide adequate schooling facilities for all learners, irrespective of where they fi nd themselves. Furthermore, it is the duty of the state to ensure that every learner has access to basic facilities, including food, water, sanitation and housing. The state (via the National Department of Education) is also obliged to ensure that the basic philosophy that underpins mathematics education in the country is scrutinised continuously and that changes be made to existing teaching philosophy should these be recommended by the majority of stakeholders. Case in point: the implementation of Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) in South African mathematics classrooms has now already been under the spotlight for a number of years and there seems to be general consensus that it is essential to facilitate a number of basic changes to this philosophy and (especially) to the way in which it is implemented in South African classrooms. Teachers, for instance, constantly complain about matters such as an administrative overload, unacceptably high stress levels (brought about by factors broadly associated with OBE-related issues) and the fact that the laudable philosophy underpinning OBE is not consistently realised in practice. At the meso level, the spotlight falls on factors related to teacher training. For example, it seems highly advisable to optimise teacher training in mathematics, to facilitate training in emotional intelligence, to conduct a national audit on the number of mathematics teachers currently teaching mathematics (in terms of how many teachers are currently in the system, where these teachers fi nd themselves, their level of training, etc.) to determine training needs in mathematics and to facilitate a more equitable distribution of teachers across the country. For example, it is proposed that all graduating teachers be compelled to do community service in an effort to facilitate a better understanding of the challenges that teachers in various parts of the country face, thereby breaking down barriers between people. At micro level, the emphasis is on measures that might be taken to provide guidance to parents on how to assist their children in mathematics on the one hand and on practical ways in which to help learners in mathematics perform better in mathematics and leave school better equipped to deal with typical challenges at tertiary level on the other. It is hoped that this article will contribute to an improvement in the disconcerting situation to be found in mathematics classrooms across South Africa. I sincerely hope to have sensitised readers to the need not only to talk about the situation in mathematics in South Africa, but instead to start acting and in so doing to impact on the situation in practical ways.

Narrativity of the Law

“Law and literature,” amorphous as the concept may be, increasingly commands attention as a Ž eld of study, one that now offers books that attempt to present a conspectus of its possibilities and methods. And within that broad Ž eld, an attention to the narrativity of the law has begun — though just barely — to assert its importance. The notion of “narrativity” postulates that there is a recognizable discourse or operation we call narrative that, while not necessarily wholly independent of its expressive medium (in words or in Ž lm or ballet, for instance, in French or in Chinese) can nonetheless be abstracted from that medium — as in the “plot summary.” Narrative is not wholly deŽ ned by the plane of its expression: stories can be translated, they can be transposed to other media, they can be summarized, they can be retold “in other words” and yet still be recognizably “the same story.” Legal scholarship Ž rst registered the importance of narrative through an attention to “storytelling for oppositionists” — the claim that narrative is an important tool for individuals and communities who need to tell the concrete particulars of their experience in a way normally excluded by legal reasoning and rule. Now we encounter the larger and more radical claim that “Law lives on narrative,” in the words of Anthony Amsterdam and Jerome Bruner. If the traditional supposition of the law was that adjudication could proceed by “examining free-standing factual data selected on grounds of their logical pertinency,” now “increasingly we are coming to recognize that both the questions and the answers in such matters of ‘fact’ depend largely upon one’s choice (considered or unconsidered) of some overall narrative as best describing what happened or how the world works” (111). These assertions seem unimpeachable to literary narratologists, who have long argued that narrative is one of the large categories in which we order and construct reality. But I think that they remain heretical within the world of the law, which does not overtly recognize “narrative” as a category in the process of legal adjudication. SigniŽ cantly, and sadly, the best-known book on law and lit remains Judge Richard Posner’s Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Relation,

Proposal for a network devoted to the study of nematology and helminthology

At the dawn of the 21st century, evolutionary sciences have to take advantage of their accumulated knowledge in order to manage a better protection of environment and biodiversity. This also gives us an opportunity of controlling evolution and development of certain organisms in a way relatively favourable to human activities. This is particularly interesting in the Ž elds of medicine, microbiology, parasitology,biological control, genetic engineering, etc. However, we have recently discovered that the inventory of living organisms is far from completion. It is currently estimated that the 1.4 million living animals inventoried are probably less than 20% of the total whose estimate varies between 8 and 80 million. Our lack of knowledge about biodiversity restricts our ability to manage and protect our environment. For analysing biodiversity and for studying evolution, systematics is both a prelude and an achievement. It is a prelude because we cannot consider a Ž eld of study trustworthy if we are unable to identify precisely the taxa involved. We cannot propose either environmental impact assessments concerning an ecosystem if its components are unidentiŽ ed, or the developmentof a biotechnology,eventually leading to the deposit of a patent, based upon undeŽ ned biological materials. Systematics is an achievement because only a living systematics is able to represent the synthesis of our current knowledge about a given taxon, including the sum of the results produced by different Ž elds of study. In addition, the phylogenetichypotheses produced by modern systematics have proved to be powerful tools of investigationin the Ž elds of biogeography, phylogeography, ecology and evolution. Thus, scientiŽ c authoritiesmust consider how to maintain and increase our data and biological material banks

Mixing expressiveness and efficiency in a manufacturing planner

The application of arti® cial intelligence planning techniques to real world problems is a very dic cult task which usually implies overcoming expressiveness and ec ciency handicaps. Expressiveness in order to cope with the great amount of knowledge involved in these problems and also to obtain results directly, or almost directly, applicable in the ® eld of study. Ec ciency to achieve a good course through the potentially enormous search spaces and, therefore, a satisfactory response capability. This work describes Ma c h i n e , a manufacturing planning architecture which is able to obtain sequential control programs for manufacturing systems, the steps given to overcome these expressiveness and ec ciency handicaps and how it is able to solve some real size problems.

Theories for Rural-Environmental Planning

One of the principal features which has underpinned the emergence of town planning as a coherent profession and academic discipline has been the development of a distinctive body of theory, which has served to unify the purpose and endeavours of an otherwise somewhat eclectic and derivative subject. This body of theory has related essentially to the management of change within complex urban and industrial systems, and to the political processes surrounding the implementation and interpretation of town planning legislation. It is grounded in a history of new towns, urban growth and decay, urban and regional analysis, and the regeneration of the post-industrial city. During the 1980s in particular, the subject area of countryside planning started to develop beyond the status of a `specialist option’ , into an increasingly distinct domain of study and practice. In the 1990s, the importance of sustainable development has resulted in the consolidation of environmental planning as a complementary ® eld of study. It is the contention here that theory development has not matched the pace of knowledge creation, and that theories have had to be borrowed, sometimes in a less than appropriate manner, from town planning and political science. The author has found this neglect problematic at the didactic level, and believes that it also impinges adversely on research and practice. Whilst there may transpire to be sharp differences between rural and environmental planning, both are here assumed to be suf® ciently similar in their policy frameworks, resource-based arenas of con ict, and reliance on nonstatutory approaches, to warrant joint discussion. The portmanteau term `rural± environmental’ is used despite the obvious existence of environmental processes within the urban matrix. It is used to contrast broadly with the epistemological territory of urban-regional planning. The present time seems to be a good one for stocktaking, as we appear to be jettisoningÐ or at least heavily revisingÐ many time-served theories, during our move towards a less certain and more ® nely-textured future. For most of its history, countryside planning has been perceived as `urban planning writ small’ . Apart from a top tier of specially designated areas, the rural space has been widely treated as little more than a conduit for urban activity systems. Equally, the biophysical environment has been exhaustively studied by