Elderly Immigrants Research Articles

A Survey Study on the Influencing Factors of Life Satisfaction of Chinese Elders in New Zealand in the Internet Era

This thesis investigates the factors influencing the life satisfaction of elderly Chinese immigrants in New Zealand in the era of increasing internet usage. With a significant population of over 40,000 Chinese elders aged 65 and above residing in New Zealand, the study focuses on how the internet affects their social integration, access to information, and overall well-being. The research primarily utilizes a survey methodology, distributing questionnaires among various Chinese community organizations to collect data on internet usage patterns, social behaviors, and perceived life satisfaction. The findings suggest that internet use plays a crucial role in enhancing life satisfaction by providing means of social connectivity, access to daily information, and maintaining cultural ties. The study concludes that the effective use of the internet correlates with higher life satisfaction among Chinese seniors in New Zealand. Education level, physical health, and income emerged as significant factors affecting life satisfaction as well. The thesis advocates for enhanced digital literacy programs and health care services tailored to the needs of elderly immigrants, promoting a more inclusive approach to community support and engagement.

Assessment of frailty, daily life activities, and nutrition of elderly immigrants: A household based cross-sectional study.

With the global migrant population on the rise, it's imperative to focus on the health status of more vulnerable groups within these communities. The elderly immigrants face myriad physical and psychosocial challenges that significantly impact their health and quality of life. This study aims to investigate the nutrition, daily life activities, and clinical frailty status of elderly immigrants residing in Türkiye. A cross-sectional design was employed in the Sultanbeyli District, focusing on Syrian immigrants aged 65 and over. Participants were surveyed face-to-face by interpreters proficient in Arabic. The questionnaire comprised sociodemographic details, health status, and scales like Katz Daily Life Activities, Clinical Frailty, and Mini Nutritional Assessment. The data analysis was executed using SPSS 22. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and median, while categorical ones were expressed in numbers and percentages (%). A significance level of P < .05 was considered for the analyses. The average age of the participants was determined as 71.64 ± 6.20 years. In the study group, 49.7% were female, 75.5% were younger than 75 years old, 47.7% had less than primary school education, 56.3% were married, 42.4% had a low income level, and 56.9% lived in the same household with 5 or more people. Among the participants in the study group, 47% had walking and balance problems, 29.1% had a history of falls in the last year, 10.6% were disabled, 69.5% complained of pain, 82.8% had a chronic illness, and 43% had polypharmacy. The median value of the KATZ Daily Living Activities scale was 6, the mean score of the Clinical Frailty Score scale was 3.25 ± 1.25, and the mean score of the Mini Nutritional Assessment scale was 12.40 ± 2.15. Among immigrant elderly individuals, 88.1% were able to sustain their lives independently, 13.9% were clinically frail, and 3.3% were at risk of malnutrition. Factors such as age, level of education, socioeconomic status, marital status, number of cohabitants in the household, BMI, neurological problems, walking-balance disorders, disability, and presence of chronic diseases are associated with daily life activities, frailty, and malnutrition status. It is believed that broader field research with greater participation would be beneficial for evaluating the nutritional status of immigrant elderly individuals.

Incidence of Tuberculosis Among Immigrants in Korea Who Participated in a Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening Program.

With a rapid decrease in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, the significance of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has been underscored in South Korea. Although South Korea does not have a high proportion of immigrants compared to other countries, there is a growing argument that it should actively embrace immigrants as a solution to address issues of low birth rates and population aging. This study aimed to assess TB incidence among immigrants who participated a pilot LTBI screening program in South Korea. Records of immigrants participated in a pilot LTBI screening program in South Korea between 2018 and 2019 were linked with Korean National TB Surveillance System to determine TB development. Participants underwent interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) and chest X-rays. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) stratified by age, country of origin's TB burden was calculated with a reference group of general South Korean population. Of a total of 9,517 participants, 14 TB cases were identified. Participants with positive IGRA results who did not initiate LTBI treatment showed TB incidence of 312.5 per 100,000 person-years, whereas those with negative results showed TB incidence of 34.4 per 100,000 person-years, resulting in an incidence rate ratio of 9.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50-32.99). SIR of TB among total participants including those with negative IGRA results was 2.60 (95% CI, 1.54-4.38; P < 0.001), whereas SIR among those with positive IGRA results was 5.86 (95% CI, 3.15-10.89; P < 0.001). In the calculation of SIR among participants with positive IGRA results, those aged under 35 from high TB-burden countries or intermediate TB-burden countries showed a high SIR (18.08; 95% CI, 2.55-128.37; P = 0.004), and 11.30 (95% CI, 2.82-45.16; P < 0.001), respectively). Contrary to previous reports that suggest the majority of elderly population with a positive IGRA result were due to remote infection and had a lower TB risk compared to younger ages, SIR among those aged 65 or over from intermediate TB-burden countries was 6.15 (95% CI, 0.87-43.69; P = 0.069), which was comparable to that in younger participants aged between 35 and 49 (SIR, 4.87; 95% CI, 1.22-19.49; P = 0.025) or those aged between 50 and 64 (SIR, 4.62; 95% CI, 1.73-12.31; P = 0.002). Young immigrants with positive IGRA results from countries with high or intermediate TB burden showed a relatively high TB risk compared to a general South Korea population. In addition, unexpected high TB risk was observed among elderly immigrants with positive IGRA results. In establishing future policies for LTBI in immigrants in South Korea, screenings should primarily focus on younger age group (who aged under 35). Additionally, further research is needed on the high TB risk observed in elderly immigrants.

Perceptions of Older Immigrants About Health Care in the Host Countries: A Narrative Review

Older immigrants may have different needs regarding health and care services compared to other age groups. There are suggestions for adapting health services to the elderly and even immigrant elderly in order to provide equal service to everyone. There are studies indicating that with advancing age chronic diseases increase and functional capacity decreases, resulting in poorer physical and psychosocial health in immigrant elderly than in the general elderly population. It is stated that immigrants’ use of health services is lower than that of general population. Cultural and social factors influence health behaviors, opportunities, wishes and barriers for patients to access and use health and care services. Studies stated that elderly immigrants not knowing how to apply for health services, having language problems and being ineffective in communication with healthcare professionals, and experiencing lack of/insufficient social, community and family support, are lead to isolation and inadequate use of health services. In the narrative review, it is aimed to explore the existing research which was conducted on the experiences and perspectives of older immigrants, formal and informal caregivers and healthcare workers regarding health and care services and as well as interventions for better adaptation of health and care services among older immigrants.

Immigrant’s Cultural Alienation in Elaine Chiew’s Face

This research focuses on the cultural alienation of an elderly Chinese immigrant narrated in Elaine Chiew’s Face (2019). Face is a story that highlights the life of Yun, an elderly Chinese woman who moves to London and feels alienated from her surroundings. To analyze the data, the descriptive qualitative method and Seeman’s theory of alienation (1959) are employed. This research discovers that alienation undergone by elderly can be resulted from powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation, and self-estrangement. Powerlessness rises when the elderly immigrants could not cope with bullying problem, while feeling meaninglessness comes from their inability in doing productive activities like what they had in their home-land. Incapability to adapt with the culture, norms, and values in the host-country results in their normlessness detaching them more from their surroundings. It worsens due to the language barrier, no same-aged friends, and geriatric bladder issues. Lastly, their social functions that do not work well lead them into self-estrangement. The findings of this research show that cultural alienation experienced by elderly immigrants could lead them into identity crisis.

Away from Home or Returned Home? What Iranian Participants with Dementia Experience while Living in a Culturally Profiled Nursing Home in Sweden

This study explores Iranian immigrants with dementia living in a culturally profiled Swedish nursing home and what it means to be at “home.” The meaning given to a place, in general, is understood to be generated and formed by experiences, expectations, hopes, and chains of events, and its significance can change over time. Life changes will mainly affect the understanding of what constitutes “home.” Such a concept can be challenging to define, especially amongst some immigrant populations and those with dementia, for whom parameters change and choice can be limited. This qualitative research study is based on ethnographic fieldwork following ten participants. The data was analyzed, and three main categories that contribute to understanding “home” as part of the delivery of care to elderly immigrants with dementia, namely “a place to escape to”, “a place to be”, and “a place to live”, were identified. The findings show that living in a culturally profiled nursing home in Sweden gave residents a feeling of self-rule, although the institution did have its codes and rules. Considering the feeling of home, none of the participants felt at home; instead, they stated that the culturally profiled nursing home was merely a place to live. Factors that strengthened their independence were the ability to speak the language they were familiar with and receiving medical help without relying on their children.

Chinese grand(parenting) encourages a re‐imagining of Canada's immigration regime

AbstractCanada's migration regime prioritizes the admission of young skilled immigrants while restricting elderly immigrants constructed as non‐contributing dependents. We review and compare the current pathways to family reunification for elderly immigrants. Based on interviews with 16 Chinese skilled immigrant mothers and eight sponsored (grand)parents in Edmonton and Ottawa, we highlight the contributions made by elderly Chinese immigrants to social reproduction, intergenerational cultural preservation, and various forms of transnational support. We also reveal the financial and emotional costs incurred by young skilled immigrants who sought to sponsor their elderly parents for permanent residency. Based on these rich conversations, we propose two policy recommendations to reduce the pressure on sponsoring family members and create opportunities for elderly immigrants to access gainful employment.

Evaluation of Life Satisfaction Levels of Elderly Immigrants Who Migrated From Afghanistan, Syria, And Iraq to Sivas (Türkiye)

Little is known about the elderly who are subject to forced migration, and studies on older migrants are very limited. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographic characteristics and evaluation of life satisfaction levels of elderly immigrants who migrated from Afghanistan, Syria, and Iraq to Türkiye. A cross-sectional research design was carried out by collecting data from 87 elderly immigrants in Sivas between 01.12.2021 and 28.02.2022 2021. In the study, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test and ANOVA test were used to evaluate the data. A significant difference was found in the level of life satisfaction according to the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants according to the country they migrated to. It was determined that the participants' self, social satisfaction and general satisfaction levels were higher, and their relationship satisfaction levels were relatively low, respectively. Local and international efforts should be increased to improve the adaptation of the elderly immigrants to the cultural differences of the country they migrated to, and to improve their life and relationship satisfaction.

The Fading of Protective Roots: A Multivariate Analysis of the Risk of Hypertension among Hispanics by Nativity.

To examine the effects of Hispanic nativity on the risk and severity of hypertension relative to US-born non-Hispanic whites. The analytic sample (n = 34,007) was comprised of cross-sectional data drawn from twenty years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2018. Foreign-born Hispanics aged 65 years and older had a greater risk of severe hypertension compared to non-Hispanic Whites. When examined by length of residency in the US, elderly foreign-born Hispanics with less than 10 years of residency were at greater risk of hypertension and severe hypertension, while those with 20 or more years of residency had similar risks compared to non-Hispanic Whites. The "Hispanic Paradox" of better health despite lower socioeconomic status, was not observed in foreign-born or US-born Hispanics aged 65 years and older. Among elderly immigrants, those with fewer years of residency had the greatest hypertensive risk.

Evaluation of bio-psycho-social and socio-cultural problems of Syrian elderly living in Turkey.

Older persons are among the vulnerable groups most affected by war and migration due to physical weakness, illness, social environment, and cultural adaptation difficulties. The aim of this study is to determine the economic, biopsychosocial, and socio-cultural problems of the older Syrians living in Turkey. Convergent mixed design was used within the scope of the research. For the qualitative phase of the research, 19 older persons migrants were interviewed. A semi-structured interview form was used to collect data in the interviews. For the quantitative phase of the research, 432 participants were reached. In order to collect data, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Socio-cultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS-R) were used together with the demographic information form. The mean age of the participants was 66.2 ± 7.10 (Min: 60; Max: 91), the majority (87%) between the ages of 60 to 74 and 53.2% were male. The mean SCAS-R score of the older Syrians was 2.48 ± 0.88 (Min: 1; Max: 5) and the mean GDS-15 was 2.63 ± 3.84 (Min: 0; Max: 15). About 22.7% of older Syrian participants had mild or severe depressive symptoms. Experienced traumatic events, changing economic situation, and family relationships affected both physical and mental health of the older persons. The socio-cultural adaptation of the older persons was affected by language, temporary protection, and exposure to exclusion. The Older Syrians, who lacked information on social services, were experiencing problems with nutrition, clothing, bill payment, and rent due to economic problems. However, they mostly did not want to return to Syria because their living order in Syria was deteriorating and they were afraid. Syrian elderly immigrants living in Turkey have biopsychosocial, economic, and cultural problems. National and international support programs and policies should be developed for elderly Syrian refugees who are expected to live in Turkey unless a safe living environment is provided.

Dental utilization among aging immigrants in Canada

Objective: To compare the dental-care utilization of elderly immigrants to that of non-immigrants in Canada. Materials and Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of publicly available data from the 2008/09 Canadian Community Health Survey: Healthy Aging (CCHS-HA) component. The target population consisted of 30,865 people aged 45 years and above. A modified Andersen’s health-service utilization model was used as the framework for analysis, grouping predisposing (age, sex, marital status, immigrant status, time since immigration, smoking, alcohol use), enabling (Education, household income, dental insurance, social support), need (Self-reported health and self-reported oral health) and behavioural factors (Brushing and physician visit), to compare the dental care utilization between elderly immigrants and non-immigrants. Descriptive statistics and binary and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. Results: Results for the entire population indicate age, sex, marital status, level of education and income, dental insurance, physician visit, smoking and self-reported oral health as significant predictors of dental visits. Predictors for utilization among immigrant seniors were: age, sex, marital status, social interaction, and level of education. Predictors for non-immigrant seniors included: age, level of education, household income, dental insurance, smoking, and self-reported oral health. Conclusion: By comparing elderly immigrants and non-immigrants, this study draws attention to what influences dental care utilization in each group. Implications for oral health policy include integrating oral health insurance into Canada’s universal healthcare system, changes in legislation that improve the availability and access to dental insurance, and better utilization of existing dental public-health resources by including targeted services to elderly immigrants.

Perceived social support and help-seeking among U.S. Chinese older adults who reported elder mistreatment

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the associations between perceived social support and help-seeking among U.S. Chinese older adults who reported elder mistreatment (EM). Data were from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago. Perceived social support and informal/formal help-seeking intentions and behaviors were measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. A total of 450 participants reported EM. Mean age of the sample was 72.73 ± 8.03 years old. Perceived social support was associated with an increase in intentions of seeking help from informal sources. Compared with not seeking help, older Chinese-American adults with any EM who perceived social support were more likely to seek help from informal and formal sources. The potential role of social support in increasing help-seeking was highlighted. Culturally tailored interventions that provide social support might promote help-seeking among U.S. Chinese elder immigrants who experienced EM.

Silence Agreements in Danish Elderly Care: Phantasmatic Asymmetry between Care Managers and Self-Appointed Helpers with a Muslim Immigrant Background

This paper explores the composite of elderly immigrants, self-appointed helpers (selvudpegede hjælpere) and care managers (visitatorer) in Danish municipalities. Free elderly care is a common good in the Danish welfare state. Instead of using the homecare service provided by the municipality, many elderly citizens with a Muslim immigrant background prefer to have a family member contracted as their self-appointed helper. The self-appointed helper is often a spouse, daughter or daughter-in-law, who ends up having the dual role as both a caring, loving family member and a professional care worker. Due to the special setup with self-appointed helpers working in their private homes, it is difficult for the care managers to follow standard rules and procedures. Instead, it seems to be a public secret that there is a gap between what we are supposed to do (according to the law) and what we actually do. We suggest seeing this gap as a silence agreement, where care managers, self-appointed helpers and elderly citizens refrain from asking all the critical questions (regarding the provision of care, the quality of care, working conditions, etc.) that no one wants to know the answers to. However, when the silence agreement from time to time breaks down, the relationship between the self-appointed helper and the care manager is haunted by a widespread phantasm where Muslim immigrants are cast as welfare scroungers. Basically, we argue that care managers and self-appointed helpers share a silent agreement but when it is neglected or violated, the latter end up in a vulnerable and marginalized position. The dynamic highlights the ambiguous intimate belonging of Muslim immigrant families and questions to what extent they were seen as legitimate subjects under the state in the first place.

Research on C-E Emergency Interpreting Service for the Immigrant Elderly Groups With Hearing Impairment in China

The Disaster Prevention Guideline for hearing-impaired groups, issued by the World Federation of the Deaf and the International Sign Language Translation Association, aims to help hearing-impaired groups to get accurate, timely information in the event of disasters or other emergency situations. In order to provide feasible interpreting strategies for immigrant elderly groups with hearing impairment, this study employs the corpus statistics method to analyze this guideline based on the Emergentist Model of Pragmatics. The results of this study demonstrate that the elderly can be divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups in information vulnerability. Therefore, this article puts forward corresponding interpreting strategies for them. For mild groups, interpreters can commonly use positive words, focusing on short sentences. For moderate groups, interpreters can usually use positive words, simple sentences, loud voices and gestures. For severe groups, interpreters should explain and retell loudly close to their ears by positive words with low loading significance, supplementing information by body movements. All of these strategies attempt to accurately convey emergency information to these groups and reduce their harm in emergency events. It is hoped that this can promote the research of emergency interpreting services in China.

Oral health and its determinants among elderly immigrant Canadians

Objective: To compare the self-reported oral health status of elderly immigrant to Canadian-born (non-immigrant) seniors in Canada. Materials and Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of publicly available data from the 2008/09 Canadian Community Health Survey: Healthy Aging component (CCHS-HA). The sample consisted of 30,865 people aged 45 years and above. The outcome was self-reported oral health. We used predisposing (age, sex, marital status, immigrant status, time since immigration, smoking, alcohol use), enabling (education, household income, dental insurance, social support), need (self-reported health) and behavioural variables (brushing, physician and dentist visits) to compare the oral health status between immigrant and non-immigrant elders. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were performed. Results: 16.9% of elderly immigrants reported fair to poor self-rated oral health compared to 10.5% non-immigrants. The predictors influencing fair to poor oral health among immigrant and non-immigrant elders varied. Significant predictors for immigrant elders included age, gender, marital status, education, income and physician visits. For non-immigrant seniors, last dental visit, income and education played a role in how oral health status was reported. Conclusion: An increasing influx of immigrants-coupled with an increasingly aging population, including elderly immigrants-has important public health policy implications. Policy approaches that incorporate oral health education, dental screening, awareness raising, and community-based initiatives in immigrant-concentrated areas would be beneficial when targeting the low-socio-economic status elderly immigrant population.

Health disparities, and health behaviours of older immigrants & native population in Norway.

We aimed to investigate and compare activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL (IADL), poor self-rated health and the health behaviours among immigrants and the native population in Norway. We present results from analysis of two Norwegian surveys, (Living Conditions Survey on Health from 2015, Living Conditions Survey among Immigrants 2016). Using logistic regression models, odds ratios were estimated for functional ability, self-reported health, and health behavior among immigrants, with Norwegian born being the reference category. The first model was controlled for age and gender and the second model was additionally adjusted for educational level. Our analysis included 5343 participants, 2853 men (913 immigrants), and 2481 women (603 immigrants), aged 45-79 years. The age-group 45-66 years includes n = 4187 (immigrants n = 1431, men n = 856; women n = 575) and 67-79 years n = 1147 (immigrants n = 85, men n = 57; women n = 28). The percentage of Norwegians having ≥ 14 years of education was 86%, as compared to 56% among immigrants. The percentage of immigrants with no education at all was 11%. The employment rate among the Norwegian eldest age group was nearly double (14%) as compared to the immigrant group. Adjusted for age, gender and education, immigrants had higher odds than Norwegian of ADL and IADL, chronic diseases and overweight. There were no differences between immigrants and Norwegians in prevalence of poor self-reported health and smoking. Overall elderly immigrants are worse-off than Norwegians in parameters of health and functioning. Knowledge about health and functioning of elderly immigrants can provide a basis for evidence-based policies and interventions to ensure the best possible health for a growing number of elderly immigrants. Furthermore, for a better surveillance, planning of programs, making policies, decisions and improved assessment and implementation, ADL and IADLs limitations should be included as a variable in public health studies.

The Moderation Role of Acculturation on Dietary Patterns and Stress among U.S. Chinese Immigrants

Studies have demonstrated that healthy dietary patterns are related to diminished stress. However, the potential moderation role of acculturation on dietary patterns and stress is unclear among the those whose eating habits are impacted by immigration. The aim of this study is to explore the moderation role of acculturation on dietary patterns and stress among Chinese elder immigrants in the United States. Data were conducted from the PINE Study with 3053 Chinese adults aged over 60 years in the Great Chicago area. Dietary patterns were measured via a 48-items Food-frequency questionnaire with frequency and size weighted. Items were identified into different food groups based on Dietary Guidelines. Acculturation was assessed by a 12-item short-scale among the population. Stress was measured via a 10-item Perceived Stress Scale with cutoff 14 indicating either low or high stress. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the moderation effects on the associations with demographic characteristics, medical comorbidities, and BMI adjusted. After controlling covariates, one unit increasing in fruit consumption (OR: 0.61 (95%CI: 0.52 -0.72)) or coffee (OR: 0.49 (95%CI: 0.36 - 0.67)) was associated with lower odds of stress. However, after adding acculturation as an interaction term, the negative relationship between fruit or coffee consumption with stress was moderated by a higher level of acculturation (fruit: OR: 1.05 (95%CI: 1.02 - 1.08), coffee: OR: 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01 - 1.09) respectively). The associations between dietary patterns and stress may differentiate based on acculturation level among the elder immigrants. Further longitudinal studies should investigate potential causality.

The Mediating Role of Pain Catastrophizing on the Association Between Depression and Pain Severity and Interference Among Elderly Asian Immigrants with Chronic Pain.

PurposeThe association between depression and chronic pain is well established. However, few studies have examined the pathways from depression to chronic pain. The present cross-cultural study aimed to test the mediating effects of pain catastrophizing on associations between depression and chronic pain (eg, pain severity, pain intensity) among Korean American elderly.Patients and MethodsA total of 132 elderly Korean Americans with chronic pain were recruited from elderly daycare centers and Korean ethnic churches in the community. For mediation analyses, structural equation modeling with full information maximum likelihood estimation method was used. The bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval (CI) method for inferential tests of the indirect effects was also conducted in mediation analysis.ResultsThe results indicated that the proportion of comorbid depression and chronic pain was 45.7%. Elderly Korean Americans with depression scored higher in pain severity, pain interference, and pain catastrophizing than those without depression. Pain catastrophizing was found to have a significant mediating effect on the relationship between depression and pain severity (indirect effect = 0.147, Bootstrap 95% CI = [0.079, 0.226]), controlling for demographic covariates, comorbidities and pain area. Pain catastrophizing also mediated the relationship between depression and pain interference (indirect effect =0.164, Bootstrap 95% CI = [0.097, 0.244]), controlling for the covariates.ConclusionThese findings add to the literature by providing evidence that pain catastrophizing plays a role in high levels of pain severity and pain interference comorbid chronic pain and depression in Asian elderly immigrants. Appropriate culturally tailored programs to redirect pain catastrophizing cognitive process should be developed and provided for elderly Asian Americans to reduce chronic pain disparity.

Walking in Your Culture: A Study of Culturally Sensitive Outdoor Walking Space for Chinese Elderly Immigrants.

This was a study conducted in Atlanta, GA, in the United States with Chinese elderly immigrants, examining the relationship between visual preference and motivation to walk in a particular outdoor space. Outdoor walking promotes the well-being of older adults. However, their declined body functions impact their motivation to walk outside. For elderly immigrants living in a country with different cultural backgrounds from their homelands, it is important to find the ways to enhance their motivation of outdoor walking. Visual preference survey was conducted to assess preferences of first-generation Chinese elderly immigrants attending a care facility setting. Preferences included Chinese classical walking spaces or American modern walking spaces. The data were interpreted using descriptive statistics and factorial experiment analysis. A total of 95 Chinese elderly immigrants gave valid responses to the visual preference survey. Survey results revealed that respondents had a high preference for Chinese classical walking spaces even though they had an average time of 26 years as a U.S. resident. Although the functions and purposes of the walking spaces caused safety and comfort concerns, the interaction effects of design style, design function, and design purpose illustrated that Chinese classical style had high effectiveness to promote outdoor walking of Chinese elderly immigrants. These results support the significance of culturally sensitive care environments in promoting outdoor walking for elderly Chinese immigrants. It also indicates that spaces designed with an assigned cultural style had higher attractiveness to older adults from the same assigned cultural background.

이주민 노인의 건강검진 서비스 이용 결정 요인: 앤더슨 모형을 이용한 분석

이주민 노인의 건강검진 서비스 이용 결정 요인: 앤더슨 모형을 이용한 분석