City Of Elbasan Research Articles

Elbasan City's Local Geodesic Network Construction Using Gnss Surveys

This abstract describes how the city of Elbasan's local geodetic support network is being built using GNSSmeasurements, which will have a favorable effect on the city's economic and social development. The acquiredinformation will be used as a fundamental point of reference for all geodetic projects, as well as for engineering, urban,and scientific designs, as well as geological and geographical studies. In order to determine the three-dimensionalposition of the points in the official KRGJSH frame—which is based on the ETRF2000 reference frame of reference tothe European continental coordinate system ETRS89—as well as the official frame KRGJSH (Albanian GeodeticReference Framework), in which all the coordinates—it will be necessary to build the local geodetic support networkand implement GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) measurements.

Analyzing the impact of entrepreneurial traits on business growth: A study of start-ups in Elbasan, Albania

The popularity of entrepreneurship is on the rise, attracting individuals interested in developing their business ideas. However, not everyone possesses the requisite entrepreneurial mindset. Among the myriad factors influencing business growth, having an entrepreneurial mindset stands out. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between an entrepreneurial mindset and start-up growth, along with discussing implications for the future development of entrepreneurial mindset traits. There is a clear need for new strategies to foster an entrepreneurial mindset and thereby enhance the likelihood of successful entrepreneurial endeavors. This research employs a comprehensive methodology, integrating both qualitative and quantitative data sourced from primary and secondary sources. Central to the methodology is the Entrepreneurship Competence Framework, which underpins the questionnaire utilized in this study. Participants in the questionnaire were start-ups in Elbasan city, Albania. The findings affirm the positive impact of planning, coping with uncertainty, collaborating with others, and learning through experience on business growth. Making decisions in the middle of uncertainty, ambiguity, and risk involves navigating decisions when outcomes are uncertain or information is limited and employing structured methods to test ideas and prototypes to mitigate risks of failure in the value creation process.

Quantitative Data on Microorganisms and Heavy Metals in Middle Albania Soil

In this above scientific work, data are given on the presence of microorganisms (main bacteria) and heavy metals present in the underground layers of the Elbasan city, located in Middle Albania. From the data obtained, we can reach an important conclusion, if the presence of bacteria and heavy metals is present at such levels that they can be considered as soil pollution factors.The primary purpose of undertaking this work was to present the possible connection between microbial and chemical soil pollution, pollution which has a serious impact on the population’s health.To complete this goal, five soil samples that were taken up to a depth of 0.5 m, in April 2023, were served. We emphasize the fact that Elbasan city has been considered over the years as an area with significant atmospheric chemical and microbiological pollution.From the statistical processing of the data, we obtained results that present data on chemical elements that can be considered as a possible factor of soil pollution.In conclusion, starting from the qualitative analysis of the results by comparing them with the allowed pollution rates from the EU, we find a chemical pollution of the soil from the element nickel, which is present in an amount about 2.5 times more than the standards defined by the Regulatory Acts of EU.We are of the opinion that the ascertained pollution of the Elbasani soil is mainly dedicated to the activity of agricultural farmers in the misuse of organic and chemical fertilizers, the mismanagement of wastewater by the relevant city authorities, and mainly to the abusive activity of light and heavy industries that operate in the city.

Holocene Data on Fossil Pollen of Dipsacaceae Plants, Central Albania.

The Holocene data on fossil pollen given in this scientific paper were obtained from the underground analysis of the Elbasan city, an ancient city located in Central Albania. In this paper, data are given on the evolutionary line that representatives of the Dipsacaceae family have followed over the years. Based on archeological studies of the Elbasani underground, the described time coincides with the New Holocene period. As the primary goal of this paper, we have given the connection between the distribution of fossil pollen of Dipsacaceae plants over the years. The data on the Dipsacaceae fossil pollen were analyzed during the period September-November 2022, and are presented for the first time.Based on the data obtained after performing the chemical and statistical analysis of the fossil pollen of Dipsacaceae plants, we have obtained very interesting results, such as the finding of Dipsacaceae family palynomorphs in all analyzed soil samples from the depth to the surface. We also ascertain and have identified 442 fossil pollens that appear with a constant and stable tendency of their presence from the depth to the soil surface.Based on the obtained results, we are of the opinion that: the change of the vegetation over the years for the analyzed area is mainly related to the human influence on the cultivation of important and necessary plants and fruit trees, after the in-depth analysis that was made on foreign and local literature, no other factors are found. with an important influence on the Central Albania flora.

THE IMPACT OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY IN THE POLLUTION OF SHKUMBINI RIVER

Demographic movements and increased industrial activity in the Elbasan area have affected the water quality of the Shkumbin River. River water pollution can be natural, as a result of the erosion of the soil formations that make up its catchment basin, but also of anthropogenic activity related to life and industrial activity.In the study area, we have the urban influence on the pollution of the river, which is caused by the city of Elbasan, and the industrial one, which is caused by the activity of a large number of industrial activities.Shkumbin River is one of the most important rivers in Albania. Its waters are widely used for the irrigation of the field of Elbasani and a part of Myzeqeja field. But it is also used for fishing and for various reasons.Considering these facts, the study of river water pollution and the determination of the sources of its pollution assume great importance. In this paper, an assessment of the urban and industrial impact on river water pollution is made. Water quality monitoring of Shkumbini river water, was carried out based on the investigation of ten physical - chemical parameters: pH. EC, T, DO, TDS, salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, and PO43-, in three water samples taken at three stations.The water quality assessment is based on: NIVA classification and the European Community directive on "quality of fresh waters supporting fish life".

Microbial and Heavy Metal Presence and Impact on Soil Pollution for Central Albania

This scientific study was undertaken by presenting data on the presence of microorganisms (bacteria) and heavy metals found in the underground layers of Elbasan city. From the obtained results, it was judged whether the presence of bacteria and chemical elements is at such levels as to be considered as a soil pollution factor. The main purpose of this scientific paper is to provide the possible correlation between chemical and microbial soil pollution, which directly or indirectly affects the health of the city's residents. To achieve this goal, five soil samples were taken by digging to a depth of 0.5 m, during March 2023. Mainly, the Elbasan area has been at the center of criticism over the years and is considered an area with significant atmospheric pollution, of a chemical and microbiological nature. We have obtained results that prove chemical and bacterial data that can be considered as a soil pollution factor. In conclusion, based on the analysis of the results and compared with the permitted rates of pollution, the level of chemical pollution of the soil from the nickel element appears, which is in the amount of about 2 and a half times more than the standards determined by the relevant Regulatory Acts of the EU. Based on the study and monitoring that was done to the Elbasan city, we think that soil pollution is mainly dedicated to the activity of the farmer in the misuse of organic and chemical fertilizers, the mismanagement of wastewater by the relevant authorities, and especially the abusive activity to the detriment of nature carried out by industries that operate in the city.

Holocene Evolutionary Line for Liliaceae Plants in Central Albania

The paleopalynological data presented in this scientific work were carried out in the soil deposits of Elbasan city, an ancient city located in Central Albania. For this scientific paper, data on the evolutionary line that the representatives of the Liliaceae family have followed for centuries have been presented. The time that is determined based on archaeological studies for the underground of Elbasan, corresponds to the period of the New Holocene. The main goal of this scientific work is to present the relationship between the presence of Liliaceae fossil pollen found in different depths of the earth, with its distribution in different time phases. Paleopalynological data for Liliaceae plants, during the analyzed period October-November 2022, are provided for the first time. Starting from the data obtained after the chemical and statistical analysis of the fossil pollen of Liliaceae plants, we have reached very interesting results, where we mention the fact of finding Liliaceae family palynomorphs at all soil depths, which corresponds to the entire New Holocene period to the present day. There is also a total of 828 fossil pollens that present an increasing trend from depth to the surface. Based on the results achieved, we are mainly of the opinion that: the change in vegetation presented over the years is related to the human influence in the cultivation of important and necessary plants for it, since the review of the literature does not reveal other factors that may have had a flora impact.

Analysis of Seismicity in Elbasani Geothermal Zone during Five Last Decades

During the last five decades since 1968, the Elbasani zone in Albania is dominated by low seismicity. This fault zone has evidenced some seismological phenomena. It is a transversal active fault zone with normal and strike-slip faults characterized by low-velocity layers. From instrumental seismicity in this area have been located 1831 seismic events, with magnitude ML > 1.1 Richter and 3 of them with magnitude ML > 5.0. Recently on May 19, 2014, a moderate earthquake ML5.2 occurred in the Elbasani seismogenic zone. This earthquake was located 6 km southeast of Belshi town and 18 km south of Elbasani town and was felt over Albania. The analysis of seismicity during the period of time 968-2022 years indicates that most earthquakes were located in the upper and middle earth crust and very few in the uppermost mantle. The focal mechanisms solution of some earthquakes indicates an extensional regime in this fault zone. The parameters of focal mechanisms indicate the predominance of normal fault motion and strike-slip fault motion is compatible with the present-day extension regime. The Elbasan zone has a complex geological structure with a significant number of geothermal water resources and some features of seismicity. The analysis of the features of seismicity during the five last decades provides us with correct interpretations of seismotectonic, low velocity lowers and understanding of geodynamic phenomena of the Earth's crust. The area of active faults of Elbasan presents a threat to the city of Elbasan and to the curative and tourist area of Llinxha-Hidrat.

Profile of Obesity and Comorbidities and their Correlation among Hemodialysis Patients, Elbasan

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, obesity is an enormous problem in the public health of undeveloped countries and developing countries. Being overweight, especially obesity in internal organs contributes to increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease. There is no complete data available in our country on the correlation between obesity and comorbidity diseases among persons undergoing dialysis. So we do not know how BMI affects Diabetic or Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD) patients among dialysis patients. We, therefore, undertook this study to evaluate the association of obesity with mobility in hemodialysis patients at the Elbasan dialysis center.
 METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was performed in 160 patients who have undergone the dialysis process at Elbasan Dialysis Center for three years (2016-2018). A standardized questionnaire was adopted to obtain data from all patients. The subjects were divided a priory into 4 categories based on the body mass index (BMI) (underweight <19, normal 19-25, pre-obese 25-30 and obese ≥30 kg/m2). Software SPSS version 20.0 is used to analyze and evaluate the data. Kaplan-Meier estimate were used to find the correlation between BMI with their prognostic abilities like cardiovascular disease and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. We have considered statistically significant every p value less than 0.05.
 RESULT: Over all 160 patients, the men presented the highest number of cases compared to female 73.1% and 26.9% respectively. The mean age resulted 52.7 ± 15.6 years and age groups 50-59 years old and 60-69 years old with 29.4% and 34.3% respectively were the most frequent in this study. About the category of BMI index 8.8% patients resulted underweight, 45% were in normal weight, 28.2% were pre-obese and 6.6% were obese. We observed significant correlations between BMI and some of the demographic data such as: gender, age, place of residence, educational level, smoking and alcohol consumption for p <0.05. Changes in patient survival rates between BMI with DMT2 and cardiovascular disease are not statistically significant (long range p> 0.05). In terms of mortality, a strong significant correlation was observed with the age of 50-69 years and with the index of hemoglobin, urea and creatinine after dialysis with p value <0.05.
 CONCLUSION: In the paradoxical epidemiology, the overweight becomes chronic on hemodialysis patients and serves as a protective factor which is associated with better survival, but we weren`t found significant association between the BMI and some of the variables analyzed. This study presents a small number of chronic patients on hemodialysis center in Elbasan city. There is a need to better understand the reverse epidemiological causes in individuals on dialysis, which can help us improve the poor outcome in this population.

The Cultural and Musical Tradition of Elbasan (16th - 20th Century)

The aim of this paper is to explore and review the role and contribution of Elbasan city in the well-known cultural and musical tradition of Albania. Referring to documents, this tradition dates back in the 16th century with the creation of the first musical bands, characteristic of that time, known otherwise as fanfarat or tajfat. During Ottoman invasion, especially during the 16th-17th century, oriental influence on Albanian folk music has been quite evident. Some musicologists think that this impact has been more evident especially in the music of the middle part of Albania. It needs to be emphasized that this influence has not been absolutely strict, since in most songs it appears either as a collaboration or a parallel version. After the 17th century in Elbasan, as well as in its surrounding regions, there was born folk music, firstly as the music of beano, and later on as a typical civic folk music accompanied by the orchestra. Ethnomusicologists think that prior to folk city music, there used to be country folk music, in the north eastern part of Elbasan, in the villages around Zaranika estuary, where old songs were sung, and very soon they were spread even in Elbasan. Meanwhile, by the years 20s and 30s of the 20th century in Elbasan there was spread civid folk music whose founders were the trio of: Isuf Myzyri, Leksi i Vinit as well as Mustafa Bodini. Folk songs of Elbasan belong to the musical style of the middle part of Albania; since they are sung in the dialect of Elbasan, they are considered as the civic folk songs of Elbasan. There needs to be highlighted that even during the first half of the 20th century, a great role in the musical and cultural tradition was played by the social and patriotic clubs, such as “Bashkimi” (1908), “Drita”, Vllaznia (18 April 1908) as well as the creation of patriotic society known as “Afërdita”. The latest one, in 1917 reestablished a musical band as well with the same name “Afërdita”, which existed before. This band besides various marches, it used to play hymns too by using wind instruments, folk music not only in Elbasan but even in other towns in Albania. The band “Afërdita” functioned until the early years of World War 2. 
 
 Received: 6 February 2021 / Accepted: 20 April 2021 / Published: 17 May 2021

Effectiveness of Community-Based Psychosocial Services for Individuals with Mental Health Problems in Elbasan city, Albania

An integrated system of mental health services means a network of services at the regional level, which responds to the needs of the population it covers for inclusive services, with a focus on community services. This category of services includes all those services that focus on the objectives and their functioning have the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of persons with mental disorders, as well as the prevention of these disorders and the promotion of positive mental health. Psychosocial interventions undoubtedly play an important role in the treatment of individuals with mental health problems in addition to drug treatment. Therefore, the study includes measuring the satisfaction of individuals with mental health problems and the effectiveness of community services and in particular that of community-based psychosocial interventions [3]. The study aims to determine the level of patient satisfaction of Community Health Centers mental and mainly in the city of Elbasan. For the realization of the study was used the quantitative method combined with the qualitative method. The patients of this center were randomly selected as a sample in the time frame of 3 months. As an instrument in the questionnaire are used open and closed questions. The results of the study show that patients are generally satisfied with the services provided to them by the center team and there is still room for improvement of these services.

Effectiveness of Community-Based Psychosocial Services for Individuals with Mental Health Problems in Elbasan city, Albania

Effectiveness of Community-Based Psychosocial Services for Individuals with Mental Health Problems in Elbasan city, Albania

Description of soil impurity for Elbasan city – Albania

This scientific paper enables us to present the bacteriological, physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals present in the soil of Elbasan city. Through this study we have obtained significant data that give us the opportunity to judge about soil impurity of Elbasan city, allowing us to present a current assessment of soil pollution. The pollution of the land of a historical-cultural city like Elbasan takes on a considerable importance in terms of the impact on the health of citizens, based mainly on the cultivation of agricultural crops in the study area. In view of this goal, during the September-October 2020 period, some soil samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory, where the area predetermined by us for samples taking consists of the geographical space where the heavy industries of Elbasan city operate. All bacteriological, physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals part of the soil of Elbasan are presented for the first time in this paper. As a result of the results obtained where we encounter a significant soil pollution of Elbasani town we think that is attributed to the fact that Elbasan has always been considered as one of the most polluted cities in Albania in recent years. Finally, we can say that land pollution comes as a result of productive activities of light and heavy industries, which operate without implementing the rules of environmental protection in Albania but also from human activity mainly in agriculture, where we mention the use without criteria of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

Description of soil impurity for Elbasan city – Albania

Description of soil impurity for Elbasan city – Albania

Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus and Other Comorbidities in Dialysis Population of Elbasan City, Albania

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality among patients on dialysis (HD). The aims of this study were to estimate the presence of HCV and other comorbidities in the dialysis population of Elbasan city, and to compare the survival outcomes of those patients who started dialysis with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Educational Situation in the Prefecture of Elbasan in the Years of the Albanian Parliamentary Republic 1925-1928

Our study aims to highlight one of the most important aspects of the Elbasan Prefecture, the educational aspect during 1925-1928. In order to analyze the education during the mentioned years, the attention and tradition and educational environment of Elbasan had to be considered during the earlier periods since the Ottoman conquest. The historical educational experience culminated in the opening of the "Normal" School in 1909, the first high school that trained and prepared teachers' teachers for the Albanian language; experience and educational achievements of 1920-1924, years in which education was given priority on the basis of the principles of massivization, nationalization, secularization and unification. Given this educational tradition even during the years we have been studying, the Prefecture of Elbasan has taken important steps in Education. In the educational development of Elbasan, the intellectual elite and educated teachers in the West, Austria and Italy, etc., who together with their scientific formation brought together the Elbasan City and the educational experience of the countries of who came. Problems, the level of primary and secondary education, the difficulties in the education system, the lack of school buildings and funds for opening and maintaining them, the education of women in special schools by males, and the charitable activity of elbasanas in terms of education, the school of education of the children of the region are some of the aspects that we have included in our study. Through this paper, the educational aspect of 1925-1928, a little handled in the context of the local history of the Elbasan Prefecture, sheds light on. Keywords: education, school, inspector of education, general director of education, "normal" school, plotor, student

Educational Situation in the Prefecture of Elbasan in the Years of the Albanian Parliamentary Republic 1925-1928

Our study aims to highlight one of the most important aspects of the Elbasan Prefecture, the educational aspect during 1925-1928. In order to analyze the education during the mentioned years, the attention and tradition and educational environment of Elbasan had to be considered during the earlier periods since the Ottoman conquest. The historical educational experience culminated in the opening of the "Normal" School in 1909, the first high school that trained and prepared teachers' teachers for the Albanian language; experience and educational achievements of 1920-1924, years in which education was given priority on the basis of the principles of massivization, nationalization, secularization and unification. Given this educational tradition even during the years we have been studying, the Prefecture of Elbasan has taken important steps in Education. In the educational development of Elbasan, the intellectual elite and educated teachers in the West, Austria and Italy, etc., who together with their scientific formation brought together the Elbasan City and the educational experience of the countries of who came. Problems, the level of primary and secondary education, the difficulties in the education system, the lack of school buildings and funds for opening and maintaining them, the education of women in special schools by males, and the charitable activity of elbasanas in terms of education, the school of education of the children of the region are some of the aspects that we have included in our study. Through this paper, the educational aspect of 1925-1928, a little handled in the context of the local history of the Elbasan Prefecture, sheds light on. Keywords: education, school, inspector of education, general director of education, "normal" school, plotor, student

The Technical Analysis of On-Grid Photovoltaic Power Plant Implementation: Case Study of Elbasan, Albania

The motive of importance that has been given to renewable energy throughout the world, especially over the last five years, comes from a number of reasons. These reasons roughly point to the very rapid advancement of technology in all areas of life. The growing needs for energy sources are in function among other cases mentioned above or in the fast demographic growth of the world. In this paper, we discuss a practical case study on implementing an on-grid photovoltaic plant. The case study is considered in technical terms, and gives some discussion on the beneficial effects of using solar energy for the production of electric energy. A photovoltaic plant was implemented in the city of Elbasan, Albania based on preliminary simulations in terms of data such as geographical coordinates, solar radiation on the site in question and the nature of site’s relief where the plant was implemented. The results and discussion of the study in question consist in the technical quantitative presentation of the energy benefits provided by the photovoltaic plant and the economic impact in consumer and state level.

IMPACT OF 12 WEEKS OF SPEED TRAINING ON NUMBER OF STEPS IN YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS

The aim of this article was to monitor and improve the number of steps on speed through a 12-week training program for young players in the city of Elbasan. The 12 week training intervention was carried out with the focus on biomechanical running parameters and mainly on the densities of the steps during the training sessions. The participants in this study were 28 younger players 15.1 ± 0.3 years (control group and intrusion group). The speed time (50m sprint) was evaluated during the sprint test (50m) and also the anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body fat in percentage) were measured at both study times (first T1 measurements and T2 second measurements). Skin thickness measurements were used to estimate the percentage of the body fat of the child. Data from the analysis on this research study by groups show that there is an improvement in mean values for step counts from T1 to T2 as follows; for control group by 1.3 steps (SD 0.8 seconds; t= 4 p=0.01) while for intervention group there is an improvement also by 2.8 steps (SD 1.1 steps; t= 5.7 p=0.005). Finally, statistical analysis show a significant difference in improvements (T1 to T2) between groups for the number of steps (p= 0.03) in favor of the improvement of the intervention group. Article visualizations:

PSYCHOSOCIAL SERVICE, A STABILITY FACTOR IN SCHOOLS

“ Education is experienced by teachers, students and their parents as a daily school environment, while in the perspective of national politics, “education” are a long term investment, therefore, the careful definition of priorities in the broader range of needs takes a particular importance .” It is a study conducted over a four month period, achieved in three high schools, and one secondary school in the city of Elbasan. “Dhaskal Todri”, “Qemal Stafa”, and ”Kostandin Kristoforidhi” high schools and “Naim Frasheri” secondary school have as a primary intention the awareness of teachers and students towards the increasing of cooperation between them and the involvement of students’ family members in the programs and initiatives undertaken by the schools in the context of the education process, increasing the active role of social workers. Quantitative method has been used to complete this study, exploiting different materials from pedagogical journals, publications of some of the greatest psychologists, materials from seminars organized by MES (Ministry of Education and Sport), records from a questionnaire distributed to some high schools in the city, study case at a mental health center. The results of the study show the multidimensional problems faced by Albanian schools during these years, difficulty that is based on the teacher-student relationship and the school's cooperation with the students’ family. Today these relationships and this cooperation are in a transitional phase between conservatism, authoritarianism and democracy. Article visualizations: