Elaborate Rules Research Articles

The Evolving Privacy Right: an Analysis of Tanzania’s Legal Scheme in E-health Data Protection

Rapid technological developments and globalization have brought new challenges to the protection of personal data. The scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased significantly. Technology allows both private companies and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale to pursue their activities. Natural persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. The importance of the subject of privacy and data protection has gained unprecedented attention in recent years, requiring better and more elaborate rules of protection. Individuals are sometimes exposed to possible abuse and even to harmful consequences as a result of the developments in information and communication technology (ICT) and the role it plays in the collection of personal information, and the tendency of companies and business enterprises to collect and use personal information in making business decisions. It is therefore not surprising that many countries in the West enacted comprehensive legislation on data protection some time ago. Europe in particular, through the recently passed General Data Protection Regulation, 2016, is heading towards the harmonization of data protection laws to have consistency within the region This article aims to provide an overview of the evolving “right to privacy (Data protection)” in this digital health (e-health) world to give the main key facts to stakeholders in e-health sectors to adapt their practices and ensure compliance with the current evolving legal scheme in Tanzania. The processing of personal health data, genetic data biometric data, and other kinds of sensitive information is strictly regulated and even widely interpreted by justice-dispensing organs.

Game-Based Learning in Higher Education Using Analogue Games

Games have been effective in helping people to interact with one another and learning more about the culture they inhabit (Piaget, 1962). The importance of games and their centrality to culture is pointed out by Huizinga (1944) who suggested using them as a medium to organise our lived experience and as an escape from their pragmatic focus (Ruckenstein, 1992). The “playful” nature of games results in escapism because it often hides the seriousness of their outcomes (Bateson, 2014; Henricks, 2006). For instance, games can be implemented in war where they are viewed as a deadly sort of game, with elaborate rules, strategies, and codes of sportsmanship. Furthermore, the widespread use of games has gained traction as a rapidly evolving teaching and learning tool in the educational sector as well. This rapid growth in the use of games as an educational tool has led to the creation of an immense number of diverse games, aiding teaching and learning in a multitude of disciplines from economics to art, and numerous encyclopaedic websites of previously developed games have been created. Despite this rapid growth, it is debatable whether this is due to increased effective learning from games, or simply the increased engagement and enjoyment observed in comparison to traditional pedagogical methods. To that end, the current paper explores the practices of analogue GBL across European Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and the challenges and opportunities associated with Game-Based Learning (GBL) from the perspective of educators and game designers. Gamification – including simple game mechanics, such as points for correct answers (Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Kim, Song, Lockee, & Burton, 2018; Rotgans & Schmidt, 2011) – is often used as a teaching aid to increase student engagement and enjoyment. However, simply adding a game mechanic into classic, lecture-based teaching does not necessarily assist in cognitive retention in classrooms, or develop 21st-century skills. As a matter of fact, more academics are seeing the benefits of GBL (Qian & Clark, 2016), in which games are specifically designed to enhance learning and the development of a certain skillset. It may also involve adapting a game that is already designed for use in the classroom, such as using open world-based board games to teach the interaction between geopolitical groups, or the use of LEGO® blocks to help improve comprehension of city planning. A good GBL intervention will ensure that the central mechanic of a game is linked to the expected learning outcomes of the module (Arnab et al., 2014).

Overlapping activation pattern of bitter taste receptors affect sensory adaptation and food perception.

The composition of menus and the sequence of foodstuffs consumed during a meal underlies elaborate rules. However, the molecular foundations for the observed taste- and pleasure-raising effects of complex menus are obscure. The molecular identification and characterization of taste receptors can help to gain insight into the complex interrelationships of food items and beverages during meals. In our study, we quantified important bitter compounds in chicory and chicory-based surrogate coffee and used them to identify responsive bitter taste receptors. The two receptors, TAS2R43 and TAS2R46, are exquisitely sensitive to lactucin, lactucopicrin, and 11β,13-dihydrolactucin. Sensory testing demonstrated a profound influence of the sequence of consumption of chicory, surrogate coffee, and roasted coffee on the perceived bitterness by human volunteers. These findings pave the way for a molecular understanding of some of the mixture effects underlying empirical meal compositions.

Implementation of Filters and Rules on a Gateway to Mitigate Cyberattacks Originated by Email

This work proposes a methodology for the implementation of a set of rules and filters applied on a Gateway to mitigate the main cyberattacks originated through emails, such as: malware, spam, phishing, and includes information leakage. Through a comparative analysis of the tools that face these cyberattacks, ”Proxmox Email Gateway” is selected to be implemented in two test scenarios, the first without applying the methodology, and the second with its application, in which several Controlled cyberattacks of each of those previously defined. According to data obtained from the test scenarios, it was found that the application of this set of rules reduces cyberattacks by 38.75%, and with the statistical chi-square test with a confidence level of 95% it is shown that the set of filters and elaborate rules applied on a Gateway if it reduces the percentage of the amount of cyberattacks originated through e-mail.

A System of Fiduciary Protections for Mutual Funds

The regulation of mutual funds in the United States arguably contains the world’s most extensive system of fiduciary protection, buttressed by elaborate liability rules and a host of procedural protections and mandatory disclosure requirements designed to facilitate investor protection and choice. The intensity of this regulatory structure is a subject of perennial debate, as public officials and policy analysts attempt to balance the cost of compliance and oversight against benefits to investors. Over time, government officials have made numerous supervisory accommodations to ameliorate the system’s costs and facilitate industry innovations. But, the burdens of this enhanced system of fiduciary protections for mutual funds remain significant and have encouraged industry participants to evade these legal requirements in a number of ways, such as the creation of alternative vehicles for collective investments (including insurance products and managed accounts of various sorts) and the imbedding of regulated mutual funds into other legal structures that escape the full application of the enhanced systemic of fiduciary protections for mutual funds. Technological innovations, such as robo-advising, are likely to accelerate this trend. In this chapter, I explore this important illustration of regulatory arbitrage and suggest areas where aspects of mutual fund regulation might appropriately be extended to functionally similar investment vehicles.

The Chinese Tradition of Administrative Law

For most of the time during the last two millennia, China was a dynastic empire ruled by an emperor with the assistance of a highly developed mandarinate of imperial organs. “Administrative law” in the modern sense of a set of legal norms enacted by the legislature or developed by the judiciary that simultaneously empower and constrain state organs and officials for the purpose of protecting the rights and liberties of subjects or citizens did not exist in traditional China. But there did exist for more than two millenniums elaborate and sophisticated rules regulating the powers and functions of each component of the highly complex and extensive machinery of imperial organs and officials, and prescribing in detail the duties of officials as well as the multiple and complicated monitoring, supervisory and disciplinary mechanisms applicable to the exercise of powers and performance of duties by officials in different state organs. By the late 19th century, Qing China’s increasing subordination to Western imperialism and semi-colonialism convinced significant numbers of Chinese political and scholarly elite that there was a desperate need for China to “save” and strengthen itself by pursuing modernization. In the legal and political domains, this generally meant extensive borrowing or transplant of Western political and legal institutions. After China's defeat by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, Japan’s experience of successful modernisation was widely admired by Chinese intellectuals, and the Japanese model was perceived as one that China should imitate in its self-strengthening efforts. This essay will therefore begin with the introduction and reception of Japanese administrative law in China in the late Qing Dynasty. It will then survey the study of comparative law and the influence of foreign law on the development of Chinese administrative law in the Republic of China era (1911–1949) and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949-). Major developments in Chinese administrative law in both the Republican era and the Communist era will also be briefly outlined as the context of administrative law scholarship. It will be seen that the story of the study of comparative and foreign administrative law in modern China is very closely intertwined with the story of the development of Chinese administrative law itself.

Ambiguity and automatic disambiguation of the Latin prepositions in the third book of the Clavis Prophetarum

The third book of Clavis Prophetarum [The Prophets’ Key] by Father Antonio Vieira, S. J. (1608-1697), in its Latin version, reedited by the Portuguese National Library in 2000 – a critical edition by Arnaldo Espirito Santo – constitutes the corpus of this work. In order to be able to work on a corpus of a given language, we need formalized electronic linguistic resources in order to obtain the greatest possible coverage and that can be used in appropriate systems. If, for the Portuguese language, we already have trustworthy resources developed since the 1990s by LabEL (Laboratory of Linguistic Engineering), as to the Latin language, we cannot mention the same. In fact, the use of automatic text analysis software is not yet a common practice, it is limited to restricted research circles. However, this is an area whose growing importance and potential for language teaching fully justify all the effort to disseminate it, so that more people are interested in investing and making it an added value in research. This article is a small contribution to this aim and has as main goals to help elaborate rules of automatic disambiguation of prepositions and their syntagms, in the Latin version of Clavis Prophetarum. It is also intended to evaluate the effectiveness of its application, in order to allow later reliable approaches in the study of this category in the corpus, using automatic techniques.

Keeping kosher or not keeping kosher in contemporary Denmark


 
 
 
 The Hebrew term kosher means ‘fit’ or ‘proper’ and it traditionally signifies foods that conform to Jewish dietary law (kashrut). This article explores how kosher is understood, practised and contested in contemporary Denmark. In recent years, the rules regulating kosher consumption have been supplemented by elaborate rules concerning globalised mass production, which have had an impact on the way people handle questions of kashrut. During the same period, global markets for kosher have proliferated; this article explores the everyday kosher consumption among Jews in Denmark in the light of these transformations. Everyday kosher consumption among a minority group such as Jews in Denmark is not well understood, and I argue that globalised forms of regulation increasingly condition this type of consumption. Even though Denmark is a small and relatively secular country and Jews comprise only about 7,000 individuals, kosher production and regulation have national economic significance. Methodologically, I build on ethnographic data from contemporary Denmark, that is, participant observation and interviews.
 
 
 

The Right to Property and Compulsory Land Acquisition in Ghana: A Human Rights Perspective

Using a human rights-based approach and Ghana as a case study, this article examines the scope and content of the right to property in relation to compulsory land acquisition under international law. It argues that while the exact frontiers of the right to property remain quite uncharted at the global level the vacuum has been filled by the regional human rights systems and soft law. In the context of Ghana, the Constitutional protection of the right to property and quite elaborate rules to be followed during compulsory acquisition have not translated into revision of the compulsory acquisition laws, which remain largely incoherent and inconsistent with the requirements of the Constitution and international human rights law.

Which Obstacles Prevent Us from Recruiting into Clinical Trials: A Survey about the Environment for Clinical Studies at a German University Hospital in a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Prospective clinical studies are the most important tool in modern medicine. The standard in good clinical practice in clinical trials has constantly improved leading to more sophisticated protocols. Moreover, translational questions are increasingly addressed in clinical trials. Such trials must follow elaborate rules and regulations. This is accompanied by a significant increase in documentation issues which require substantial manpower. Furthermore, university-based clinical centers are interested in increasing the amount of patients treated within clinical trials, and this number has evolved to be a key quality criterion. The present study was initiated to elucidate the obstacles that limit clinical scientists in screening and recruiting for clinical trials. A specific questionnaire with 28 questions was developed focusing on all aspects of clinical trial design as well as trial management. This included questions on organizational issues, medical topics as well as potential patients' preferences and physician's goals. The questionnaire was established to collect data anonymously on a web-based platform. The survey was conducted within the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; physicians of all levels (Department Chairs, attending physicians, residents, as well as study nurses, and other study-related staff) were addressed. The answers were analyzed using the Survio analyzing tool (http://www.survio.com/de/). We collected 42 complete sets of answers; in total 28 physicians, 11 study nurses, and 3 persons with positions in administration answered our survey. The study centers reported to participate in a range of 3-160 clinical trials with a recruitment rate of 1-80%. Main obstacles were determined: 31/42 (74%) complained about limited human resources and 22/42 (52%) reported to have a lack on technical resources, too. 30/42 (71%) consented to the answer, that the documentation effort of clinical trials is too large. A possible increase of the patients' study participation rate up to over 20% was deemed to be possible if the described limitations could be overcome. The increasing documentation effort in clinical trials has led to a strong increase in the work load of scientific personnel. Recruiting of patients into clinical trials therefore is not only limited by patient issues, but also by the infrastructure of the centers. Especially the lack of study nurses is likely to be a major limitation. Furthermore, technical resources for time efficient and safe documentation within clinical routine as well as in clinical trials are required. By optimization of these factors, a significant increase in the amount of patients treated in clinical trials seems to be possible.

Improving the objectivity of sustainability indices by a novel approach for combining contrasting effects: Happy Planet Index revisited

Measuring complex and rather intuitive qualities such as sustainability requires combining many different measures together. These measures often quantify contrasting effects. The resulting composite index then also depends not only on the component indices but also on the way that these have been combined together. An example of such a measure is the Happy Planet Index (HPI) that aggregates information on positive qualities like life-expectancy and human well-being with negative ones like ecological footprint to rank countries according to their sustainability. However, since component indices are often mutually correlated and feature quite different distributions of entities ranked, elaborate rules are used in the process of combination. As a result, the resulting composite index may look somewhat contrived and its rankings may depend heavily on subjective parameters in the combination process. We propose a geometrically motivated parameter-free method for combining indices with contrasting effects together. The method is independent of the number of contrasting indices to be combined and eliminates mutual correlation between component indices by using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis. As an example of its use, we revisit the Happy Planet Index and demonstrate the impact of adding new component indices to HPI on ranking nations by their sustainability.

PRACT (Prototyping Rotation and Association with Cover crop and no Till) – a tool for designing conservation agriculture systems

Moving to more agroecological cropping systems implies deep changes in the organization of cropping systems. We propose a method for formalizing the process of innovating cropping system prototype design using a tool called PRACT (Prototyping Rotation and Association with Cover crop and no Till) applied to a Malagasy case study. The input information for PRACT is comprised of: (i) crop and cover crop adaptation to biophysical conditions, (ii) agroecological functions of the cover crops, (iii) crop production, (iv) association possibilities between crop and cover crop, and (v) agroecological functions of the cropping system. All the information was derived from expert knowledge developed over more than 12 years of agronomic experiments in Madagascar. The final output from PRACT is a list of cropping systems, i.e., crop and cover crop associations and their sequences over three years. These cropping systems are characterized by their potential agroecological functions and crop production. The PRACT model selects a list of cropping systems taking into account the above information by using elaborate rules governing the intercropping and sequences between crops and cover crops. Examples of the outcomes of model simulations are provided for four different kinds of field. Taking into account the range of potential crops and cover crops, the number of cropping systems that was theoretically possible for the different field types ranged from 19,683 to 2.98× 1013. In a first step, PRACT reduced this number by a factor of up to 28 times to propose possible cropping systems. To do so, cropping systems are selected in terms of the biophysical requirements of plants, plant compatibility and agronomic rules. Not all of these systems are suitable for every farmer. Thus using PRACT output, a second cropping system selection step can be taken based on these cropping system characteristics, i.e., crop production and agroecological functions. By doing so the number of cropping systems selected can reach a reasonable value that can be handled by technicians and farmers. Possible uses and further development of the tool are discussed.

Stop stealing sheep & find out how type works

Frederic Goudy, American type designer, once said, Anyone who would letterspace lower case would steal sheep. To most people, this comment only adds to the perception that type inhabits a mysterious world with intricate terminology and elaborate rules; added to this are thouasands of type faces out there that all seem to look alike. Until now, Spiekerman and Ginger shepherd their decades of typograhpic experience into a unique and lively guidebook which shows that type is easy to use, easy to understand, and in the hands of a savvy user, a powerful communications tool. You need no previous knowledge of typography to enjoy Stop Stealing Sheep. It makes no difference what kind of computer you work on, what type of software you use, or what you do for a living, because as the authors show- type, good type -reaches across all boundaries, computer platforms, and professional distinctions.

Daniel G. Donalson. The Espionage and Sedition Acts of World War I: Using Wartime Loyalty Laws for Revenge and Profit.

The notion that the draconian sedition laws of World War I were used by individuals to exact revenge or extract profit at the expense of unfortunate victims is a commonsense conclusion. Plenty of other punitive laws in American history, dating back to at least the Alien and Sedition Acts and forward to at least the Patriot Act, have provided the same pretext for those bent on personal gain of one sort or another. It is a truism that criminal and civil law are routinely abused in multiple ways for personal reasons. U.S. laws and procedures have this possibility “baked into” them, to use a modern idiom. That is why safeguards exist, whether it is the threat of prosecution for perjury or the elaborate rules of testimonial evidence. Still, when the justice system is stressed to the breaking point, or passions are aroused, not even these safeguards are enough. Daniel G. Donalson's thesis is not that personal perversion of these laws for the sake of retribution was unique, but rather that the widespread practice of abuse (encouraged by the laws themselves), the legal machinery charged with enforcing it, the Wilson administration's zeal to stifle dissent, and the insidious climate of fear and hysteria combined to spawn “ a serious threat not only to individual freedom but Constitutional liberties for all Americans” (p. 26).

Eric C. Rath . Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Japan . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 2010. Pp. xiv, 242. $49.95.

Japan is a land of food porn. Turn on a television at any time of day or night and you will find food. You may see a cooking show, but you are more likely to encounter celebrities taking delight in the smell, look, and flavor of anything from foie gras to ramen noodles. Eric C. Rath does not reference television programs in his monograph, but the books on cookery he describes gave their readers a similar opportunity to indulge vicariously in rare delicacies served at formal banquets centuries ago. Food as a source of pleasure beyond gustation has a long history in Japan. This is not a book about foodways, restaurants, or even cooking per se. Rather, it is an exploration of the discourse of elite dining and the opportunities for fantasy it facilitated. Rath traces a progression in three broad stages in writings about food during the late medieval and early modern periods. In the fifteenth through early seventeenth centuries, works on cooking circulated only in manuscript, often in the guise of “secret transmissions” of esoteric knowledge from master to disciple. The texts focused less on actual cooking than on the ritual preparation of inedible food sculptures—fish and game birds carved to evoke sites of history or nature. By the late seventeenth century, a market had emerged for published works that introduced readers to the elaborate rules governing the preparation and consumption of lavish banquets enjoyed by the highest echelons of the samurai ruling class. Culinary writings in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries engaged in a playful discourse of food, rich with wordplay and literary references. Through all the changes, writings on cooking treated food as an object of intellectual pleasure rather than a source of nourishment or even sensatory delight.

SegMine workflows for semantic microarray data analysis in Orange4WS

BackgroundIn experimental data analysis, bioinformatics researchers increasingly rely on tools that enable the composition and reuse of scientific workflows. The utility of current bioinformatics workflow environments can be significantly increased by offering advanced data mining services as workflow components. Such services can support, for instance, knowledge discovery from diverse distributed data and knowledge sources (such as GO, KEGG, PubMed, and experimental databases). Specifically, cutting-edge data analysis approaches, such as semantic data mining, link discovery, and visualization, have not yet been made available to researchers investigating complex biological datasets.ResultsWe present a new methodology, SegMine, for semantic analysis of microarray data by exploiting general biological knowledge, and a new workflow environment, Orange4WS, with integrated support for web services in which the SegMine methodology is implemented. The SegMine methodology consists of two main steps. First, the semantic subgroup discovery algorithm is used to construct elaborate rules that identify enriched gene sets. Then, a link discovery service is used for the creation and visualization of new biological hypotheses. The utility of SegMine, implemented as a set of workflows in Orange4WS, is demonstrated in two microarray data analysis applications. In the analysis of senescence in human stem cells, the use of SegMine resulted in three novel research hypotheses that could improve understanding of the underlying mechanisms of senescence and identification of candidate marker genes.ConclusionsCompared to the available data analysis systems, SegMine offers improved hypothesis generation and data interpretation for bioinformatics in an easy-to-use integrated workflow environment.

Were the Jews a Mediterranean Society? Reciprocity and Solidarity in Ancient Judaism. By Seth Schwartz

In this engaging study, Seth Schwartz aims to describe how the Jews related to other Mediterranean societies among whom they lived. The opening chapter of the book treats two opposing systems of values: the reciprocity model and the solidarity model. The reciprocity model relies on the redistribution of materials through institutionalized reciprocity, which creates “enduring relationships of dependency, whether between individuals or groups” (8). Schwartz argues that institutionalized reciprocity is the norm for Mediterranean cultures from before the first-century BCE through at least the fourth-century CE. This model involves both inequality and delayed repayment. The solidarity model, by contrast, entails providing for members of one's group simply because they are members of one's group without expectation of repayment. Schwartz argues that the reciprocity model requires “you to love your patrons, clients, kinsmen, and friends, but not all members of your nation,” while the solidarity model requires “you to love all members of your nation whether or not they are personally connected to you” (15). In contrast to other Mediterranean societies, “Jews were heirs to a set of strongly antireciprocal cultural imperatives” (10). He states that the “Bible's elaborate rules are meant to ensure that the charitable donation … never degenerates into a dependency-generating gift” (18). Schwartz, then, reads Jewish culture as a Mediterranean counter-culture.

Retaliatory Violence in Human Prehistory

Homicide often spurs lethal retaliation through self-help and this response is widespread among human foragers because brothers are often co-resident in mobile bands. The roots of this behaviour can be traced back to the shared ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, which had strong tendencies to form social dominance hierarchies and to fight, and strong tendencies for alpha peacemakers to stop fights. As well-armed humans were becoming culturally modern, they were living in mobile egalitarian hunting bands that lacked such strong peace makers and lethal retaliation had free play. This continued with tribal agriculturalists who were equally egalitarian, but they tended to live in patrilineal communities, with the males staying put at marriage, and people with such fraternal interest groups developed elaborate rules for feuding. State formation finally brought centralized social control sufficient to put an end to feuding, but self-help killing still continues in certain contexts in modern society.

How to Design a New Gas Bid Price Ladder?

In liberalization policies for network industries market design is primarily considered and approached as a technical and economic design problem. Market design should support an efficient, fair, robust and reliable provision of commodities. Pursuing these goals, technical and economic parameters of market design are commonly analyzed and combined, drawing on more or less explicit theoretical notions, resulting in specific and elaborate market design rules. A second and much less-stressed facet of market design is that these processes are important arenas in which stakeholders seek to influence the future contours of the market. A wide variety of opinions among stakeholders and experts exists with regard to these end-goals, the consequences of design choices and outcomes in terms of performance. Consequently, market designs are fiercely contested, highly politicized and arduous, lengthy processes. This article discusses research that was conducted to facilitate the design of a specific component of the new Dutch gas market balancing regime: the bid price ladder design to purchase and sell deficit and excess volumes of gas. The article concludes that market design processes can be considered complex wicked problems instead of economic and/or technical optimization problems. Finally, the article discusses the implications of this conclusion for the market design process.

Surrogate constraint normalization for the set covering problem

The set covering problem (SCP) is central in a wide variety of practical applications for which finding good feasible solutions quickly (often in real-time) is crucial. Surrogate constraint normalization is a classical technique used to derive appropriate weights for surrogate constraint relaxations in mathematical programming. This framework remains the core of the most effective constructive heuristics for the solution of the SCP chiefly represented by the widely-used Chvatal method. This paper introduces a number of normalization rules and demonstrates their superiority to the classical Chvatal rule, especially when solving large scale and real-world instances. Directions for new advances on the creation of more elaborate normalization rules for surrogate heuristics are also provided.