Ektaspeed Plus Research Articles

Análise de Defeitos Ósseos Utilizando a Radiografia Convencional e Sistema de Imagem Digital Digora

This study evaluated the accuracy of conventional radiography and photostimulate phosphor plate system in localizing and visualizing experimentally created bone defects.Dry human mandibles with good bone integrity in the evaluated regions were selected. The bone defects were performed on the mandibule external face from the central incisors to the first premolar and within the posterior teeth sockets, using round burs # 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, in low rotation.The mandibles were radiographed with Ekta-speed Plus EP-21 Kodak film and optical plates of the Digora system. The visualization of bone defects was performed in the radiographic images, with the aid of a viewbox; in the digital images (standard, 3D, contrast inversion), it was performed in the computers screen, with the support of Windows for Digora software. The findings showed that the bone defect in cortical bone are best viewed in conventional radiography and in cancelous bone are best in digital images. When digitized images were compared it was observed that standard and contrast invertion images were more accurate than those in 3D, in the visualization of bone defects.

In vitrocomparison of conventional film and direct digital imaging in the detection of approximal caries

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional film, unenhanced direct digital and inversion grayscale direct digital imaging in the detection of approximal caries. 150 approximal surfaces of extracted permanent molars and premolars were selected for the study on the basis of varying lesion depth. The teeth were radiographed using Ektaspeed Plus film; digital images were made with a Schick CMOS-APS sensor. 7 examiners evaluated 58 randomized images of each modality. Histological sectioning of the teeth was used to verify the presence and extent of decay. No significant difference was found between the diagnostic accuracies of the three imaging modalities (P=0.226). Analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the three modalities on lesion depth showed no statistically significant interaction; however, the main effect of the lesion depth was significant (P<0.001, eta(2)=0.936). The overall diagnostic accuracy of the three modalities in the detection of approximal carious lesions was comparable. All three modalities performed poorly in the detection of enamel lesions.

Sensitometric comparisons of Insight and Ektaspeed Plus films: effects of chemical developer depletion

The aim of this study was to compare the sensitometric properties of Insight and Ektaspeed Plus radiographic films manually and automatically processed using fresh and depleted chemical solutions. Ten sets of each type of film were obtained (1 set = 5 films), 5 sets being manually processed and 5 sets being automatically processed. A total of 100 films (50 Ektaspeed Plus and 50 Insight film) were exposed and developed. The first two sets of each film type were developed in fresh chemicals (one set per each type of processing), on the first day of the experiment. The other sets were processed in the same progressively depleted solutions once a week until the end of experiment, which was completed within 4 weeks. Characteristic curves were constructed to compare the sensitometric properties of the films: contrast, latitude and speed. Processing solution depletion had different effects on manually and automatically developed films, which was confirmed by the changes in the form of the characteristic curves in the third week of the automatic processing and fourth week of the manual processing. Ektaspeed Plus showed 11% reduction in contrast values for manual processing and 53% for automatic processing, while Insight contrast values showed a reduction of 25% and 59%, respectively. Insight film, however, showed lesser loss of speed and lesser increase of latitude than Ektaspeed Plus. In conclusion, chemical depletion in automatic film processing was faster than in manual developing. In depleted chemicals, both types of films had an increase in latitude values and a decrease in speed and contrast. Insight was more resistant than Ektaspeed Plus to decrease in speed and latitude when processed using older chemicals, whereas contrast in Ektaspeed Plus was comparatively more stable.

A Comparison Between Two Types of Radiographic Film for Accuracy of Measurements of Approximal Osseous Defects

The purpose of this study was to compare two types of conventional radiographic film: Ekta-speed plus and Insight (Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester NY, USA) for accuracy of measurements of approximal bone loss. Four dried human mandibles with complete dentition were selected. Radiographic images were made with a standardized technique. Mesial and distal bone levels on the mandibular premolar and molar teeth were measured on the two types of radiographs (Ekta-speed plus and Insight) by nine observers. The data obtained by the observers were compared with the primary investigators' corresponding measurements, which served as "the ground truth" for this study. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated a significant difference for the Ekta-speed plus film (p = .001), but the difference was not clinically significant. The level of intra-rater reliability was high for the observers (0.969 to 0.990). Performance of Ekta-speed plus and Insight films was found to be similar.

Correlation between diagnostic accuracy and perceptibility

To correlate diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries with perceptibility of low contrast image details using regression analysis. The other purpose was to determine the attenuation range required for proximal caries diagnosis. The results of the two types of observer performance tests described above were retrieved from previous studies. Recording media included in those studies were the Compuray and the Dixel, direct digital radiographic systems, and Ektaspeed Plus film. The average numbers of perceptibility of image details from five observers were calculated for each step and for every combination of contiguous steps of the aluminium test phantom from the perceptibility test. The average diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries from the same five observers was correlated with the total number of perceptible details from the phantom using regression analysis. Finally, attenuation range required for proximal caries diagnosis was calculated from the attenuation range of the phantom where the maximum correlation coefficient was obtained. Maximum correlation (r=0.68) was obtained at the combination of five contiguous steps of the aluminium test phantom. Attenuation range required for proximal caries diagnosis corresponded to the 2 mm to 6 mm thickness of aluminium with acrylic block of 12 mm thickness. There is a correlation between perceptibility of low contrast image details and diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries. There may be a possibility to simplify observer performance tests for proximal caries diagnosis by using the standardized phantom simulating its attenuation range.

Effects of the automatic exposure compensation on the proximal caries diagnosis

To elucidate the effect of automatic exposure compensation (AEC) on the diagnostic accuracy of proximal caries by comparing several digital intraoral imaging systems with a film. Twenty-seven extracted teeth served as proximal caries samples. Three digital radiographic systems; the Compuray, the Dixel, and the Sens-A-Ray without scintillator layer, and Kodak Ekta-speed Plus films were used as recording media. Radiographs of the teeth samples were obtained with each recording medium under seven to eight different exposures including the optimum level. Six oral radiologists evaluated the possibility of proximal caries with the five-grade-confidence-scale. On digital radiographs, image manipulations were allowed after the initial assessment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained at each exposure in each recording medium. The area under the ROC curve (Az) was used as the representative value of diagnostic accuracy. Diagnostic accuracy (DA) curves were obtained by plotting averaged Az values from all observers as a function of incident exposure in each system. The effect of exposure variation on the DA was slight in the film while it was significantly larger in the digital systems without AEC. Among digital systems, the effect of exposure variation was smaller in the system with AEC than those without AEC. There was no significant effect on the diagnostic accuracy even if digital image manipulation was employed. AEC minimizes the decrease of DA due to inadequate exposures. Since it compensates for the narrow exposure range in the digital intraoral sensor systems, the system with AEC may be preferable for the clinical diagnostic tasks.

Effects of developer depletion on image quality of Kodak Insight and Ektaspeed Plus films

CorrigendumEffects of developer depletion on image quality of Kodak Insight and Ektaspeed Plus filmsMS Casanova and F Haiter–NetoMS CasanovaSearch for more papers by this author and F Haiter–NetoSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:29 May 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/23890023SectionsPDF/EPUBFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail About"Effects of developer depletion on image quality of Kodak Insight and Ektaspeed Plus films." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 33(5), p. 354 Previous article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 33, Issue 5September 2004Pages: 285-354 British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineMay 29,2014 Metrics Download PDF

Accuracy of caries detection with four storage phosphor systems and E-speed radiographs

To evaluate the accuracy of caries detection using four intra-oral storage phosphor plate systems exposed with two different exposure times and one film system. Under in vitro and standardised conditions 365 approximal and 159 occlusal surfaces were radiographed using four storage phosphor plate systems: DenOptix, Cd-dent, Digora (blue and white plates) and one film system: Ektaspeed Plus. The plates were exposed twice with 10% and 25% of the time needed for the film. Four observers recorded approximal enamel/dentine and occlusal dentine caries using a five-point confidence scale. Caries presence was validated histologically and diagnostic accuracy of the systems by using ROC curve areas (Az). The shorter exposure time for approximal caries, Digora(white)(Az=0.68) and Ekta Plus (Az=0.69) were significantly more accurate than the other systems (Az=0.64-0.65). For occlusal caries using the same exposure time, no significant difference was found between the digital systems (Az=0.76-0.77), which all showed to be significantly less accurate than Ekta Plus (Az=0.81). Using the longer exposure time for approximal caries, no significant difference was found between DenOptix (Az=0.68), Digora(blue) (Az=0.69), Digora(white) (Az=0.69) and Ekta Plus (Az=0.69) which were all significantly more accurate than Cd-dent (Az=0.65). For occlusal caries using the same exposure time, Digora(blue) (Az=0.81) was the most significantly accurate of the digital systems. When approximal caries was the diagnostic task, the longer exposure time resulted in significantly higher accuracy with the DenOptix and Digora(blue) systems but not with the Cd-dent and Digora(white) systems. For occlusal caries, the longer exposure time resulted in a significant improvement only with the Digora(blue) system. For approximal caries using the longer exposure time, no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy was found between DenOptix, Digora(blue), Digora(white) and Ekta Plus which were all significantly more accurate than the Cd-dent. For occlusal caries using the longer exposure time, Digora(blue) was found to be the most accurate of the digital systems. The exposure time had an influence on the diagnostic accuracy with the DenOptix and Digora(blue) systems for approximal and with the Digora(blue) system for occlusal caries detection.

An in–vitro Evaluation of Kodak Insight and Ektaspeed Plus Film with a CMOS Detector for Natural Proximal Caries: ROC Analysis

This study compared the diagnostic efficacy of Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film, Kodak Insight film, a newly introduced E/F–speed film, and Schick CMOS–APS digital sensor, with respect to caries detection in 92 proximal surfaces of extracted unrestored teeth, 51 of which were carious. Ground truth was evaluated histologically and the lesions classified as enamel or dentinal. Eight observers read the radiographs using a five–point confidence rating scale to record their diagnoses. Analyses using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed the areas under each curve that indicated the diagnostic accuracy (Ektaspeed Plus – 0.760, Insight – 0.778 and CMOS–APS sensor – 0.732). ANOVA revealed significant differences with respect to caries depth (p<0.031) and observers (p<0.0001). Weighted kappa analyses indicated moderate to substantial inter– and intra–observer agreement (0.42 and 0.66, respectively). The results suggest that none of the imaging modalities evaluated in this study differed in their diagnostic capabilities with respect to proximal decay detection and that the Insight film which was used with 20% less radiation exposure than Ektaspeed Plus film was as good as the other two sensors for this purpose.

Performance of RVGui sensor and Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film for proximal caries detection

Objective: A high-resolution charge-coupled device was used to compare the diagnostic performances obtained with Trophy’s new RVGui sensor and Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film with respect to caries detection. Study Design: Three acquisition modes of the Trophy RVGui sensor were compared with Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film. Images of the proximal surfaces of 40 extracted posterior teeth were evaluated by 6 observers. The presence or absence of caries was scored by means of a 5-point confidence scale. The actual caries status of each surface was determined through ground-section histology. Responses were evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AZ) were assessed through analysis of variance. Results: The mean AZ scores were 0.85 for film, 0.84 for the high-resolution caries mode, and 0.82 for both the lowresolution caries mode and the high-resolution periodontal mode. These differences were not statistically significant (P = .70). The differences among observers also were not statistically significant (P = .23). Conclusion: The performance of the RVGui sensor in high- and low-resolution modes for proximal caries detection is comparable to that of Ektaspeed Plus film. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:381-5)

Image-receptor performance: A comparison of Trophy RVG UI sensor and Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film

Objective. This study compares the physical characteristics of the RVG UI sensor (RVG) with Ektaspeed Plus film. Study Design. Dose-response curves were generated for film and for each of 6 available RVG modes. An aluminum step-wedge was used to evaluate exposure latitude. Spatial resolution was assessed by using a line-pair test tool. Latitude and resolution were assessed by observers for both modalities. The RVG was further characterized by its modulation transfer function. Results. Exposure latitude was equal for film and RVG in the periodontal mode. Other gray scale modes demonstrated much lower latitude. The average maximum resolution was 15.3 line-pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) for RVG in high-resolution mode, 10.5 lp/mm for RVG in low-resolution mode, and 20 lp/mm for film (P <.0001). Modulation transfer function measurements supported the subjective assessments. Conclusions. In periodontal mode, the RVG UI sensor demonstrates exposure latitude similar to that of Ektaspeed Plus film. Film images exhibit significantly higher spatial resolution than the RVG images acquired in high-resolution mode. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:109-19)

Tuned-aperture computed tomography for detection of occlusal caries.

To evaluate the use of tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) for the detection of primary occlusal caries. The material comprised 76 extracted posterior teeth, 51 with caries. Radiographs were recorded both with the Sens-A-Ray (Regam Medical Systems Int. AB, Sundsvall, Sweden) digital radiographic system and with Kodak EktaSpeed Plus film (Eastman-Kodak Co., Rochester NY, USA) employing an Orthopantomograph OP 100 (Instrumentarium Imaging, Tuusula, Finland) and a Prostyle Intra (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) dental unit respectively. The Sens-A-Ray radiographs were used to construct TACT slices and TACT iterative slices. The teeth were subsequently sectioned in 300 microm thick slices. Microradiographs were exposed and analysed with respect to the true presence of lesions. Seven observers subjectively evaluated the radiographs and ROC analyses performed. Conventional radiographs were compared with TACT images by means of the area under the ROC curves, Az. Paired t-test was used to compare Az values. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using the Kendall coefficient and the Friedman Anova. TACT radiographs were significantly better than conventional radiographs for diagnosing all types of occlusal caries combined (P(TACT) (slices)=0.02. P(TACT) (iterative slices)=0.01). However, neither TACT system was significantly better than film for enamel and dentinal caries separately. Observer agreement was moderate. However, observers demonstrated significant systematic differences in their readings (P<0.001). TACT may be a feasible method for diagnosing primary occlusal caries.

Processamento radiográfico - câmara escura portátil: relação entre filtro de luz e densidade de base + véu

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito sobre a densidade de base + véu de filmes radiográficos, decorrente do uso da luz filtrada pelo polímero acrílico utilizado nas câmaras portáteis para processamento radiográfico. Filmes Kodak Ultra-speed e Ektaspeed Plus foram colocados no interior de uma câmara desse tipo e submetidos durante cinco minutos às condições de iluminação natural e artificial em que elas são rotineiramente utilizadas. Depois disso, os filmes foram processados pelo método temperatura-tempo em câmara escura convencional, juntamente com filmes dos mesmos grupos de sensibilidade que serviram como controle. Os valores densitométricos obtidos das amostras dos filmes foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney que indicou ao nível de 1% de significância, que os filmes submetidos às condições da câmara portátil apresentaram densidades de base + véu maiores em relação aos grupos controle. Os resultados mostraram que o filme Ektaspeed Plus apresentou valores maiores de densidade de base + véu em comparação com o filme Ultra-speed e que, embora o acrílico filtre a luz de forma similar ao filtro Kodak GBX 2, a maior intensidade de luz no interior da câmara escura portátil ocasionou o aumento na densidade de base + véu.

Mail survey of dental radiographic techniques and radiation doses in Greece.

To measure the entrance dose from periapical radiography in Greece and to determine the relative influence of factors affecting it. Special packs, containing a questionnaire, a film (X-Omat MA 18 x 22.4 cm, Ready Pack, Kodak-Pathe, Paris, France) with an attached aluminium stepwedge and a pre-exposed Ektaspeed Plus (Kodak) film, were mailed to 550 randomly selected dental practitioners. The results were tested statistically using an Analysis of Variance (level P < 0.05). Three hundred and sixty-four packs were returned: 311 were complete but in 53 the pre-exposed film had not been developed. The average HVL was 1.4 mm Al 51% of the units had pointed cones and 34% a beam diameter larger than 6 cm. 54% of the dentists used E-speed films. Eighty per cent of the films were inadequately processed. For the total group the average entrance dose was 6.9 mGy (range 0.6-36 mGy), and 6.3 mGy (range 0.6-35 mGy) for the completed packs (n = 311). The radiation dose for the completed packs was significantly influenced by HVL, film speed, length of cone and standard of processing. HVL, film speed, length of cone and standards of processing influence the entrance dose. Not all of the available measures for reducing radiation dose are commonly practised in Greece. Continuing education programs can help to improve radiation safety for dental patients.

Periodontitis detection efficacy of film and digital images

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of alveolar crestal bone detection in a comparison of unenhanced and enhanced Sidexis (Siemens Medical Systems, Inc., Bensheim, Germany) digital images with Ektaspeed Plus (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) films by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis. Study Design. More than 100 proximal and furcal areas in the anterior and posterior areas of the mandible and maxilla of each of three tissue-equivalent human skull phantoms were imaged with film, direct digital images, and contrast- and brightness-enhanced digital images. Alveolar crest status was assessed by a consensus panel of three experts who used the Delphi method and evaluated information from all of the imaging modalities concurrently. Five observers assessed all images for the presence or absence of crestal bone loss using a five-point confidence scale. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and calculated areas (A z) were analyzed by means of analysis of variance. Results. The expert panel determined that of 106 crestal areas, 48 were disease free and 58 exhibited bone loss greater than 2 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction. Analysis of variance of observer A z scores showed significant differences among readers ( p < 0.001) and among readings ( p = 0.027), but not among modalities ( p = 0.435). Mean A z values for the different modalities were as follows: Sidexis, 0.70; enhanced Sidexis, 0.71; Ektaspeed Plus films, 0.735. Conclusion. The Sidexis digital imaging system was not significantly different from Ektaspeed Plus film for crestal bone evaluation in this in vitro study.

A comparison of kodak ektaspeed plus film and the siemens sidexis digital imaging system for caries detection using receiver operating characteristic analysis

Objective. To evaluate the accuracy of proximal caries detection comparing enhanced and unenhanced Siemens Sidexis CCD-based digital images with Ektaspeed Plus films utilizing receiver operating characteristic analysis. Study Design. Sixty extracted teeth (24 posterior and 36 anterior) were imaged under identical standardized geometric and exposure conditions. Six observers, using a 5-point confidence scale, rated 120 proximal surfaces for the presence or absence of carious lesions by means of three image modalities: (1) observer enhanced and (2) unenhanced Sidexis displays, and (3) Ektaspeed Plus films. The ground truth was determined by microscopic analysis of ground sections. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated with calculated areas (A z) analyzed with analysis of variance for effect of reader, reading, and modality. Results. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences among readers, readings and modalities (mean square values of 0.012, 0.005, 0.004, F ratios of 13.604, 5.329, 5.100; p = values of 0.001, 0.043, and 0.030, respectively). Post-hoc paired comparisons of modalities using Tukey's statistic demonstrated that only film and enhanced Sidexis images were different from each other ( p = 0.024). A z scores were 0.7650, 0.7499, and 0.8008 respectively, for unenhanced Sidexis, enhanced Sidexis, and Ektaspeed Plus film. Conclusion. Unenhanced digital Sidexis images were equivalent to film for the detection of proximal caries in this in vitro study. Observer enhanced Sidexis images exhibited a statistically significant lower diagnostic accuracy than the unenhanced digital and film images.

An evaluation of ektaspeed plus film versus ultraspeed film for endodontic working length determination

Thirteen teeth in human cadaver sections were accessed and #15 K-files were placed at various lengths in one root canal of each tooth. Using a positioner to ensure duplicate views, radiographs were taken with both Ultraspeed and Ektaspeed Plus X-ray film. Each of the 26 radiographs was coded and then placed in random order. Six endodontic specialists measured the distance from the file tip to the radiographic apex on each film. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance and Cronbach's generalizability theory. It was found that 94% of the variance in measurements was due to differences among the viewers, whereas 5% was due to a combination of viewers and tooth. Only 1% was due to differences between the two types of film. It was concluded that Ektaspeed Plus film may be used for working length radiographs because it requires only approximately 50% of the radiation needed for Ultraspeed film.

Accuracy of Radiographic Detection of Residual Caries in Connection with Tunnel Restorations

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic examination for the detection of residual caries after tunnel preparation and filling with glass ionomer cement. Further, two different radiographic modalities were compared. Forty-five extracted human promolars and molars with clinical signs of approximal caries were selected for the study. The teeth were radiographed in order to identify surfaces with dentinal lesions suitable for tunnel preparation. Seventeen of the teeth had lesions that were as a minimum through the enamel and as a maximum into the outer half of the dentin (14 teeth = 1 lesion, 3 teeth = 2 lesions). Seventeen surgically removed third molars were thereafter included. These teeth were sound with respect to caries. The teeth were arranged in blocks with approximal contacts and radiographed using two image receptors: Ektaspeed Plus film (E) and the Digora (D) digital storage phosphor plate system. The 20 carious surfaces and 20 surfaces of the impacted teeth were prepared following the guidelines for the class II tunnel technique and filled with glass ionomer cement. The radiographic examination was repeated with both modalities after filling, and the approximal surfaces scored on the radiographs by 5 observers using the criteria: 0 = no filling, 1 = filling with residual caries, 2 = filling with no adjacent caries. All teeth except the unerupted third molars were sectioned, and the sections examined under the microscope. Residual caries was observed in 8 surfaces. On average, sensitivity was 0.25 for E and 0.32 for D, specificity 0.83 for E and 0.76 for D, positive predictive value 0.38 for E and 0.32 for D, and negative predictive value 0.75 for E and 0.77 for D. The differences between the two modalities were not statistically significant (p > 0.3). Based on the relatively small number of lesions in this study, it is suggested that radiography immediately after tunnel restoration cannot be recommended, as the diagnostic benefit from this examination seems to be minuscule.

In vivo study of approximal caries depth on storage phosphor plate images compared with dental x-ray film

The aim of this in vivo study was to compare approximal caries depth on storage phosphor plate images to conventional film. A Soredex Digora imaging plate was placed in a film bite-wing positioner behind a Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film package without lead foil. The effect of scattered radiation on film without lead foil with a storage phosphor plate at the back was studied in a separate in vitro experiment. Compared with film protected by lead foil, the film showed higher density, but comparable contrast. For the in vivo study, clinical bite-wing exposures were made with the setup described above, with exposure settings for Ektaspeed Plus film. A four-point scale was chosen for approximal caries depth: 0 = no caries; 1 = caries in enamel; 2 = caries reaching dentino-enamel junction; 3 = caries into dentin. The bite-wing film images were shown to a panel of four experts. Sixty surfaces were selected for observer performance, based on identical scorings of the experts consensus classification. Next, six dentists evaluated both film and storage phosphor plate images with the same four point scale. Analysis of variance revealed a significant observer and image modality effect without an interaction effect. In conclusion, caries depth on storage phosphor plate images was underestimated compared with film-based images.

Base and Fog Densities of Fresh Ektaspeed Plus Dental X-Ray Films

Sewerin IP. Base and fog densities of fresh Ektaspeed Plus dental X-ray films.Previous findings with regard to base and fog density of Ektaspeed Plus dental X-ray films have shown increased values compared with Ektaspeed and Ultra-Speed films, but the results are contradictory. The purpose of the present study was to measure base density, using 10 different fixing solutions, and fog density, using 10 different developing solutions at temperatures varying from 16 to 30°C. The 10 developers tested were intended for manual (three), semiautomatic (three), and automatic (four) processing. Base densities were nearly identical for all fixing products (range, 0.190–0.192). One group of six developers showed quite stable fog values for all temperatures (range, 0.190–0.259), whereas another group (four developers) showed increased values at increasing temperatures (range, 0.395–0.438 at 30°C). It is concluded that base density is within the limits of ISO standards for most Lying products but that some developers result in fog densities that are above ISO standard limits at high temperatures.