Eighty Years Research Articles

Musical Signposts

The Peace of Münster (1648) ended the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) in the Low Countries. After decades of conflict, peace came to the Dutch, who for three generations had only experienced wartime. Since the lives of commoners and soldiers alike had become dependent upon and conditioned to the war, the successful peace negotiation heralded a new and uncertain future. Music played an important role in facilitating understanding of the cultural changes brought about by the peace treaty. Drawing on a representative sample of broadsheets and songs from 1609 to 1648, this article sheds light on how the Dutch dealt with their realities during the Eighty Years’ War, the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–21), and the immediate aftermath of war. Broadsheets announced the peace and worked through divisions among the Dutch; plays staged drinking songs that alluded to controversies; Dutch chambers of rhetoric debated the peace in their publications; and geuzenliederen (beggars’ songs sung to popular tunes) memorialized soldiers’ daily lives during and after the war. Christian songs further thematized the “true” meaning of the newly negotiated peace and provided instructions on how to act peacefully. Popular songs offer a different take on the Peace of Münster than do the official peace celebrations, which have been the focus of previous scholarship. The songs discussed here functioned as an emotional outlet for commoners and soldiers. They thematized the different opinions pertaining to the peace negotiations, encouraged merry-making, and explained or helped process the reality of the battleground and the subsequent postwar experience.

The 31 Women Collection , Then and Now: Peggy Guggenheim's First All-Women Show Recreated Eighty Years Later

The 31 Women Collection , Then and Now: Peggy Guggenheim's First All-Women Show Recreated Eighty Years Later

Beyond the Nation State: Rereading Hannah Arendt’s “We Refugees” Eighty Years Later

Hannah Arendt’s seminal yet overlooked essay “We Refugees” was written and published in Menorah Journal in 1943 while she was still a stateless refugee. In this essay, Arendt vividly describes the impossible situation that the stateless Jewish refugees faced before and during Second World War. However, Arendt does not reduce it to a series of individual tragedies, but instead develops a highly original analysis of refugees as a systematic political phenomenon that exposes the limitations of the nation-state system and simultaneously points beyond it. This analysis remains more relevant than ever today, eighty years after its initial publication.

Rubens’ landscapes and the Dutch Republic

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) is generally regarded as the painter of the Counter-Reformation and the embodiment of Flemish Baroque. Since the founding of the Belgian state in 1830, he and his art have been increasingly appropriated as a point of reference for the cultural identity of Flanders. Art was also appropriated in the formation of the national identity of the Kingdom of the Netherlands – in particular the depiction of nature and landscape that had become a speciality of many painters in the northern provinces. But Rubens too was admired by his contemporaries for his landscapes, and in the Dutch Republic they were held in high esteem. For his part, Rubens can be shown to have followed closely developments in landscape painting on the Northern side of the border. Despite the difficult political situation, there was also an ongoing exchange between North and South, even during the Eighty Years’ War. Rubens bought and owned Dutch pictures, and added human and animal figures to landscapes of his Dutch colleagues. He took a general interest in such pictures as an incentive to paint landscapes himself, which, reproduced in prints, became well-known in the Dutch Republic. In terms of landscape art, not only can a lively exchange of images and ideas be demonstrated, but it can also be shown that the existing differences were not understood as an expression of different political or religious contexts. The example of Rubens and his landscapes shows the value of a change of perspective to focus not on the differences between Flemish and Dutch art, but on cultural cross-border connections.

Four Elegies

Four Elegies

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ АЛФАВИТНЫХ РЕФОРМ В КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ: ПЕРЕХОД ОТ ЛАТИНИЦЫ К КИРИЛЛИЦЕ В КОНЦЕ 1930-х ГОДОВ

This article is devoted to the history of the alphabetic reform (1939 - 1941) in Kyrgyzstan. The third writing reform was implemented during this period when they switched from the Latin alphabet to the Russian script. The relevance of this topic is because in the past year it has been eighty years since the Russian alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet is used in Kyrgyzstan. Due to its cultural and social significance, the history of the development of the Kyrgyz writing system and alphabetic reforms is always of great interest. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causal relationship between the transition of the Kyrgyz alphabet to Russian graphics in the late 1930s. and reveal the role of the Russian alphabet in the social and cultural life of society. After all, even today Russia and Kyrgyzstan remain strategic partners, and knowledge of the Russian language is the main factor for rapprochement between the two peoples.

Evaluation of Nutritional Habits in Women Over Eighty Years Old without Chronic Disease: A Qualitative Study

Bu araştırmanın amacı; kronik hastalığı olmayan seksen yaş üstü kadınlarda beslenme alışkanlıklarının belirlenmesidir. Kalitatif araştırma yöntemine uygun olarak tasarlanmış çalışmanın örneklemini Tekirdağ ilinde ikamet eden seksen yaş üstü on yedi kadın oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında; ‘’kişisel bilgi formu’’ ve literatürden yararlanılarak hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler derinlemesine görüşme yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre; katılımcılarım çoğunluğunun günde üç ana iki ara öğün tükettiği, her gün meyve yediği, süt ürünleri tükettiği, ev yapımı ürünler kullandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar doğrultusunda; sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenme, hazır gıda tüketimi yerine mevsiminde sebze - meyve tüketimi ve ev yapımı ürünlerin kullanımı konusunda toplumda farkındalığın arttırılmasını önermekteyiz.

Flemish and German Nation of Seville

This article studies how northern European migrants adapted their collective strategies to Seville’s institutional framework in the last third of the sixteenth century and how these strategies shaped the emergence of the so-called Flemish and German nation. It analyzes the group’s motivations to refuse the creation of a particularized commercial institution, as well as the alternative institutional mechanisms they developed to organize themselves in southern Spain. The article sheds light on the role of open-access institutions in Spain to facilitate long-distance trade and gives a new insight into the evolution of the commercial connections between the Spanish monarchy and the Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years’ War.

«Проклятий антихрист»: стереотипізація єврейської ідентичності в романі «Михайло Чарнышенко, или Малороссия восемьдесят лет назад» П. Куліша

The article aims to study the representation of Jewish stereotypes in P. Kulish’s first novel “Mykhailo Charnyshenko, or Little Russia Eighty Years ago” (written – 1842, printed – 1843) in the characterof the Cossack Colonel Anton Kryzhanovsky. The literary image is considered in a three-dimensional plane: the attitude towards the Jewish converts during the events described by the writer in the 2nd half of the 18th century, as well as information known from historical sources and new facts from modern sources about Colonel A. Kryzhanovsky, and, finally, correspondence of historical truth with modeling of the literary image in the novel “Mykhailo Charnyshenko, or Little Russia Eighty Years ago”. The article traces how the writer used the historical sources known to him and how the widespread ideas about the Jews of that time found a place in his novel. Colonel Anton Kryzhanovsky, who is the only prototype of a real historical person in P.Kulish’s novel, is devastatingly described in the anonymous treatise “History of Ruthenians or Little Russia” and fully corresponds to the literary image in the text of the novel. The article shows how P. Kulish, using the completely false information of the “History of Ruthenians or Little Russia”, repeats the factual errors of the treatise author, since its text combines information about the conversion of Anton Kryzhanovsky’s father with the historical fact of the recruitment of Ukrainian “Holsteinians” by Colonel Anton Kryzhanovsky. However, the same inaccuracy can be traced in the works of Ukrainian scientists of the 19th century, for example, the historian-genealogist O. Lazarevsky and the historian D. Miller. The paradox of Kryzhanovsky’s image in the novel lies in the fact that being a consolidating character for others and an impetus for the unfolding of events, he almost always remains aloof as if deliberately emphasizing his mysteriousness and insidiousness, which are reinforced by a characteristic portrait. P. Kulish ignores the real history of the conversion of Jews in the Cossacks when with a change of religion yesterday’s Jew became a “Cossack’s friend” and had all the prospects for successful integration. In his first novel, P. Kulish produces the mythologeme of a Jewish convert, who selfishly and deliberately integrates into the Ukrainian Cossack community and gradually emancipates himself to the extent that he obtains a high military position thanks to the patronage of the Russian Emperor Peter III and irreparably harms the Cossacks, who are trying to balance thoughts about the glorious past and the present colonial time. However, this author’s position is at odds with real historical facts, including biographical data about Cossack colonel Anton Kryzhanovsky.

Capital of Doom: Eighty Years under Emergency Rule. Nevertheless, Gotham City Persists

Capital of Doom: Eighty Years under Emergency Rule. Nevertheless, Gotham City Persists

One Hundred and Eighty Years of Botanical Work in the Alto Rio Negro - Vaupes Region on the Border of Colombia and Brazil (1785 – 1965)

Este artículo estudia los trabajos adelantados por botánicos entre 1785 y 1965 en la región del Alto Río Negro - Vaupés, área fronteriza en la Amazonia entre Colombia y Brasil. Tras las figuras del siglo XIX, la literatura suele exaltar al estadounidense Richard Evans Schultes, pero sus trabajos contaron con una importante participación de otros investigadores colombianos y también hay aportes desde Brasil que no suelen mencionarse. Los materiales revisados permiten visibilizar estos otros científicos que hicieron valiosas contribuciones al conocimiento de la flora amazónica.

THE FORMATTING OF SPACE AND TIME IN TOTALITARIAN HISTORICAL DISCOURSE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY)

The subject of this article is the influence of socio-political engagement in non-democratic societies on the formation of scientific and historical discourse and on its further functioning and use for non-historical – political and educational purposes. It is analyzed not only from the point of view of the unique features inherent exclusively to totalitarianism, but rather as a derivative of socio-political requests for history that arise and are realized in any society, constantly becoming more complex over time. For Soviet totalitarianism, a characteristic feature of such requests was the absolutization of revolutions, which were interpreted as pivotal, milestone events that signified the main content of the progress of social development at literally all its stages. Because of this, Soviet historiography and the historiography of countries dependent on the USSR was characterized by attempts to “conceptually update the status” of a number of historical events, even those that preceded revolutions in their generally accepted meaning. In addition, an in-depth study of revolutions was characterized by the introduction of new terminology into scientific circulation and the identification of new elements of the division of historical time and space within revolutions. The article examines this side of the problem, in particular, on the examples of formatting the chronological framework of the Eighty Years War for the Independence of the Netherlands (“Dutch bourgeois revolution” in Soviet terminology), as well as on the example of the officially accepted periodization of the 1917 revolution in Russia and the called “Triumphal march of Soviet power”. Since reformatting the historical time of revolutions was not the only purpose of processing the past, the article focuses on other examples of such formatting. First of all, this concerns military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II, which turned into the Great Patriotic War under the pen of Soviet scientists by analogy with the Patriotic War of 1812, which laid the foundation for its subsequent absolutization and sacralization.

A History of Modern Press Access to the Supreme Court of the United States

Throughout its history, the Supreme Court of the United States has allowed members of the press access to oral arguments and decision releases in its courtroom. However, it took nearly eighty years to formally codify a process by which members of the press were officially credentialed to cover the Court, a pass giving them access to the courtroom beyond the bar, access to walk the halls freely, to work in dedicated space in the building, and access to the justices themselves. This article traces the history of the press credentialing from the day the justices moved into the Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C., in 1935 to the unprecedented public access granted to oral arguments due to the social distancing required by the COVID19 virus in the spring of 2020. It is meant to fortify the historical record to ensure that the Court remains as open and accessible as possible to reporters because they act as emissaries of the public. The Court’s decisions affect all aspects of life for citizens, and therefore public knowledge of the Court’s work is essential to a strong democracy. Press access is key to that understanding.

Fort Zeelandia in the 17th-century Dutch Formosa: Its Construction Process and Relationship to the Early Modern Ideas of European Fortification Design

<p>1624年荷蘭東印度公司於南台灣的大員（現今台南安平）設立貿易據點，並在當地沙丘上構築熱蘭遮堡。經過多年擴建，該堡壘發展成一座大型軍事要塞，具有上層主堡、下層主堡、沙土基座、外堡等四個部位，堡內則有各類建物，包括長官公署、士兵營舍、公司人員住所、奴隸住所、倉庫、彈藥庫、監獄、教堂等等。在台灣荷治時期（1624-1662），熱蘭遮堡不僅扮演軍事防禦之角色，亦具有行政治理與貨物儲存之作用。熱蘭遮堡無疑是17世紀荷蘭東印度公司在東亞地區規模最大的軍事建築，也是荷治福爾摩沙最具重要意義的多功能建物。基於上述重要性，本論文將以兩個主要部分，分別探討兩個與熱蘭遮堡建築有關的重要主題。 第一個部分探討熱蘭遮堡的建築營造歷程。本文根據歷史文獻與歷史圖像的梳理與比對，提出熱蘭遮堡營造歷程的五個重要階段，並檢視各階段的歷史背景，包括公司在福爾摩沙的經營與發展、巴達維亞總督與台灣長官對於防禦工事的態度、以及福爾摩沙或大員所面臨的各類敵人與天災之威脅。在各階段的歷史背景下，將探討熱蘭遮堡的工程項目、參與人員、材料來源、以及構造與形式之特徵。根據討論成果，本文亦製作「荷治時期熱蘭遮堡各階段工程綜覽圖」，以呈現五個階段的營造重點、關鍵工程所涉年代、以及歷任長官與堡壘營造的關係。 第二個部分探討熱蘭遮堡建築與早期現代歐洲堡壘設計思維之關聯。本文將檢視義大利文藝復興對於歐洲早期現代防禦工事設計的發展，以及荷蘭於八十年戰爭（1568-1648）期間出現的「舊荷蘭系統」防禦工事設計。接著根據荷蘭本土及荷蘭東印度公司亞洲據點的堡壘案例，釐清舊荷蘭系統的幾個重要原則。最後再與歷史圖像所呈熱蘭遮堡建築特徵進行比較，以分析其與歐洲/荷蘭早期現代堡壘設計思維之關聯。根據分析成果，本文確認熱蘭遮堡相當程度反映了歐洲及荷蘭早期現代的堡壘設計思維，特別是堡壘的稜堡形式。然而，本文也發現某些熱蘭遮堡特徵無法以歐洲/荷蘭早期現代的堡壘設計思維進行解釋，而可能源自其他理由或動機，這些仍值得未來後續研究進一步探討。</p> <p> </p><p>In 1624, Dutch East India Company (VOC) set up a trading post in Taiowan in southern Taiwan (now Anping, Tainan) and there built Fort Zeelandia on a hill. After years of expansion, this fort was developed into a large-scale fortress which comprises four parts – the upper main fort, the lower main fort, the earth foundation and the outer fort. Inside Fort Zeelandia, there were a variety of buildings including a governor’s house, houses of company staffs, barracks of soldiers, houses of slaves, warehouses, arsenals, prisons, a church, etc. In the Dutch rule period of Taiwan (1624-1662), Fort Zeelandia did not only play a role in military defense but also had the functions of administrative governance and cargo storage. Undoubtedly, Fort Zeelandia was the largiest military building complex of the Dutch VOC in the 17th-century East Asia and the most prominent and significant multi-purpose building in Dutch Formosa. On account of the significance as mentioned above, this paper consists of two main parts, and each part aims to explore one important theme related to the architecture of Fort Zeelandia. The first part discusses the construction process of Fort Zeelandia. By means of the analysis and comparison of a variety of historical texts and images, this paper in the first place divides the construction process of this fort into five main stages and then reviews the historical background of each stage, such as the management and development of the Dutch VOC in Formosa, the respective attitudes of Governor-Generals in Batavia and Governors in Formosa toward the defense of Taiowan, and the various enemies and natural disasters that threatened Formosa or Taiowan. Under the historical background of each stage, an in-depth discussion of the construction works, the personnel involved in the construction works, the sources of building materials, and the constructional and formal characteristics of Fort Zeelandia will be conducted. On basis of the above discussion, this paper presents a chart as the overview of the construction process of Fort Zeelandia, which shows the important projects in the five main stages, the years when the significant projects were carried out, and the relationship between the governors’ terms and the construction process of this fort. The second part analyzes the relationship between the architecture of Fort Zeelandia and the early modern ideas of European fortification design. This paper first reviews how Italian Renaissance influenced the progress of the European fortification design in the early modern period and then introduces the fortification design of the so-called ‘Old-Netherlands System’ developed during the Eighty Years’s War (1568-1648). Moreover, according to several examples of fortification design in the Netherlands and the Asian posts of the Dutch VOC, the obvious principles of the Old-Netherlands System will be clarified. Finally, by means of the comparison between these principles and the formal craracteristics of Fort Zeelandia shown in the historical images, this paper will further analyze the relationship between the early modern ideas of European/Dutch fortification design and the architecture of Fort Zeelandia. On the basis of the above analysis, this paper confirms that the architecture of Fort Zeelandia to a great degree reflects the early modern ideas of European and Dutch forfification design. However, this paper also points out some formal characteristics of Fort Zeelandia which can hardly be explained by the modern ideas of European or Dutch forfification design. These formal characteristics are probably the results of other reasons or motives which are worth further discussion in the follow-up research.</p> <p> </p>

Fra grænselandet mellem to kulturer

Fra grænselandet mellem to kulturer

C-Reactive Protein and Albumin Ratio Predicts Mortality in Elderly Patients Aged Eighty Years and Over with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

C-Reactive Protein and Albumin Ratio Predicts Mortality in Elderly Patients Aged Eighty Years and Over with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

RECONSIDERING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITORIA AND GROTIUS’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATURAL LAW TRADITIONS

AbstractIn light of recent reevaluations of the work of Hugo Grotius, this essay analyzes the respective roles of Francisco de Vitoria and Grotius in the construction of the “Grotian tradition” of international law and human rights. In contrast to conventional accounts which understand the two within a progression, this essay argues that Vitoria and Grotius can alternatively be understood as representing two distinct strains of international law and ethics, forms of which persist to this day. The first is that strain which privileges local governance based on the natural law and which insists that international law must have a moral or equitable valence (represented today by liberal internationalism). The second, competing strain which, with its focus on “neutral” rules of commerce and international order, presumes that it need not have such a valence (essentially, neoliberalism). In the process, this essay examines the role of the natural law in Vitoria’s thought, which for him was most often a reason against interference or intervention, not for. The essay also highlights the role of the Eighty Years’ War between the Dutch United Provinces and Spain in the development of Grotius’s understanding of sovereignty, in contrast to the Thirty Years’ War which is given more prominence in conventional accounts.

Jesus and After: The First Eighty Years. By E. BruceBrooks. Pp. 191, Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts, 2018, $28.00.

Jesus and After: The First Eighty Years. By E. BruceBrooks. Pp. 191, Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts, 2018, $28.00.

Outcomes of Thyroid Dysfunction in People Aged Eighty Years and Older: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Four Prospective Studies (Towards Understanding Longitudinal International Older People Studies Consortium).

Background: Subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction is easily detectable, often modifiable, and, in younger age groups, has been associated with clinically relevant outcomes. Robust associations in very old persons, however, are currently lacking. This study aimed to investigate the associations between (sub-)clinical thyroid dysfunction and disability in daily living, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, physical function, and mortality in people aged 80 years and older. Methods: Four prospective cohorts participating in the Towards Understanding Longitudinal International older People Studies (TULIPS) consortium were included. We performed a two-step individual participant data meta-analysis on source data from community-dwelling participants aged 80 years and older from the Netherlands, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and Japan. Outcome measures included disability in daily living (disability in activities of daily living [ADL] questionnaires), cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]), physical function (grip strength) at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up, and all-cause five-year mortality. Results: Of the total 2116 participants at baseline (mean age 87 years, range 80-109 years), 105 participants (5.0%) were overtly hypothyroid, 136 (6.4%) subclinically hypothyroid, 1811 (85.6%) euthyroid, 60 (2.8%) subclinically hyperthyroid, and 4 (0.2%) overtly hyperthyroid. Participants with thyroid dysfunction at baseline had nonsignificantly different ADL scores compared with euthyroid participants at baseline and had similar MMSE scores, GDS scores, and grip strength. There was no difference in the change of any of these functional measures in participants with thyroid dysfunction during five years of follow-up. Compared with the euthyroid participants, no 5-year survival differences were identified in participants with overt hypothyroidism (hazard ratio [HR] 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.6-1.6]), subclinical hypothyroidism (HR 0.9 [CI 0.7-1.2]), subclinical hyperthyroidism (HR 1.1 [CI 0.8-1.7]), and overt hyperthyroidism (HR 1.5 [CI 0.4-5.9]). Results did not differ after excluding participants using thyroid-influencing medication. Conclusions: In community-dwelling people aged 80 years and older, (sub-)clinical thyroid dysfunction was not associated with functional outcomes or mortality and may therefore be of limited clinical significance.