Egyptian University Students Research Articles

Psychological factors, lifestyle habits, and their association with gastroesophageal reflux disease among Egyptian university students: A cross-sectional study

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition among university students that is associated with various lifestyle and psychological factors. The study aims to evaluate the association of psychological factors, physical activity, and dietary habits with the prevalence of GERD among university students in Egypt. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2024 to May 2024, selecting students from different universities in Egypt. A self-administered questionnaire covered sociodemographic characteristics, and GERD assessment using the Gerd Q questionnaire. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2, Perceived Stress Scale 4, Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire, and short dietary habits questions were used to assess anxiety, perceived stress, physical activity, and dietary habits, respectively. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and hierarchical logistic regression, which were employed to identify significant predictors of GERD. Among the 2241 university students, 22.6% had GERD (GerdQ score > 8), 86.3% had high perceived stress, and 62.2% had high anxiety levels. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis identified old age, high weight, short height, frequent consumption of fried/fast food, and high anxiety levels as significant predictors of GERD. The study underscores the importance of considering psychological factors and dietary habits alongside traditional risk factors in understanding and addressing GERD among university students in Egypt. Public health interventions targeting psychological well-being and healthier dietary habits will play a pivotal role in reducing this population’s GERD burden.

Validation and Network Structure of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale: A Psychometric Investigation in an Arabic Context

The Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS), a self-report measure designed to capture creative behaviors across various domains, has been utilized and validated across different cultural contexts. The present study sought to assess the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the K-DOCS. Using exploratory graph analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory analysis, the factor structure of the K-DOCS was assessed. Additionally, the criterion validity of the K-DOCS was assessed in relation to measures of openness and emotional intelligence. Beyond validation, the study examined the network structure of the K-DOCS domains to understand their interconnections and investigated potential domain network differences based on gender, age, and academic major. Data were collected among 2,594 Egyptian university students. The results suggest that the K-DOCS has a five-factor structure broadly consistent with the theoretical factor structure and demonstrates acceptable criterion validity. The results further reveal that the K-DOCS domains cluster together into a single interconnected community, with significant differences in domain connectivity based on gender and age, but not on academic major. The implications of these results for the conceptualization and measurement of creativity are discussed.

Mental health and binge-watching behavior among university students in Egypt

BackgroundBinge-watching has become increasingly popular in recent years. Although it can provide a form of entertainment and mood regulation, it has also been associated with adverse mental health issues. In this study, we explored the association between binge-watching behavior and mental health. MethodsUsing a cross-sectional survey conducted from May to November 2018, we surveyed 535 participants over 18 years old from Ain Shams University by using a combination of online and pen-and-paper methods. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and TV series watching patterns were collected, and participants completed the Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire (BWESQ), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS).ResultsAmong the 535 participants surveyed, 333 were retained and divided into three groups (i.e., non-binge-watchers, trouble-free binge-watchers, and problematic binge-watchers) in accordance with previous binge-watching research. Significant between-group differences were found in terms of relationship status, commonly used devices (mobile, laptop, TV), and perceived dependency on TV series watching. Problematic binge-watchers showed significantly higher scores for all BWESQ and BSI-18 subscales.ConclusionTrouble-free binge-watchers and problematic binge-watchers were more likely to be single than non-binge-watchers and demonstrated a marked preference for using mobile phones and laptops over traditional television. A significant positive relationship was found between problematic binge-watching and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization.

Personal Listening Devices (PLDs) Usage and Auditory Effects among University Students in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Background The improper use of personal listening devices (PLDs) among young adults has been associated with an increased risk of hearing loss. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the PLDs listening practices among university students and to assess their auditory effects. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving a sample of 310 university students from Ain Shams University. The participants were conveniently selected from the Faculty of Medicine and Science. Participants were surveyed about their PLDs listening practices, including the daily duration of PLDs use, the volume at which they were typically used, and the number of years they had been using their PLDs. Participants were asked about common hearing problems associated with PLDs, and other risk factors for hearing loss were assessed. Hearing loss screening was done using the Five-minute hearing test (FMHT) and the “Hear WHO” mobile application. Participants who tested positive for hearing loss by both tests were referred for diagnostic pure-tone audiometry (PTA). Results Approximately 69% of the students used PLDs with an in-earpiece mainly during studying. A considerable proportion of students (53%) stated that they had been using their PLDs for over 5 years. Moreover, a notable percentage of students reported extended usage, with 83% using their PLDs for more than 60 minutes per day, and 72% using them at a volume level above 6. The majority of students (74%) were classified as low-risk users in terms of PLDs use. Thirty-three (10.6%) students tested positive for hearing loss on both screening tests, but only 5 (1.6%) had confirmed hearing loss by PTA. A Shift in the average hearing threshold at 4 kHz was detected in both ears, while remained within the normal range. Tinnitus was the most common symptom reported by 151 (49%) of the students, followed by ear pain reported by 130 (42%) of them. It was also detected that there was no statistically significant difference in hearing threshold levels based on the duration of PLDs use or the risk status of PLDs use. Moreover, in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, it was found that risk category of PLDs use was a significant predictor of tinnitus (OR: 2.69; 95% CI, 1.46-4.65), ear pain (OR: 2.62; 95% CI, 1.70-4.80), and excessive ear wax (OR: 2.43; 95% CI, 1.30-4.20) in higher risk categories compared to lower risk group. Conclusion Most students used PLDs for more than one hour daily with high volume (> 6). PLDs use was associated with auditory problems including tinnitus and ear pain. Regular hearing screenings is recommended for early detection of hearing loss among PLDs users.

The Influence of Personal Listening Devices on Hearing in Egyptian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Improper use of personal listening devices (PLDs) is associated with an increased risk of hearing loss. The purpose is to investigate the use of PLDs among university students and their impact on hearing. Methodology: A study involved 310 University students, surveyed on their PLDs habits. They shared their daily PLD use, volume level, and duration of use. Participants also discussed PLD-related hearing issues and other risk factors for hearing loss. Screening used the Five-minute hearing test (FMHT) and the “Hear WHO” app. Positive cases in both tests received diagnostic pure-tone audiometry (PTA). Results: About 70% used in-earpiece PLDs for studying, 53% used them for over 5 years. Also 83% used PLDs for over 60 mins daily, and 72% used them above volume level 6. Most (74%) were low-risk users. 10.6% tested positive for hearing loss in both screenings, with 1.6% confirmed by PTA. A shift in the 4 kHz average hearing threshold was noted. Tinnitus was reported by 49%, and ear pain by 42% of students. Higher risk PLD use predicted tinnitus, ear pain and excessive ear wax in multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Students' high-volume PLD use is linked to auditory problems like tinnitus and ear pain. Regular hearing screenings are recommended.

Rate of Personality Disorders in a Sample of Egyptian Students from Ain Shams University

Abstract Background An individual is considered to have a personality disorder (PD) when his or her thoughts, emotional manifestations, impulsiveness, and interpersonal behaviour deviate markedly from the expectations of that individual’s culture. Between 6 % and 10 % of the global population is estimated to suffer from a PD. Aim of the Work Estimation rate of personality disorders among students of Ain Shams University, compare between rate of personality disorders among medical, literary students. Patients and Methods This study is a comparative, cross sectional study, the sample was selected from students of Ain Shams University. This study was started after approval of the protocol by the department of Neuropsychiatry as well as Ethics Committee till accomplishment of the number of the subjects. Results There was significant difference between medical group and literature group according to socioeconomic level and academic “years”. This could be explained due to cultural preferences as higher socioeconomic level families are more able to withstand the cost of education in medical colleges. Regarding significance in academic years this could be simply due to longer faculty years in medical colleges (5 and 6 years) compared to literature colleges (only 4 years). Among the two groups, the rate of personality disorder was 26 students (10.4%). The most common personality disorder was obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (7 students) followed by depressive personality disorder (6 students) then dependent and narcissistic personality disorders (3 students each). There was no significant difference between medical group and literature group regarding personality disorders. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were evident in 26 students (10.4%). Of these students, dysthymic disorder was the most common (6 students, 23.1%) followed by depression and GAD (3 students each, 11.5%). There was no statistically significant difference between medical group and literature group according to comorbid psychiatric disorder. Conclusion This study was conducted to assess rate of PDs among Egyptian university students. The rate of PD was 10.4%, as the most common PD was obsessive-compulsive PD followed by depressive PD. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were evident in 10.4% of students. Of these students, dysthymic disorder was the most common (23.1%) followed by depression and GAD (11.5%). Moreover, there was significant association between presence of PDs and troubles in school and the most significant predictors of PD were comorbid psychiatric disorder.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in a Sample of Egyptian University Students in Ain Shams University

Abstract Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a global health concern, with a prevalence ranging from 1.5% to 54.8%. Typically starting during adolescence, it was proposed that there is a correlation between NSSI and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as parental antagonism, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Many turn to NSSI as a strategy to cope with emotional regulation difficulties, using it as a means to navigate and manage their emotions effectively. Aim of the Work Examining the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in young adult students at Ain Shams University, exploring the methods and functions of NSSI, assessing the correlation with emotional regulation difficulties and adverse childhood experiences. Patients and Methods This study is an observational cross-sectional study, A convenient sample of 400 Undergraduate students at Ain Shams university was obtained equally distributed between the Faculties of Medicine and Education. Results Among Ain Shams University students, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) prevalence was 18% engaging in NSSI last year, and 4.3% reporting repetitive instances. Common forms included pounding oneself (16.2%), cutting (15.4%), and biting (15.4%). NSSI functions revealed relief from negative feelings (14.2%) and self-punishment (11.7%) as major goals. Academic challenges were a top motivating factor, alongside guilt, problem confrontation difficulties, and unstable relationships. Those with multiple adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were more likely to engage in NSSI, showing a positive correlation with NSSI frequency. Emotional regulation difficulties, were also linked to NSSI, indicating a predictive relationship between emotional regulation challenges and self-injurious behavior in young adults. Conclusion Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent among young adults. The study emphasizes the considerable influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and challenges in emotional regulation on NSSI in this demographic. In conclusion, these results underscore the crucial role of addressing early life experiences and emotional regulation to comprehend and prevent NSSI among young adults.

Exploring the Quality of Life of University Students in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Survey Using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) Assessment.

To comprehensively assess the quality of life (QoL) of Egyptian university students. Cross-sectional online study. Online settings of university students from August to October 2023. University students aged 18-25 from various institutions in Egypt. Physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) scale. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to detect significant associations while Spearman correlation was used for correlation analysis. A total of 1930 Egyptian university students were included. Students showed outperformance in the psychological health and social relationships domains, with medians of 58 ± 20.8 and 58 ± 25, respectively, compared to physical health with a median of 46 ± 17.8 and environmental health with a median score of 16.6 ± 21.9. Non-medical students reported higher QoL scores, particularly in physical, psychological, and social domains, compared to their medical counterparts (P-values <0.001, 0.007, and 0.002, respectively). No significant differences were observed between genders in any of the domains. Academic performance satisfaction significantly correlated with higher QoL scores across all domains (P < 0.001). This multi-center study sheds light on diverse aspects influencing QoL of Egyptian university students. The findings underscore the importance of addressing academic stressors, promoting health behaviors, and tailoring interventions based on students' academic backgrounds with larger and more representative samples.

Selfie Phenomenon among a Sample of Egyptian University Students: Rate and Psychiatric Correlates

Abstract Background The SELFIE phenomenon being an emanating one, specifically affecting adolescents and young adults. It emerges as a reflection of a wide spectrum of Neuro- psychiatric disorders. Based on this, the current study aimed to assess the rate of the selfie phenomenon among Egyptian university students, and its sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates. During the study procedure we enrolled 200 undergraduate Egyptian university students from two different faculties and were assessed using the Selfie Behavioral Scale, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV- TR Axis I Disorders, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV- TR Axis II Disorders, and Global assessment of functioning scale. Results 49.5 % of the students being assessed had borderline selfitis with a higher rate among females, we found a highly significant relationship between the selfie phenomenon and depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and other psychiatric disorders and personality disorders, we also found that selfie had a significant negative correlation with the level of functioning among students. Conclusions results concur with previous existing literature regarding the magnitude of the selfie phenomenon and its relationship with .different psychiatric disorders and personality disorders.

Exploring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence and its relation to video game addiction among Egyptian medical students: A cross-sectional study

Background/ObjectivesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) imposes hidden public health problems that should be addressed. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ADHD and to explore the association between video game addiction & other predictors and ADHD among medical university students in Egypt. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-administered questionnaire between July and November 2023. ADHD was assessed by the Adult ADHD Self-Reporting Scale (ASRS). A seven-item Game Addiction Scale (GAS-7) was used to determine the level of game addiction. ResultsWe studied 1765 medical students with a mean age of 20.2 ± 1.2 years. The majority of them are females (67.8%). This study found a high rate of probable ADHD (35%) among Egyptian medical students. ADHD was associated with female sex and lower academic performance. Video game addiction prevalence was 24.7%, more common in younger students. ConclusionIn conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of probable ADHD and video game addiction among Egyptian medical students. Increased awareness and targeted interventions are needed to support medical students with ADHD and address video game addiction.

Diabetes Distress among Egyptian University Students With Type 1 DM: An Intervention Study

Diabetes Distress among Egyptian University Students With Type 1 DM: An Intervention Study

The impact of non-native English speakers’ phonological and prosodic features on automatic speech recognition accuracy

The present study examines the impact of Arab speakers’ phonological and prosodic features on the accuracy of automatic speech recognition (ASR) of non-native English speech. The authors first investigated the perceptions of 30 Egyptian ESL teachers and 70 Egyptian university students towards the L1 (Arabic)-based errors affecting intelligibility and then carried out a data analysis of the ASR of the students’ English speech to find out whether the errors investigated resulted in intelligibility breakdowns in an ASR setting. In terms of the phonological features of non-native speech, the results showed that the teachers gave more weight to pronunciation features of accented speech that did not actually hinder recognition, that the students were mostly oblivious to the L2 errors they made and their impact on intelligibility, and that L2 errors which were not perceived as serious by both teachers and students had negative impacts on ASR accuracy levels. In regard to the prosodic features of non-native speech, it was found that lower speech rates resulted in more accurate speech recognition levels, higher speech intensity led to less deletion errors, and voice pitch did not seem to have any impact on ASR accuracy levels. The study, accordingly, recommends training ASR systems with more non-native data to increase their accuracy levels as well as paying more attention to remedying non-native speakers’ L1-based errors that are more likely to impact non-native automatic speech recognition.

Nurturing the Entrepreneurial Path: Unraveling the Interplay Between Entrepreneurial Mindset and Intention Through the Lens of Entrepreneurial Culture

Purpose: Developing entrepreneurial intention (EI) among students is become an important phenomenon. This study explores the role of entrepreneurial education (EE) and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) towards EI directly and indirectly through entrepreneurial culture (EC). Design/Methodology/ Approach: The researcher applied quantitative methods to assess the proposed aim of the study. The study's respondents are students of different public and private sector universities in Egypt. Finally, the investigation concludes the results based on 272 samples. Findings: In the outcome, EE and ESE have a notable impact on the development of an EI. Additionally, the study highlights the effects of EC and entrepreneurial mindset (EMS) on EI. In mediation, the EC acts as a mediator between EE and EI. However, the EC negatively mediates the connection between ESE and EI. Research, practical and social implications: The practical implications of this research point towards developing targeted educational programs to nurture an EMS and enhancing organizational cultures to support and encourage EI. Both approaches aim to create an environment that stimulates entrepreneurial thinking and action, whether at the individual or corporate level. Originality/ value: This study aims to fill the gaps in the empirical assessment of EI among university students in Egypt.

Prevalence of fibromyalgia among university students and its impact on their health-related quality of life: a survey-based study from Egypt

BackgroundUniversity students are more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and depression. All these factors are regarded as psychological contributors to fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).AimTo investigate the prevalence and determinants of FMS among university students and its impact on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL).MethodsThis online survey-based study involved 2146 university students who were recruited from various faculties at several Egyptian universities. The participants’ demographics, medical history, academic pursuits, and sleep data were collected. To identify the existence of FMS, the 2016 updates to the 2010/2011 FMS diagnostic criteria were used. Additionally, the participants completed the Short-Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36).ResultsThe mean age was 21.26 ± 2.015 years and 76% were females. Of 2146 students, 266 (12.4%) fulfilled the criteria of FMS. FMS group had a significantly lower age (p < 0.001) with predominant female gender (89.5% vs. 74.1%, p < 0.001), positive family history of FMS (8.6% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.001), previous history of traffic accident (10.2% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.045), lower level of physical activity (p = 0.002),higher time spent in study per week (p = 0.002), lower sleep time (p = 0.002), with frequent walk up (p < 0.001) and snoring (p < 0.001) during sleep. Regarding HRQoL, students with FMS had significantly lower scores than students without in all domains.ConclusionFMS is prevalent among Egyptian university students and is linked to female gender, positive family history, lower levels of physical activity, and more time spent studying each week. FMS has a negative impact on HRQoL. Therefore, early detection and treatment are recommended.

Perception and experiences of suicide among university students in Egypt

BackgroundThe worldwide prevalence of suicide ideation, planning, attempt, and death is a major public health issue. The highest rates of suicide are seen in those aged 15 to 29, largely correlating to their time spent in higher education.ObjectivesIdentify the perception and experiences of medical students towards suicidal thoughts and attempts and explore some predictors.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Kafrelshiekh University in Egypt, included 554 university students using predesigned questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics, perception of students about suicide, and their experience with knowing a person who had suicide thoughts or attempts and if they themselves had suicidal thoughts or attempts.ResultsSelf-experience with suicidal thoughts was reported by 25.3% while 12.3% reported attempting suicide, and among those who attempted suicide the most frequent reason was feeling depressed (61.8) followed by educational pressures (54.4%) and feeling lonely (41.2%). Accepting the concept of suicide was the main predictor for having suicidal thoughts (OR = 7.784) followed by knowing a person who had suicidal attempt (OR = 2.234) or thoughts (OR = 4.609).ConclusionOur results indicate the suicide ideation and behavior are prevalent among college undergraduates. Universities have the responsibility to educate students with effective life education as well as suicide prevention and intervention programs.

Internet gaming disorder and psychological well-being among university students in Egypt

BackgroundInternet gaming disorder (IGD) is a serious rising problem affecting people of all ages. Many researchers reported that students’ addictive gaming behavior resulted in the loss of function and the development of psychological problems. In this study, we aimed mainly to measure the prevalence of internet gaming disorder among Mansoura University students and find its relationship with psychological well-being.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was carried out during the academic year (2021–2022) at the University of Mansoura. Students from four different faculties were included. Participants ages ranged from 18 to 25 years old. An online Google Form questionnaire gathering the tools (questionnaire of demographic and clinical data, Internet Gaming Disorder Short Form scale, Ryff’s scale of psychological well-being) was distributed among them.ResultsIn this study, 870 students were included. The age range was 18–25 years. They were divided into three groups: 315 normal gamers (36%), 500 risky gamers (58%), and 55 disordered gamers (6%), with no significant gender difference in each group (p-value = 0.138). A negative correlation was found between IGD and psychological well-being (r = -0.303).ConclusionsThe prevalence of IGD was 6% among Mansoura University students. Participants in the theoretical faculties who started playing internet gaming at a younger age and spent more than 2 h per week playing and more than 3 h per week thinking about playing internet games were more likely to develop IGD. Whenever IGD scores increased, psychological well-being scores were found to decrease (r = -0.303).

The Key English Pronunciation Difficulties for Egyptian EFL Learners

Despite all the attempts by ESL and EFL learners to attain (near-)native proficiency, many phonological, lexical and spelling mistakes still occur in any L2 learning environment (Huwari 2019, 31). This paper aims to investigate the key English pronunciation difficulties, both segmental (on the level of speech sounds) and suprasegmental (rhythm, stress, and juncture), of Egyptian learners of English, in a corpus of audio and/or video recordings of English conversation and presentation skills classes by Egyptian university students who are also native speakers of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA). The project involves both contrastive analysis (of the phonological systems of English, Egyptian Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic) as well as error analysis. While the significance of contrastive analysis lies in helping EFL teachers predict the problematic aspects (Al-Saqqaf and Vaddapalli 2012, 56), error analysis would provide them with the actual problems encountered by the learners and the extent of their seriousness.

Health information seeking patterns among medical and non-medical university students in Egypt

The researchers conducted the study to define university students’ current patterns of health information resources use, compare, and assess the resources medical and non-medical university students use when exercising health information seeking (HIS), and to assess their perceptions and behaviors regarding adoption of online tools. This is an exploratory cross- sectional study conducted among a convenience sample of 336 university students via an online survey comprised of the following: demographics, perspectives of health information seeking, and experiences and problems towards HIS. More than two thirds of the sampled students stated that they sought health information. Their most curious subject was lack of physical activity. Searching the internet and using social media were the most used ways to obtain health information. Ease of access and reliability of source were the most affecting sources while searching. Medical students prefer reliable websites in the health domain with high level of quality and credibility. While non-medical students access health information more through social media. Workshops could be organized for medical students to convey to them the proper criteria for selecting credible health websites sources. As regards non-medical students, reliable easily accessible health information sources that could be reached through social media.

Anxiety and Depression Screening in Egyptian University Students: Prevalence and Predictors

Anxiety and Depression Screening in Egyptian University Students: Prevalence and Predictors

Daily step counts before, during, and after COVID-19 pandemic: a smartphone-tracking study of university students in Egypt and Saudi Arabia

BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed people’s lifestyles and daily routines around the world. This study aimed to investigate changes in daily step counts – as an indicator of physical activity – before, during, and after the pandemic among university students in Egypt and Saudi Arabia and to identify regional and gender factors that may have influenced physical activity during these periods.MethodsA total of 1273 university students from Egypt (Assiut University and Zagazig University) and Saudi Arabia (Taif University, King Faisal University, and Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University) provided valid data on their daily step counts recorded by a smartphone application (iPhone Health App) from January 2019 to December 2021. The data was divided and averaged based on three periods: the pre-pandemic year (January to December 2019), the first pandemic year (January to December 2020), and the second pandemic year (January to December 2021).ResultsThe results showed a significant decrease in daily steps from pre-pandemic to the first pandemic year, followed by an increase in the second pandemic year. However, daily step counts did not fully recover to pre-pandemic levels in male Egyptian and marginally in male Saudi participants. In both nationalities, female participants did not show a significant difference in daily steps between the pre-pandemic and second-pandemic years. Female Egyptian participants had significantly lower daily step counts than male Egyptian participants, and a gender difference in daily steps was also observed in Saudi female participants in the pre-pandemic and the second pandemic year but not during the first pandemic year.ConclusionThese findings outline the need for strategies in Egypt and Saudi Arabia to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior, especially among young women, to mitigate the negative consequences of COVID-19 and meet physical activity guidelines.