Egyptian Baladi Research Articles

Molecular Characterization of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF9) Gene Related to Fecundity in Egyptian Baladi Goat Breed.

Molecular Characterization of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF9) Gene Related to Fecundity in Egyptian Baladi Goat Breed.

Novel Insights Into the Architecture of Macro and Microstructures in Cattle Ossa Cordis.

Ossa cordis, bones located within the heart trigones, are often classified as heterotopic or ectopic bones. Despite their high prevalence in cattle and some other bovids, little is known about their structure or development. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microtomography, gross dissections, and measurements showed the anatomical locations, prevalence, shapes, and measurements of the cardiac bones in both Egyptian Baladi cattle and Holstein-Friesians. All cattle (n = 12) had an Ossa cordis dextrum (average = 50.70 × 20.91 × 5.40 mm). Additionally, 80% Egyptian Baladi and 57% Holstein-Friesian had a smaller Ossa cordis sinistrum (average = 24.94 × 12.75 × 4.12 mm). Egyptian Baladi Ossa cordis were smaller than observed in Holstein-Friesians. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed the elemental constitution (carbon, oxygen, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, and magnesium) of Ossa cordis and Cartilago cordis. These imaging techniques, plus four histological stains (hematoxylin and eosin, Crossman's trichrome, Alcian blue with Van Gieson, and Sirius Red) and microscopy, demonstrated osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, astrocytes, blood vessels, bone marrow, lamellar and woven bone, cortical bone, trabeculations with pores and canaliculi, and fibrous components including collagen in the Ossa cordis dextrum and sinistrum. Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage (chondrocytes and cartilage matrix) were found within and surrounding the Ossa cordis. These findings were additionally compared against other cattle breeds and species.

Impact of Removal of Incubated Eggs or Replacing them with Dummy Eggs on the Behaviour and Performance of Egyptian Baladi Pigeons

Impact of Removal of Incubated Eggs or Replacing them with Dummy Eggs on the Behaviour and Performance of Egyptian Baladi Pigeons

Using lactoferrin and N-acetylcysteine to augment the growth rate and hemato-biochemical parameters of Egyptian Baladi goats kids

Using lactoferrin and N-acetylcysteine to augment the growth rate and hemato-biochemical parameters of Egyptian Baladi goats kids

Clinical and laboratory findings of induced contact dermatitis in Egyptian Baladi dogs

Clinical and laboratory findings of induced contact dermatitis in Egyptian Baladi dogs

Evaluation of cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography after administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron in donkeys (Equus asinus): an experimental study.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography after the administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron in donkeys. For this purpose, 10 apparently healthy Egyptian Baladi donkeys (Equus asinus) were used in a crossover prospective study. Two trials were conducted with the administration of metoclopramide hydrochloride anhydrous at a dose of 0.25 mg Kg-1 and ondansetron hydrochloride sodium at a dose of 0.15 mg Kg-1. The control group (placebo) received a total volume of 50 mL of isotonic saline at 0.9%. An echocardiographic examination was performed using a Digital Color Doppler Ultrasound System equipped with a 2-3.9 MHz phased array sector scanner transducer. In general, the fractional shortening (FS%) was significantly affected by the time for metoclopramide (p = 0.031) and ondansetron (p = 0.047) compared with those of placebo, with treatment with metoclopramide provoking significantly higher percentages of FS% at T60 (p = 0.009) and T90 (p = 0.028) compared with those for ondansetron and placebo. The interaction of time x treatment also showed a statistically significant alteration of FS% (p < 0.05), while the values returned to the basal line at T240. Metoclopramide induced a significant decrease in E-point to septal separation (EPSS) at T90 (p = 0.005), and T240 (p = 0.007) compared with ondansetron and placebo. The time x treatment interaction also showed a significant (p < 0.05) variation in EPSS, with values returning to the basal line at T300. Mitral valve opening velocity (DE SLP) values were significantly affected by time (p = 0.004) in the metoclopramide group compared with those of ondansetron and placebo. Administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron provoked significant alterations of DE SLP at T60 (p = 0.039), T120 (p = 0.036), and T300 (p = 0.005) compared with placebo. In conclusion, caution should be exercised when administering both treatments, especially to animals with suspected cardiac problems.

Morphology and morphometry of the spinal cord and meninges in Egyptian Baladi goat (Capra hircus): Stereomicroscopy of blue-stained gray matter.

The study objective is to obtain normal morphology and morphometric data from Baladi goat spinal cord segments. Using Tompsett's technique for staining gray matter with a blue stain allowed us to calculate the quantity or area of gray and white matter and thus the total area of each segment. The spinal cord of the goat started at the extent of the middle-third of the occipital condyles, and the tapered end of the spinal cord terminated at the center of the first sacral vertebra. The total length of the spinal cord was 73.3 ± 2.5 cm on average. C3 was the longest spinal segment, measuring 3.95 cm. The gray matter area had a high value at the cervical and lumbar enlargements, with C8 having the highest value of gray matter cross sectional area at 12 mm2 and C7 having the highest value of white matter cross sectional area at 42 mm2 . The area of white matter of the cervical region was higher than that of the other spinal regions. At C7, the total cross section area reached its maximum of 53 mm2 . The cervical enlargement included segments from C6 to T1, while the lumbar enlargement included L5 to S1. The dura mater is connected cranially to the dens of the axis and caudally to the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. The epidural space height between lumbar vertebrae was 2 mm in all lumbar spaces and 3 mm in the lumbosacral space. The normal morphology and morphometric data of the goat spinal cord segments may be useful in pathological conditions of the spinal cord and during epidural anaesthesia technique.

Egyptian Baladi, Australian Style in Lockdown: Seeking Connection

ABSTRACT This article is an autoethnographic account of a participatory action research project conducted in Australia during COVID-19 lockdown. The research explores the potential for asynchronous multitracking performance to facilitate social connection and intercultural understanding, drawing on the knowledge of six arts practitioners. The account is written by an Indonesian-Australian researcher and dance practitioner engaged in raqs sharqi (Arabic term for belly dance). Through the process of collaborating on a performance of ashra baladi, an improvisational form of Egyptian music and dance, issues emerged requiring consideration including how to respectfully navigate intercultural music engagement, the barriers and opportunities for intercultural understanding presented by digital platforms, music and dance, and how to navigate cultural identity in a super-diverse world. Taking a phenomenological perspective, autoethnography provides an appropriate method to critically reflect on these personal and cultural questions. The author offers insights from her lived experience, her exploration of various philosophies about cultural exchange, and her involvement in a community of practice engaged in intercultural musicking.

Association among Spinnbarkeit , Electrical Conductivity , and Crystallization of Cervical Mucus and Pregnancy Rate in Egyptian Baladi Cows

Association among Spinnbarkeit , Electrical Conductivity , and Crystallization of Cervical Mucus and Pregnancy Rate in Egyptian Baladi Cows

Comparative craniometric measurements of two Canid species in Egypt: the Egyptian red fox and the Egyptian Baladi dog

The Egyptian red fox (Vulpes vulpes aegyptiaca) and Egyptian Baladi dog (Canis familiaris) are two members of the Family Canidae that are widely distributed in Egypt. The skulls of different Canid species vary greatly in their size and shape; therefore, they can be used as a tool to study the evolution and evolutionary history of these animals. The craniometric measurements are crucial for species identification and determination of the specific sites for nerve blocks. The present study compared the craniometric measurements of the red fox and Baladi dog skulls by measuring 47 parameters on each skull and calculation of 8 indices. The red fox skull had significantly lower values of 41 craniometric measurements (approximately 87% of the measurements done), including skull length, width, and height, cranial length and width, palatal and mandibular length, and dental measurements. In contrast, the red fox had significantly higher values of only 3 measurements (approximately 6% of the measurements done) including the tympanic bulla measurement. While only three skull measurements did not differ significantly between the red fox and dog. Statistics revealed that domestic dog had significantly higher values of foramen magnum and palatine indices, and significantly lower value of nasal index than those of red fox. The present work reported variations in the gross and craniometric measurements of skull between the red fox and dog. The measured cranial parameters of both adult animals provide valuable information that can be used in ecological studies, comparative anatomy, and clinical veterinary sciences.

Histological evaluation of gelatin/beta-tricalcium phosphate sponges with or without concentrated growth factor in localized class II gingival recession

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate, histologically, the effectiveness of using gelatin sponge loaded with β-tricalcium phosphate with or without concentrated growth factor (CGF) (groups I and III) versus collagen with CGF (group II) in the treatment of Miller class II gingival recession in experimentally created bony defects in Egyptian Baladi dogs.Materials and MethodsTwenty-four Miller class II gingival recession experimentally created defects in three Egyptian Baladi dogs were used in the present study. Six identical recession defects in three quadrants were created in upper and lower canines and premolars. Each quadrant received one of the three treatment modalities which were to be evaluated. The remaining two sites served as the control with a total of six control sites. Three dogs were euthanized after 12 weeks, and samples were collected for histological and histomorphometric analysis.ResultsExperimental defects of all groups showed distinct types of new attachment with variable degree of regeneration and repair of new cementum, bone, and periodontal fibers. The control group exhibited attachment with a long junctional epithelium. In group I, four defects showed new attachment with periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissue whereas two defects healed with long junctional epithelium. Five defects in group II displayed new attachment with PDL-like tissue whereas the last defect demonstrated attachment with long junctional epithelium. While in group III, all defects showed new attachment with PDL-like tissues. The histomorphometrical analysis revealed a highly significant increase in the percentage of new bone formation in group III when compared to the other groups, followed by group II then group I, with the least bone formation in the control group.ConclusionThe results of the present study indicated that, gelatin sponge loaded with β-tricalcium phosphate with or without CGF (groups I and III) and collagen with CGF (group II), all led to favorable histological outcomes. It was therefore postulated that, the addition of CGF may have been a potentiating material, which could have enhanced periodontal tissue repair.

ReGeneraTing agents as matrix-based therapy loaded on gelatin/beta tricalcium phosphate sponge for the treatment of class II furcation defects in vitro

ObjectivesThe experimental study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of gelatin sponge loaded with β tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with or without ReGeneraTing agent (RGTA) in the treatment of mandibular class II furcation defects in advanced periodontitis in vitro.Materials and methodsThree Egyptian Baladi dogs were included with average age 13–16 months and average body weight of 9–10 kg. Six critical size defects class II furcation defects were created in the mandible of each dog, three in the right and three in the left mandibular second, third, and fourth premolars. All defects were made in the same way by the same operator. The defects were treated either with RGTA loaded on gelatin/β-TCP sponge or placebo loaded on gelatin sponge/β-TCP in two groups (group I and group II) that blindly received one of the treatment modalities. Samples were collected from the surgical sites of the experimental defects after 12 weeks.ResultsHistologically and histomorphometrically: there was a statistically significant difference when group I was compared with group II regarding surface area of new bone formation.ConclusionRGTA loaded on gelatin/β-TCP sponge could be considered as a potentiating material for periodontal regeneration.

Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal skin in different animal species as a method for forensic identification.

The current study aims to provide a new method for the identification of animal species by using the scanning electron microscopic study on the nasal skin around the nostril. The reference databases for animal identification using traditional ways (i.e., hair and bone analyses) were somewhat available. This study was conducted on the nasal skin of seven different animal species: large ruminants (Saidi buffalo and frozen Angus cattle); small ruminants (Egyptian goat and Rahmani sheep); camels (one-hump dromedary camel); equines (African domestic donkey and Arabian horse); carnivores (farm domestic cat, Egyptian Baladi dog, and red fox); swine (Danish Landrace pig); and rodents (albino rat and New Zealand white rabbit). The nasal skin was divided by grooves into different shaped raised areas in some examined animals, the mean diameter of these areas and width of the grooves of each animal species were recorded. The characteristic differential features of the nasal skin of each animal species have been documented. Few openings of the nasolabial glands were demonstrated in large ruminants and swine, which were H letter-shaped in buffaloes, oval-shaped in cattle, and whirlpool-shaped with several layers of folds on their margin in pig. Moreover, the openings of the lateral nasal glands were whirlpool, ovoid, and oval shaped in goats, sheep, and camels, respectively. In conclusion, the present study proved that the skin around the nostrils plays an important role as means of identification in forensic investigations and improves the field of veterinary forensic medicine in general, which is not well-developed in comparison with human forensics.

Do Pharaohs’ cattle still graze the Nile Valley? Genetic characterization of the Egyptian Baladi cattle breed

Egyptian Baladi cattle is one of the few native taurine breeds which remain in the original domestication area of Bos taurus, the Nile Valley (Upper Egypt). Apart from its evolutive relevance, the breed is well-adapted and integrated into the traditional family farming systems, with great potentialities for local sustainable rural development. The diversity and structure of the Baladi population were assessed using 28 genetic microsatellite markers. Within and between-breeds diversity, its relations with other cattle breeds, and an inference on its origin and evolution, were analyzed. Results reported high levels of diversity, with an average number of alleles (Na) of 11.39, observed heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.68, and expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.75. The studied population was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, which could be ascribed to its internal structure. The comparison between breeds using factorial correspondence analysis, Reynolds genetic distance evaluation, and genetic structure analysis suggested slight influences of Bos indicus. Upper Egypt’s rural communities have preserved the Baladi cattle breed, protecting this historical and biological heritage against the constant and indiscriminate introduction of exotic genetic resources along the history of development of the breed. Developing and implementing conservation and breeding programs is crucial for the preservation and improvement of the breed. HIGHLIGHTS Baladi cattle breed is a well-defined and highly diverse breed. Higher diversity levels are found in northern and central governorates. A clear geographical cluster is formed around the Nile Delta. Baladi cattle may be reminiscent of the ancient ‘pharaoh’ cattle. Assiut’s population acted as the most ancestral population nucleus.

Gross anatomical and morphometrical study of the nasal cavity (cavum nasi) of Egyptian goat (Capra hircus) and Egyptian Baladi dog (Canis lupus)

This study provides sufficient information on the anatomical investigation and the morphometrical analysis of the nasal cavity of Egyptian goat and Egyptian Baladi dog. The sagittal and the cross (transverse) sections at the different levels were performed on twenty heads of those animals. The nasal cavity was typically cone-shape in goat and a slight narrow elongated cone-shape in dog. It was completely divided by the nasal septum in both species except the caudal part of the nasal cavity of goat was partially divided. The nostril of the goat was nearly horizontal slit-like in form, directed ventromedially toward the philtrum. Whereas, the nostril of the dog was somewhat comma-shaped with its wide part directed medially toward the nasal septum. In the sagittal section, the nasal conchae were included in goat and dog, the dorsal nasal concha, the ventral nasal concha, the middle nasal concha and the ethmoidal conchae. The dorsal nasal concha was the longest concha in both animals. In the cross section, the dorsal nasal concha in goat was formed the dorsal conchal sinus at the level of the third premolar teeth and caudally extended into the frontal sinus. The ventral nasal concha was not formed sinus but its spiral lamellae enclosed the recesses. Moreover, the middle conchal sinus was appeared at the level of the first molar teeth. In this section, all the nasal conchae of dog were formed recesses (conchal sinuses absent).

B-mode and Doppler Ultrasonography of Accessory Genital Glands and Testes in Male Goats During the Breeding Season

The aims of the present study were to scan the echogenicity of reproductive organs of bucks during the breeding season. The influence of testosterone on haemodynamic Doppler indices of accessory genital glands of breeding bucks was also examined. Ten clinically healthy, sexually mature, Egyptian Baladi male goats were examined and the testes, tail of epididymis and accessory sex glands imaged using greyscale B-mode, colour Doppler ultrasonography. The spectral Doppler indices (pulsatility index and resistive index) were measured. Blood samples were collected and serum concentrations of testosterone, FSH and LH were determined. The results revealed that the echogenicity of testes, tail of epididymis and accessory genital glands was changed by breeding season. Pulsatility index values of supra-testicular artery, marginal artery, tail of the epididymis, ampulla, vesicular gland, pars disseminata of the prostate and bulbourethral gland were 0.85±0.04, 0.54±0.03, 0.4±0.03, 0.37±0.04, 0.51±0.03, 0.39±0.02 and 0.41±0.04, respectively. The resistive index of the above criteria were 0.51±0.04, 0.37±0.02, 0.3±0.03, 0.27±0.02, 0.31±0.03, 0.32±0.03 and 0.32±0.03, respectively. Serum testosterone concentration was 4.78±0.46 ng/mL. Furthermore, FSH and LH were 3.71±0.43 and 1.8±0.17 mIU/mL, respectively. Interestingly, testosterone clearly deceased the values of the both the pulsatility and resistive indices of the accessory genital glands of breeding bucks. Season modified the echogenicity of testes, epididymis and accessory genital glands. Testosterone regulated the reproductive indices of blood flow of the accessory genital glands of breeding bucks. Thus, this study could serve as a baseline of reference values of Egyptian Baladi male goats during the breeding season to improve reproductive efficiency.

EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM DURING LATE ‎GESTATION PERIOD ON MASTITIS, RETAINED PLACENTA AND POST-‎PARTUM REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN EGYPTIAN BALADI COWS

The goal of this investigation is to determine the effect of treatment with vitamin E and selenium on mastitis, retained placenta and post-partum reproductive parameters in Egyptian Baladi cows during the late gestation period. Twenty four Baladi cows were used and divided into two groups of 12 for each. The first group injected with vitamin E and selenium component intramuscular at a rate of 1. 0 ml/30kg (BW) live body weight and the second group used as a control. Injected cows received two doses of (vitamin E and selenium component) in 14 and seven days prepartum. Cows were mated naturally just demonstration estrus symptoms. Rectal palpation was performed after two months days post- mating to pregnancy diagnosis. The findings showed an association between treated cows during late gestation with vitamin E and selenium and incidence rate of mastitis and retained placenta. Improved reproductive parameters in treated cows compared with untreated cows. In conclusion, the present study recommends that small breeders offer vitamin E and selenium in hot months during late gestation under the Aswan governorate environmental condition to minimize reproductive disorder and improve their cows' reproductive efficiency.

Morphological Comparison Between the Large Metatarsal Bone of Zebu bull (Bos Taurus indicus) and Egyptian Baladi bull (Bos Taurus Taurus): New Insights by Gross, Morphometric, and Computed Tomography

Morphological Comparison Between the Large Metatarsal Bone of Zebu bull (Bos Taurus indicus) and Egyptian Baladi bull (Bos Taurus Taurus): New Insights by Gross, Morphometric, and Computed Tomography

Effect Of Some Feed additives (Yeast, Fenugreek seeds and Chamomile flowers) On Some Behavioral patterns and Productive Performance In Pigeons (Columbia livia domestica).

This work was carried out at the research center belonging to faculty of agriculture, Benha university through the period from April to the end of September2019 to study the effect of some feed additives (Yeast, Fenugreek seeds and Chamomile flowers) on some behaviors and productive performance of parent pigeons using 16 pairs of hybrid pigeons (Carrier x local Egyptian baladi) with age of 6 months, they were distributed according to their mating system (sex ratio 1:1). Pigeons were divided into 4 treatments each of them composed of 4 pairs and were reared under the same managerial conditions. Obtained results revealed that pigeons fed on Yeast had high frequency of feeding, drinking and sitting on egg also, it increased length of incubation period while, it decreased hatchability %. Fenugreek seeds had high frequency of preening and sexual sitting on egg but, it decreased length of incubation period. Both Fenugreek and chamomile flowers improved hatchability %. From this work, it can be concluded that addition of some feed additives (Yeast, Fenugreek seeds and Chamomile) had the ability to improve behaviors, reproductive and productive performance of adult pigeons.

Therapeutic Effect of Balanites Aegyptiaca Fruit’s Ethanol Extract in Egyptian Baladi Goats Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus: Blood Serum Biochemical, Oxidative Stress Markers and Pathological Studies

The therapeutic effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit’s ethanolic extract (BAF-EE) in goats experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) was evaluated. Serum biochemical parameters, tissue oxidative stress status and pathological changes were investigated. Twelve goats were divided into 4 equal groups, G1 (infected-untreated), G2 (infected-BAF-EE treated), G3 (infected-albendazole treated) and G4 (uninfected-BAF-EE treated). Infection was conducted at 0-time, whereas treatment with BAF-EE and albendazole was given in the 5th week post infection (PI). Blood samples were drawn on 0-time, 3rd week PI and then biweekly till the 9th week for serum biochemical analyses. At the end of experiment, all animals were slaughtered to estimate oxidative stress markers and histopathological alterations in the abomasal and hepatic tissues. Serum biochemistry of infected animals showed significant depression of total serum proteins, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, total antioxidant capacity and calcium levels. The activity of AST, ALT and γGT and the cholesterol, urea and creatinine levels were significantly elevated in the serum of infected animals. Glutathione peroxidase values decreased significantly in tissue homogenate of G1 and G3 goats than those in G2 and G4 goats. Malondialdehyde followed a reverse course. Abomasa of infected animals in G1 revealed inflammation, necrosis, petechial hemorrhages and cellular infiltration. Liver showed bile duct hyperplasia, degeneration of hepatocytes and cell infiltration. Intensity of alterations were lower in infected–treated animals. In conclusion, BAF-EE has hepatoprotective effect and can improve serum biochemical alterations and oxidative stress status in goats infected with H. contortus, justifying its use as a safe natural anthelmintic agent.