Ego Identity Process Questionnaire Research Articles

Ego Kimlik Sürecinin Madde Bağımlılığından Korunmada Yordayıcı Rolü Var mı?

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive effect of ego identity process on self-efficacy for abstinence from substance abuse.
 Method: The research that is descriptive and correlational was conducted with 415 young individuals between the dates 01.07.2021 and 30.01.2022. Socio-demographic characteristics information form, Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) and Self-Efficacy for Protecting Adolescences from Substance Abuse Scale (SEAPSAS) were applied in this study.
 Results: The general mean score of the youth sub-dimension of abstinence from substances/stimulants in the SEAPSAS scale was 54.13±11.05, and the total mean score of the EIPQ was 124.86±15.84. A moderate positive correlation was identified between the total scores of the EIPQ and SEAPSAS scales. Although the detected correlation coefficient was significant, EIPQ's interpretation of SEAPSAS was at a low level (R2=.135). According to participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, the scores obtained from the SEAPSAS were low in males, those with a bachelor's or higher education degree, those living in a dormitory or alone, those with six or more siblings, those with fragmented families, those who smoke, and in those who are children of working mothers. EIPQ stability sub-dimension score of the participants who live in the county is higher than those who live in the province. 
 Conclusion: In line with the results of the study, it is recommended to organize programs that will develop the young's ego identity process and self-efficacy for abstinence from substance abuse. It is expected that these programs will contribute to the prevention of substance addiction.

Identity Development and Its Relationship to Family History Knowledge among Late Adolescents

Identity development among late adolescent university students and its relationship to family history knowledge was examined in this study. Identity development was examined using Marcia’s individual developmental framework (1988) of exploration and commitment and Stutman and Lich’s family systems framework (1984) of autonomy and relatedness. It was proposed that late adolescents’ personal exploration of and commitment to roles and values may be influenced by knowledge of parent and grandparent histories. It was also proposed that late adolescents’ achievement of personal autonomy and positive family relatedness may be influenced by knowledge of parent and grandparent histories. The sample consisted of 239 university students. The Parental Relationship Inventory (PRI) and the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) were used to measure identity development. The Do You Know? (DYK) scale measured family history knowledge. Multiple regression analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between commitment and family history knowledge and relatedness and family history knowledge, a negative relationship between autonomy and family history knowledge, and a weak correlation between exploration and family history knowledge. Findings indicated that family history knowledge may influence components of identity development. This has implications for those working to enhance adolescent development.

PERSONALITY TRAITS AND IDENTITY STATUS OF ADOLESCENTS: A PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH

This research aimed to clarify the relationship between adolescent personality traits as measured by “Big Five Plus Two” inventory based on psycholexical studies of Serbian language, and identity status as defined in the theoretical and empirical works of Erik Erikson and James Marcia. The sample of the research consisted of N = 201 adolescents, aged 16 to 21, with an average age of M = 18.32, SD = 1.12. The instruments used were The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire and Big Five Plus Two - short version, an instrument based on lexical studies of Serbian language. Cluster analysis was used to classify adolescents according to identity maturity with an implicit goal of identifying adolescents who are predisposed towards successful or unsuccessful adaptation to identity tasks by their personality traits. The result showed that two clusters could be identified. The first cluster consisted of N = 125 adolescents who scored low on both commitment and exploration and this group was therefore named “undifferentiated identity status adolescents”. Regarding the personality traits, the typical pattern in this cluster was low openness to experience, as well as marked negative valence. The second cluster consisted of N = 76 adolescents which scored high on both commitment and exploration dimensions of identity; the cluster was named “mature identity status adolescents”. Their personality traits patterns were almost the opposite of the first group: high openness to experience and low negative valence were typical of this group. Therefore two conclusions are made from the results: (1) personality dimension openness to experience seems to be especially important in resolving identity tasks in adolescence, and it is possible to suggest that it corresponds to exploration based on their correlation; (2) identity maturity seems to be an important correlate of psychological well-being in adolescence, given that two groups differed sharply on the negative valence dimension and that less mature identity status adolescents typically scored higher scores on this trait. Keywords: identity status, personality traits, adolescence, person-centered approach

TO UNDERSTAND AND COMPARETHE IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS IN ADOLESCENTSON THE BASIS OF GENDER AND AGE THROUGH JAMES MARCIAS MODEL OF IDENTITY STATUSES

The purpose of the study was to investigate Marcias ego identity paradigm in the Indian adolescent population.The study examined the role of age and gender and on the process of Identity formation. A representative sample of 161 adolescents(girls and boys) was collected across three different age groups 13-15, 15-17 and 17-19 years. The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) was used to measure participants level of Exploration and Commitment and accordingly classify them into one of Marcias four Ego Identity Statuses: Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion identity.The results indicated that most of the adolescents in todays times are realistic and more informed about their lives and decisions. Thus, mean scores for both girls (70.24) and boys (70.24) were high in Identity Achievement. Also, both genders were found to be equally active in exploration and commitment domains.The T- scores indicated the comparison between girls and boys in different Identity statuses. The values were found to be non- significant indicating an equal growth in both the genders.

Personal Identity and Vocational Decision Difficulties: The Teenager Greek Immigrants of the Hellenic High School of Wuppertal, Germany

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the identity formation of adolescent Greek immigrants in Germany and the difficulties they encounter in making vocational decisions, as a prerequisite to the consequent selection of relevant education and training. The psychometric tools Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) and The Career Decision Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ), as well as an improvised demographic questionnaire, were handed out to 100 pupils of the Hellenic High School of Wuppertal. The research results were interpreted in the light of Marcia’s identity typology and Gati’s theoretical model and revealed that: (a) Adolescents with an Identity Achievement had little difficulty in choosing a career, while others had considerable difficulty. (b) There was no relevance between age groups and identity typology. (c) Genders did not differ in identity typology and vocational decision-making difficulties. Both sexes seemed to have equal difficulty in their vocational pursuits. (d) School performance did not differ according to the type of identity. (e) The higher the school grades/performance, the higher the identity inquiry. (f) The greater the difficulties of adolescents in their vocational choices, the less committed they became. (g) The high and middle educational level of mothers (but not of fathers) led to higher rates of Identity Achievement. The difficulties of adolescents’ vocational decision-making did not differ according to the educational level of their parents. (h) The duration of staying of adolescent immigrants in Germany was not correlated with difficulties in their vocational choices.

The Effects of Dimensions of Individual Identity on Attitude towards Marriage through Mediating Elements of Marital Horizons among Single Female Postgraduate Students

The current study aims to design and provide a model assessing the effects of dimensions of individual identity on attitudes toward marriage through the mediating elements of marriage horizon. The statistical population consisted of all single female postgraduate students from universities located in East Azerbaijan Province, among whose a sample of 300 students was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. A research design of the analysis of covariance matrix or the correlation matrix (the path analysis) was considered for examining the direct and indirect effects of dimension of individual identity on attitudes toward marriage through the mediation of marriage horizon elements. The measures were the Marital Scales (Park & Rosen, 2012), Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ; Balistreri et al., 1995), Importance of Marriage Survey (Belt, 2016), Expected Age at Marriage (Willoughby, 2014), and Marriage Readiness Scale (Johnson et al, 2011). The results showed that love is directly and indirectly related to attitudes toward marriage through the three elements of marital horizons. However, work reveals just an indirect relationship to attitudes toward marriage through the elements of marriage timing and marriage readiness. On the other hand, the worldview dimension might directly and indirectly improve attitudes toward marriage through the importance of marriage and marital readiness elements. The elements of marital horizons are also directly related to attitudes toward marriage. The findings obtained from the path analysis revealed that the structural model has a good fit and all structural relations of the final model are significant (P <0.05).

Identity development among Lebanese youth: An investigation of Marcia's paradigm

The purpose of this study was to investigate Marcia's ego identity paradigm in a sample of Lebanese youth. Another purpose was to examine correlates to identity statuses, namely gender and academic achievement. The sample consisted of 255 students, 18–21 years old, selected randomly from one university in Lebanon. The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) was used to measure participants' level of Exploration and Commitment, and accordingly, classify them into one of Marcia's four Ego Identity Statuses: Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion. Also, participants' self-reported cumulative grade point average (GPA) served as achievement data. The results showed that most participants were in either Foreclosure (29.41%) or Moratorium (29.02%). No significant gender or academic differences were found across the statuses. In future research, factors such as family structure, war, and political instability that might affect individuals' identity statuses must be investigated using larger and more representative samples.

ODRASLOST U NASTAJANJU, STATUS IDENTITETA I RODITELJSKA KONTROLA

Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su ispitati razlike između skupina pojedinaca različitog studentskog statusa u karakteristikama odraslosti u nastajanju i statusu identiteta, te provjeriti povezanost roditeljske kontrole s dimenzijama identiteta odraslih u nastajanju. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 363 sudionika u dobi od 18 do 25 godina. U istraživanju su korišteni sljedeći instrumenti: Inventar dimenzija odraslosti u nastajanju, Upitnik procesa razvoja identiteta, skale psihološke i bihejvioralne kontrole te helikopter ponašanja, kao i čestica koja mjeri subjektivan osjećaj odraslosti. Rezultati pokazuju kako se pojedinci različitog studentskog statusa razlikuju na tri dimenzije odraslosti u nastajanju: doba mogućnosti, doba nestabilnosti i doba osjećaja razmeđe, te dopunskoj skali doba fokusiranja na druge. Studenti u većoj mjeri nego diplomirani smatraju da je odraslost u nastajanju za njih doba nestabilnosti i doba osjećaja razmeđe, dok nestudenti u većoj mjeri nego studenti smatraju kako je odraslost u nastajanju za njih doba fokusiranja na druge. Većina pojedinaca koji su diplomirali se smatra odraslima, dok nestudenti i studenti većinom izjavljuju kako se smatraju odraslima samo u određenim aspektima. Nisu pronađene razlike u statusu identiteta između skupina različitog studentskog statusa. Na dimenziji obvezivanja pronađena je statistički značajna negativna povezanost s bihejvioralnom i psihološkom kontrolom majke, te s psihološkom kontrolom oca, dok je na dimenziji istraživanja pronađena samo statistički značajna negativna povezanost s helikopter ponašanjima majke.

An examination of trauma narratives: Narrative rumination, self-reflection, and identity in young adulthood

IntroductionTrauma has the potential to challenge the self and identity development in ways unlike other personal experiences and, undoubtedly, necessitates meaning-making. The purpose of this study is to expand understanding of how young adults make meaning of traumatic experiences and how those processes, either adaptive self-reflection, meaning-making, or narrative rumination, relate to identity development. MethodsUsing qualitative methods and self-report measures, we examined reflective and ruminative narrative processes in 32 trauma narratives written by a sample of young adults. Narratives were examined as a function of identity status (measured by the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire; Balistreri, Busch-Rossnagel, & Geisinger, 1995) and level of identity distress (measured by the Identity Distress Survey; Berman, Montgomery, & Kurtines, 2004). Results and conclusions: The narrative analysis suggested that young adults who constructed their narratives in adaptive self-reflective ways that were absent of rumination made meaning of their traumatic experience is ways that reflected an integrated sense of self. In contrast, those young adults who constructed their narrative in ruminative ways, characterized by brooding, self-doubt or criticism had unsuccessful meaning-making efforts. A combination of identity commitment (i.e., achieved and foreclosed) and low identity distress led to meaning-making and positive identity formation, whereas moratorium and diffused and high identity distress related to narrative rumination and either an absence of meaning-making or a fragmented sense of self. The findings suggest that narrative patterns differ across identity statuses and, more so, high and low reported identity distress. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Investigating Identity Statuses Among Lebanese Youth

This study examined Marcia’s identity paradigm among Lebanese adolescents in relation to gender and academic achievement. Participants were 429 students in Grades 7 to 11, aged 12 to 17 years. The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) was used to classify participants into the four identity statuses: Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion. Results showed that females were mostly in Moratorium (37.4%) whereas males in Foreclosure (35.1%). The difference was statistically significant, χ2(3) = 20.40, p = .001. Also, females scored significantly higher on the Exploration subscale, t(425) = −2.68, p = .04, whereas males scored significantly higher on the Commitment subscale, t(426) = 4.19, p = .01. No significant achievement differences were found among students in the four identity statuses, F(3, 419) = .38, p = .13. These results suggest possible shifts in cultural norms with females developing identity through pathways believed to be males’ in traditional societies.

Comparisons of the Employees’ Ego-identity and Job Involvement Between Chinese and Americans

During 2013 - 2014, a questionnaire survey was respectively done both in China and the United States, in order to clarify the relationship among the employees’ Ego-identity (EI), Perceivd Organizational Support (POS), and Job Involvement (JI). The research questionnaire includes items for the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ), Job Involvement Factorial Structure of 20-Item Scale (6-item short measure version) and the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS). In this study, an online survey was conducted: 109 of the 111 surveys collected in the United States were valid, 256 of the 281 surveys collected in China were valid, so there were 365 valid questionnaires. The survey found that the average score of Chinese employees’ EIE (Ego-Identity Exploration) score was 59, and the average of Chinese employees’ EIC (Ego-identity Commitment) score was 45; the median score of American employees’ EIE and EIC were both 62, while the median score of total 365 employees’ EIE was 60 and the median score of EIC was 51. This paper shows the conclusions of the survey.

A Comparison of the Ego-Identity Status Between the Chinese and American Individuals

During 2013 - 2014, a survey had been done in both China and the United States, in order to clarify the difference of the ego-identity between Chinese and American individuals. Items for Ego Identity Process Questionnaire were taken as the questionnaire. The study was conducted using an online survey: 109 of the 111 in United States and 256 of the 281 in China collected survey responses were valid, a total of 365 copies. The median score of total 365’s ego-identity exploration was 60 and the median score of ego-identity commitment was 51. This paper shows the conclusions of the survey.

Parenting, identity development, internalizing symptoms, and alcohol use: a cross-sectional study in a group of Italian adolescents.

BackgroundLiterature has demonstrated the adaptive function of identity development and parenting toward manifestation of problem behaviors in adolescence. These dimensions act on both internalizing and externalizing symptoms.MethodsThe objective is to investigate the relationship between identity status, parenting, and adolescent problems, which may manifest through internalized (phobias, obsessions, depression, eating disorders, entropy) and externalized modes (alcohol use and school discomfort). The research involved 198 Italian students (104 males and 94 females) in the 4th year (mean =16.94 years, standard deviation =0.35) and 5th year (mean =17.94 years, standard deviation =0.43) of senior secondary schools, who live in Caltanissetta, a town located in Sicily, Italy. The research lasted for 1 school year. The general group consisted of 225 students with a mortality rate of 12%. They completed an anamnestic questionnaire to provide 1) basic information, 2) alcohol consumption attitude in the past 30 days, and 3) their beliefs about alcohol; the “Ego Identity Process Questionnaire” to investigate identity development; the “Parental Bonding Instrument” to measure the perception of parenting during childhood; and the “Constraints of Mind” to value the presence of internalizing symptoms.ResultsData show that identity status influences alcohol consumption. Low-profile identity and excessive maternal control affect the relational dependence and the tendency to perfectionism in adolescents. Among the predictors of alcohol use, there are socioeconomic status, parental control, and the presence of internalizing symptoms.ConclusionFamily is the favored context of learning beliefs, patterns, and values that affect the broader regulatory social environment, and for this reason, it is considered the privileged context on which to intervene to reduce the adolescents’ behavior problems. This deviance could be an external manifestation of the difficulty in management of internalizing symptoms in adolescence.

Altered self-identity and autobiographical memory in epilepsy.

Research suggests that individuals with chronic epilepsy display differences in their self-identity. The mechanisms by which self-identity is altered, however, are not well understood. Neural networks supporting autobiographical memory retrieval in the mesial temporal (MT) lobe are thought to be fundamental to self-identity processes. Thus, we examined differences in self-identity and autobiographical memory in patients with either MT or non-mesial temporal (NMT) foci with early or late age of habitual seizure onset. Participants included 102 adults: 51 healthy individuals and 51 patients with drug-resistant focal seizures (19 MT, 32 NMT). We used the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire to profile the identity development of participants, and examined how this related to memory function assessed using the Autobiographical Memory Test. Patients and controls had strikingly different self-identity profiles, with early onset MT patients showing the least identity development compared to controls and other patient groups. In contrast, late-onset NMT patients showed the highest level of identity development of the patient groups and closely resembled healthy controls (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). For all MT patients, poor autobiographical memory retrieval was correlated with altered self-identity (p < 0.001). No associations between autobiographical memory and self-identity were evident in the NMT group. Self-identity in epilepsy may be modulated by the extent to which seizure foci impinge on the autobiographical memory network and the timing of seizure onset. Early disruption to MT regions of the autobiographical memory network may constitute a neurocognitive mechanism by which self-identity is altered in chronic focal epilepsy.

What Does It Mean to Engage in Identity Exploration and to Hold Identity Commitments? A Methodological Critique of Multidimensional Measures for the Study of Identity Processes

In this article, the processes of identity exploration and commitment are considered in terms of theoretical conceptualizations and the operational definitions used in research. The perspectives of Erikson, Marcia, Luyckx, and Meeus are reviewed with respect to the multiple dimensions of these processes. Attention is focused on four exploration dimensions: (a) exploration in breadth, (b) exploration in depth, (c) reconsideration of commitment, and (d) ruminative exploration, and three dimensions of identity commitment: (a) presence versus absence of commitment, (b) extent of commitment-related activity, and (c) commitment quality. Identity status interviewing, as a methodology for the study of the identity status paradigm, and a variety of multidimensional questionnaires for research on identity, are compared for points of correspondence and divergence. A methodological critique of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, and the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale raises concerns that the reported convergence of questionnaire assessments with the identity status paradigm is problematic. Weaknesses in existing questionnaire instruments are identified and a series of proposals for improving measurement are presented.

Identity development, intelligence structure, and interests: a cross-sectional study in a group of Italian adolescents during the decision-making process.

BackgroundForming one’s identity is thought to be the key developmental task of adolescence, but profound changes in personality traits also occur in this period. The negotiation of complex social settings, the creation of an integrated identity, and career choice are major tasks of adolescence. The adolescent, having to make choices for his or her future, has not only to consider his or her own aspirations and interests but also to possess a capacity for exploration and commitment; in fact, career commitments can be considered as a fit between the study or career that is chosen and personal values, skills, and preferences.MethodsThe objective of the study reported here was to investigate the role of identity on profile of interests; the relation between identity and decisional style; the correlation between identity, aptitudes, interests, and school performance; and the predictive variables to school success. The research involved 417 Italian students who live in Enna, a small city located in Sicily, Italy, aged 16–19 years (197 males and 220 females) in the fourth year (mean =17.2, standard deviation =0.52) and the fifth year (mean =18.2, standard deviation =0.64) of senior secondary school. The research lasted for one school year; the general group of participants consisted of 470 students, and although all participants agreed to be part of the research, there was a dropout rate of 11.28%. They completed the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire to measure their identity development, the Intelligence Structure Test to investigate aptitudes, the Self-Directed Search to value interests, and General Decision Making Style questionnaire to describe their individual decisional style.ResultsThe data showed that high-school performance was positively associated with rational decision-making style and identity diffusion predicted the use of avoidant style. Interests were related to identity exploration; the differentiation of preferences was related to identity commitment; investigative personality correlated with the rational style and negatively with the spontaneous style and high levels of school performance; and social personality correlated with the use of the spontaneous style and the intuitive style, a high-profile identity, and identity exploration.ConclusionIntervention in the development of the identity process proves to be fundamental for increasing aptitudes and improving school performance, and, above all, for broadening the diversification and coherence of interests and improving the decisional process.

Influence of Identity, Congruence of Interest and Coping Strategy on Decision Making

Construction of identity and mechanisms with which it reaches vocational maturity lead adolescents to explore their interests and to make adequate choice. The objective of the contribution is to value the role of identity, congruence of interests and coping strategies as predictive variables to decision making. The research involved 350 students, attending the 4th and the 5th year of senior secondary schools. They completed Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, Self-Directed Search, General Decision Making Style and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced. Results indicate that the profile of interests is higher in adolescents with Achievement identity; a positive correlation between identity-moratorium status, intuitive decision making style and dependent coping strategy is noticed. Suggestions are being presented for future research.

Identity, Perception of Parent-adolescent Relation and Adjustment in a Group of University Students

The parent-adolescent relations play an important role in developing identity process (Berzonsky, Branje, & Meeus, 2007; Meeus, Iedema, & Engels, 2005). This study investigates the role that identity plays in mediating relationships between parenting and social adjustment in a group of 112 college students. They completed: Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (Balistreri, Bush-Rossnagel, & Geisinger, 1995), Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Turpin, & Brown, 1979) and Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Results show associations between parental support and relational adjustment, between identity status and relational adjustment. Therefore, the identity commitment represents an important variable for emotional and social adjustment in adolescence.

Dimensions of Identity and Subjective Quality of Life in Adolescents

The aim of this study is to investigate the relations between identity statuses and the perceived quality of life in adolescents aged 16–19. The research methods include the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire to assess identity status of a sample covering 233 participants (148 girls, 85 boys), and the Youth Quality of Life Instrument to assess their subjective quality of life. Diffused identity is linked to the lowest level of subjective quality of life, whereas foreclosed identity to the highest. Five patterns of the connection between identity dimensions and perceived quality of life have been distinguished through cluster analysis. The results indicate that different patterns of identity processes in adolescents coexist with different levels of quality of life.

The Role of Identity Development on Latent and Manifest Prejudice: The Perception of Immigrants in Italian University Context

Each identity is a particular story, developed through perceptions, feelings, thoughts and symbolic interactions. The study examines the predictor variables to the latent and manifest prejudice, and relationship between identity development and prejudice. The research involves 187 Italian college students. They completed: Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, Latent Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. As hypothesized, there is a different identity development due to the age variable, and a variant level of prejudge related to the gender; the results show, confirming the hypothesis, the presence of a correlation between ideological domains such as religion and politics and the level of manifest prejudice.