Carp Eggs Research Articles

Vertical Transmission of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio: Experimental Insights and Implications

Currently, little is known about vertical transmission of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). Here, we assessed potentials for (1) vertical transmission of CyHV-3 and (2) viral infection to fertilized eggs via viral-contaminated environmental water. After CyHV-3 exposure, eggs were incubated, and hatchlings were raised to juvenile stage. To assess occurrence of KHVD during the experiment, samplings were performed at various stages, such as fertilized egg, eyed egg, larval, and juvenile stages. The viral DNA was detected only from eggs at 3 h post fertilization, but not from fish at later stages. No mortality associated with CyHV-3 infection was observed in all the groups during the experimental period, or fish became 91 days post hatch. Additionally, those juveniles were re-exposed to CyHV-3 to investigate whether CyHV-3 infection was established at the egg stage. As a result, statistically significant difference was not observed in the cumulative mortality between the larval fish with or without CyHV-3 infection at the egg stage, suggesting that fish exposed to CyHV-3 at the egg stage did not acquire immunity against the viral infection. All our results suggest that it is improbable that KHVD can be transmitted vertically through eggs of common carp that have survived CyHV-3 infection.

Ecological inferences on invasive carp survival using hydrodynamics and egg drift models

Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (H. molitrix), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), are invasive species in North America. However, they hold significant economic importance as food sources in China. The drifting stage of carp eggs has received great attention because egg survival rate is strongly affected by river hydrodynamics. In this study, we explored egg-drift dynamics using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to infer potential egg settling zones based on mechanistic criteria from simulated turbulence in the Lower Missouri River. Using an 8-km reach, we simulated flow characteristics with four different discharges, representing 45–3% daily flow exceedance. The CFD results elucidate the highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of flow velocity, flow depth, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and the dissipation rate of TKE. The river hydrodynamics were used to determine potential egg settling zones using criteria based on shear velocity, vertical turbulence intensity, and Rouse number. Importantly, we examined the difference between hydrodynamic-inferred settling zones and settling zones predicted using an egg-drift transport model. The results indicate that hydrodynamic inference is useful in determining the ‘potential’ of egg settling, however, egg drifting paths should be taken into account to improve prediction. Our simulation results also indicate that the river turbulence does not surpass the laboratory-identified threshold to pose a threat to carp eggs.

The effect of water hardness on the development of embryo and larvae of silver carp (Hypophthalmychthis molitrix)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of water hardness on the fertilization rate, hatching rate, survival rate, and deformity rate of common carp larvae. In the experiment, fertilized eggs of silver carp were incubated in different water hardness levels of 70, 100, 130, 160, & 190 mg CaCO3/L, with a stocking density of 400 eggs/L. The experimental results showed that the fertilization rate was high (78.0 - 79.3%) and did not show significant differences between the treatments (P > 0.05). The hatching rate ranged from 41.0 to 54.0% and larvae stage had the highest survival rate of 54.0% at 70 mg CaCO3/L. The deformity rate of larvae ranged from 5.7 to 74.3% with the lowest observed at the 70 mg CaCO3/L. From the results of the study, it can be assumed that silver carp eggs should be incubated in an aquatic environment with a water hardness of 70 mg CaCO3/L.

Reproduction of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Maumee River, Ohio: Part 2—Optimal river conditions for egg and larval drift

This study uses a one-dimensional steady-state hydraulic model and the Fluvial Egg Drift Simulator (FluEgg) to model the drift and dispersion of grass carp eggs and larvae in the Maumee River, Ohio, for 180 scenarios representing different combinations of 10 river flows, 6 water temperatures, and 3 spawning locations. The FluEgg simulations were used to quantify in-river suspended hatching rates (the percentage of eggs that hatch within the river and in suspension) and in-river larval retention rates (the percentage of larvae that reach the gas bladder inflation stage within the river after hatching in suspension), and identify which scenarios produce the highest likelihood of recruitment. The simulations indicate that at low flows, in-river suspended hatching and larval retention rates in the Maumee River are limited by the capacity of the flow to keep fertilized eggs in suspension, whereas at high flows, the limiting factor is the distance available for the eggs/larvae to drift in the river. A wide range of scenarios result in eggs hatching within the river, but all larvae drift into Maumee Bay prior to the gas bladder inflation stage when flows exceed the mean annual flow. The simulations were assessed in the context of the hydraulic conditions that trigger spawning and maximize egg fertilization and the nursery habitat requirements for larval grass carp. The results indicate that the Maumee River, although suitable for grass carp spawning, may not be an ideal setting for recruitment unless Maumee Bay provides adequate nursery habitat for larvae.

О возможности использования гонад товарного осетра и промыслового сазана Волго-Каспийского региона в технологии рыбных консервов

The purpose was to establish the possibility of using secondary food fish raw materials of commercial sturgeon milt and gonads (milt, caviar eggs) of commercial carp in the technology of canned fish blanched in broth, tomato sauce and “pate” type. The objects of the study were: milt and caviar of carp, milt of sturgeon species of fish, blanched milt of carp and commercial sturgeon, blanching broth, samples of canned goods “Milt of commercial sturgeon and carp blanched in broth”, “Milt of commercial sturgeon and carp blanched in tomato sauce”, “Plow combined from milt of sturgeon fish and the gonads of the carp”. The commercial sturgeon milts are a homogeneous dense mass of milty-white color with gray inclusions with fat freely separating when pressed, indicating the need for their preliminary degreasing, while, after separation from milt fat deposits, they can be attributed to protein (19.6%) fatty (15.9%) types of raw materials. The norms for laying components have been developed and canned fish “Milt of commercial sturgeon and carp blanched in broth”, “Milt of commercial sturgeon and carp blanched in tomato sauce”, “Pate combined from milt and fish caviar” have been made. It was revealed that the samples of canned goods from blanched milt of commercial sturgeon and carp in all quality indicators meet the requirements of ISS 33430-2015 “Canned caviar and fish milt” and have an average score (4.5 and 4.6 points); the sample of canned food “Combined pate from milt and fish caviar” meets the requirements of ISS 7457-2007 “Canned fish pates” according to physico-chemical parameters, while the need for further experimental studies to improve its taste characteristics has been established.

Limiting downstream dispersal of invasive carp egg surrogates using a laboratory-scale oblique bubble screen

We conceptualize and test a non-intrusive barrier, comprised of an oblique bubble screen (OBS) oriented at an angle to the mean flow, to prevent the downstream dispersal of invasive carp egg surrogates. Three surrogates of different densities and diameters were tested. Secondary flows created by the OBS were tuned to redirect surrogate eggs to facilitate their capture. Surface particle image velocimetry and acoustic Doppler velocimetry were used to characterize secondary flows. We assessed the influence of airflow rate, OBS angle, mean flow velocity, and surrogate density on particle redirection. In general, redirection efficiency improves by increasing the OBS angle with respect to the cross-section. At a mean flow velocity of 0.75 metres per second (m/s), the OBS system redirected up to 60% (%) of positively buoyant particles (specific gravity SG = 0.9, and diameter d = 7.09 millimetres [mm]) and 40% of semi-buoyant particles (SG = 1.001, d = 3.1 mm). Negatively buoyant particles (SG = 1.04, and d = 5.90 mm) were redirected by the physical structure of the diffuser rather than by OBS-induced flow. The study shows that an OBS system can be used to effectively redirect carp-egg surrogates over a wide range of particle sizes and densities, allowing for selective targeting of undesired particles in streams.

The Beneficial Effects of Using Some Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Saprolegnniosis in Grass Carp Eggs and Fingerlings

The Beneficial Effects of Using Some Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Saprolegnniosis in Grass Carp Eggs and Fingerlings

Egg Hatching and Larval Survival of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) Againts Exposure to Carbamate Insecticides with Different Concentrations

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of Hours from the use of carbamate insecticides on hatchability of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs, to compare hatchability of carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs exposed to carbamate insecticides at different concentration levels, to compare survival rates. goldfish exposed to carbamate insecticides at different concentration levels. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) where there were 3 treatments and 1 control. In each treatment there were 3 replications. Data analysis used ANOVA and DNMRT tests. The results showed that the average percentage of goldfish egg hatchability was at a concentration of 0.4 ppm with 58% hatchability. While the percentage of survival is at a concentration of 0.4 ppm with hatchability of eggs is 56%. The results of acute toxicity test Hours of carp eggs are at a concentration of 0.8 ppm. The conclusion obtained is that the acute concentration of hours of carbamate pesticides with the active ingredient karbosulfan in Common carp eggs (Cyprinus carpio) is a concentration of 0.8 ppm. There are differences in egg hatchability and survival rate of carbamate (Cyprinus carpio) larvae on exposure to carbamate insecticides with different concentrations, and there is a tendency that the higher the concentration of carbamate insecticides used, the lower the hatchability of eggs and carbamate (Cyprinus carpio) larvae survival.

Effectiveness of papaya seed (Carica papaya L) solution against fungal prevalence and hatching power of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L) eggs

One of the causes of the low production of koi carp seeds is fungal attack during the egg-hatching period, so natural treatments need to be carried out, including the use of papaya seeds. Papaya seeds contain antifungal compounds in the form of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose of papaya seed solution in reducing the prevalence of the fungus and increasing the hatchability of koi goldfish eggs. This study was designed using a completely randomized design, which consisted of 5 treatments with 4 replications each. The treatment tested was papaya seed solution with treatment doses A=control, B=125 mg L-1, C=150 mg L-1, D=175 mgL-1, and E=200 mg L-1. Variables measured included the prevalence of the fungus, egg hatchability, observation of the fungus, hatching time, and water quality. The results showed that treatment with 125 mg L-1 of papaya seed solution reduced the prevalence of the fungus by 32.5% and resulted in the highest egg hatchability of 67.5%. The high hatchability of eggs is due to the presence of antifungal compounds in the form of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and karpain contained in papaya seeds which provide protection for eggs against fungal infections so that eggs can hatch properly. The best dose of papaya seed solution to prevent fungal infection in koi carp eggs obtained at 200 mg L-1, 11.25%.

Settling and transport properties of grass carp and silver carp eggs in the water-hardened phase: Implications for resource protection and invasion control during early life period

Grass carp and silver carp eggs have no swimming ability in the water-hardened phase and need to drift for tens or even hundreds of hours before complete incubation. A full comprehensive understanding of the settling and transport properties of eggs is crucial for the resource protection and invasion control of Four Major Chinese Carps (FMCCs) during their early life stages. Artificial eggs have been used extensively in previous field and flume experiments; however, our understanding of the settling and transport properties of real eggs in the water-hardened phase remains limited. In the present study, a series of column and flume experiments were conducted in stagnant and moving water, respectively. In light of the differences in settling characteristics, caution should be exercised when applying research results obtained from artificial eggs having the closest diameter and specific gravity as real eggs. Compared with grass carp and silver carp eggs in the water-hardening phase, egg diameters in the water-hardened phase were 36% and 33% greater, respectively, and egg hydrostatic settling velocities were 31% and 40% lower, respectively. Significant interspecific differences between the two species exist in terms of egg size and hydrostatic settling velocity. Based on linear mixed effects analysis of dominant transport trajectories and regression analysis between suspending rate and flow velocity, 0.30 m/s can be considered as critical drifting velocity in uniform flow. Adaptive management schemes are discussed to promote resource protection and invasion control of FMCCs during the early life stages. The results of the present study enhance our understanding of drifting egg movement and provide insights that could facilitate the comprehensive management of FMCCs.

WhoseEgg: classification software for invasive carp eggs.

The collection of fish eggs is a commonly used technique for monitoring invasive carp. Genetic identification is the most trusted method for identifying fish eggs but is expensive and slow. Recent work suggests random forest models could provide an inexpensive method for identifying invasive carp eggs based on morphometric egg characteristics. While random forests provide accurate predictions, they do not produce a simple formula for obtaining new predictions. Instead, individuals must have knowledge of the R coding language, limiting the individuals who can use the random forests for resource management. We present WhoseEgg: a web-based point-and-click application that allows non-R users to access random forests via a point and click interface to rapidly identify fish eggs with an objective of detecting invasive carp (Bighead, Grass, and Silver Carp) in the Upper Mississippi River basin. This article provides an overview of WhoseEgg, an example application, and future research directions.

Sperm and egg in vitro storage effects on artificial fertilization and hatching in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

This is the first report showing fertilization of short-term stored eggs (19 °C) with short-term stored diluted sperm (0–2 °C) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). From 5 males, fresh (control) and 7-day stored sperm were diluted with common carp extender. After collection of eggs from nine females, the eggs were immediately pooled into three groups from females 1–3, 4–6 and 7–9, according to the eggs' quality based on visual criteria. They were placed in beakers, covered and incubated at 19 °C (for each pool, 10 g of eggs from each female were used). The 7-day short-term storage sperm was incubated at 20 °C for 20 min and pooled before being used for fertilization. The eggs were fertilized with fresh and short-term storage sperm after 1, 3 and 6 h post storage of eggs and activated with hatchery water and Perchec solution. Sperm motility and velocity (50–54% and 80–115 µm/s) of 7-day short-term storage sperm at 0–2 °C were ensured by additional incubation of sperm at 20 °C for 20 min before being activated. Principal component analysis showed that the sorting of eggs of different females into three groups according to sperm quality, fertilization ability and production of malformed larvae was successful. It is recommended that overripe common carp eggs are stored for a maximum of 1 h. A period of 3 h can be used for better quality eggs and exceptionally, up to 6 h for very high-quality eggs. Higher larvae malformation was found in the 6 h aged eggs together with fertilized short-term storage and fresh sperm. In all quality groups of eggs, the effect of different sperm, activation medium and egg storage time on the level of malformations was observed. The activation solution for carp did not show any positive fertilization and hatching effects.

Grass Carp Reproduction in Small Tributaries of Harry S. Truman Reservoir, Missouri: Implications for Establishment in Novel Habitats

AbstractSubstantial work has been conducted to estimate the river length required for recruitment of invasive Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and bigheaded carps (Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Silver Carp H. molitrix); however, the distance upstream and size of stream required for spawning remain unclear. Adult Grass Carp are regularly captured in Harry S. Truman Reservoir, Missouri, although there have been only unconfirmed sightings of Silver Carp. Fertile diploid Grass Carp are used legally for vegetation control in Missouri; however, it is uncertain whether Grass Carp in Harry S. Truman Reservoir are the result of natural reproduction or escapees. We used ichthyoplankton tows and environmental DNA (eDNA) to investigate which carp species were present in the reservoir basin and to determine whether these carps were spawning in reservoir tributaries. Grass Carp eggs were collected in four of five tributaries during June 2014. We did not detect eggs, larvae, or eDNA of Bighead Carp or Silver Carp. The occurrence of Grass Carp eggs generally coincided with rapid increases in discharge and turbidity. These tributaries may be the smallest rivers worldwide in which spawning of Grass Carp has been documented. We infer from the developmental stages captured and the distance from the reservoir that sufficient river length exists for egg survival. These results have broad implications concerning the establishment of Grass Carp in other novel habitats, including other reservoirs and lake basins, smaller rivers, and the Laurentian Great Lakes ecosystem.

Gynogenetic Cirrhinus mrigala produced using irradiated sperm of Cyprinus carpio exhibit better cold tolerance

Artificial gynogenesis is an important method for accelerating the selective breeding of varieties and populations. In this study, ultraviolet-irradiated sperm of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was used to activate the mature eggs of mrigal carp (Cirrhinus mrigala, MC), after cold shock at 4–8 °C for 16 min to double the chromosomes, a population of gynogenetic mrigal carp (GMC) was obtained. The fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate of GMC exceeded 62.2%, 6.3% and 2.9%, respectively. Comparative analyses of morphological traits, DNA content, chromosome numbers and 5S rDNA sequences showed no significant differences between MC and GMC. However, microsatellite (MFW1, CCA15) analysis revealed that paternal DNA fragments were inserted and a parent DNA fragment was deleted in the GMC. The GMC population survived the natural winter for more than 50 days with a temperature below 10 °C, while all the normal MC individuals perished. In addition, lower critical thermal minimum (CTMin) and lethal temperature (TLD50) values were detected in GMC than that in MC. Our results indicated that the artificial gynogenesis method improved the cold tolerance of mrigal carp. The results of this study are of great significance for fish breeding and application.

BIOTESTING OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON AREAS OF THE R. ROS AND R. PROTOKA ON THE VIABILITY OF CARP FISH EGGS AND LARVAE

BIOTESTING OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON AREAS OF THE R. ROS AND R. PROTOKA ON THE VIABILITY OF CARP FISH EGGS AND LARVAE

Incaptive culturing of Goldfish and Koi carp in Punjab, Pakistan

This study observed the captive culture of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio in the Potohar region, Punjab, Pakistan. Captive culturing of both species was conducted up to one-month post hatchlings. The sample size was 180 (90 goldfish and 90 koi carp) and kept in cemented raceways under optimum conditions. The study period was from October 2019 to April 2020. The natural breeding season for Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio was from 25th January to 5th February and the end of February to 11th March, respectively. The induced breeding duration for goldfish and koi carp was from 6th to 25th February and for koi carp from 12th to 30th March, respectively. For artificial breeding, the synthetic hormone Ovaprim C was injected intra-peritoneally at 0.5 ml/kg and 0.1 ml/kg body weight of females and males, respectively. Both the species were fed a 30% crude protein diet. Hydrilla plants were used for the adhesion of eggs. The female to male ratio was 2:3. Approximately 4500 to 5000 eggs of goldfish and 17000 to 18000 eggs of koi carp were laid. Fertilization, hatching, and survival rates observed for both were approximately 74%, 57% and 42.5%, respectively.

The acceptance of panelists for processed carp nuggets

Carp is one of the types of freshwater fish that has a high economic value and is easy to cultivate. The people are very familiar with Carp. Carp is one of the types of freshwater fish that is favored by the public because of its delicious meat and is rich in protein. One of the problems when harvesting carp is the high damage to fish due to a lack of understanding of fish quality. Fish processing is one of the ways to prevent fish from rotting. One of the efforts to process fish is to make it into fish nuggets. Nuggets are products that have been heated until they are precooked, and then are frozen. This study aims to determine the acceptability of panelists in processing carp nuggets. This research was conducted from March to April 2022. The manufacturing of carp nuggets was carried out at the Food Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Indonesia Timur, Makassar. The ingredients that were used in making carp nuggets were carp meat, wheat flour, tapioca flour, salt, garlic, pepper, eggs, water, breadcrumbs, and cooking oil. Based on the results and discussion of the average value of treatment for A1 (100% wheat flour) is 2.8, the average value for treatment for A2 (100% tapioca flour) is 3.3, and the average value of treatment for A3 (50:50) is 3.8 so it can be concluded that the panelists are more accepting of carp nuggets with a treatment of A3 which are 360 grams of carp meat, 45 grams of flour, 45 grams tapioca flour.

Evaluations of Lagrangian egg drift models: From a laboratory flume to large channelized rivers

To help better interpret computational models in predicting drift of carp eggs in rivers, we present a series of model assessments for the longitudinal egg dispersion. Two three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking models, SDrift and FluEgg, are evaluated in a series of channels with increasing complexity. The model evaluation demonstrates that both models are able to accommodate channel complexity and provide a wide range of dispersion coefficients: Kl=O(1−100)Hu∗ with H being water depth and u∗ being shear velocity. In a straight channel with Kl=O(1)Hu∗, SDrift predicts weaker longitudinal dispersion than FluEgg in the early stage as a result of weak vertical mixing associated with smooth wall turbulence. With sufficient time, SDrift and FluEgg predict similar egg dispersion, accounting for the differential advection due to the vertical velocity profile. In an idealized curved channel with Kl=O(10)Hu∗, dispersion is driven by both vertical and transverse velocity profiles. SDrift yields slightly larger dispersion coefficients than FluEgg. In a real river with channel-training structures and having Kl=O(100)Hu∗, SDrift predicts a stronger longitudinal dispersion than FluEgg due to substantial local turbulent eddies and velocity gradients. To summarize, FluEgg shows good performance in capturing dispersion due to vertical velocity profiles and cross-channel velocity gradients. SDrift shows excellent model capabilities of revealing various dispersion mechanisms in addition to the vertical and cross-channel velocity variations. They include the initial turbulent diffusion stage with growing dispersion coefficients and strong dispersion due to in-stream hydraulic structures and localized turbulence.

Antifungal activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract on Saprolegnia infected common carp (Cyprinis carpio L.) eggs

Common carp [Cyprinus carpio L.] eggs in fish hatcheries can be severely infected by water molds, especially Saprolegnia. The current study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of alcoholic turmeric [Curcuma longa L. extract as a prophylactic measure to prevent infection during the incubation period instead of Malachite Green as an eco-friendly method. Fungi were isolated and identified during the treatment time of the artificial propagation spring season of carp fish 2021; Curcumin was extracted from turmeric [Curcuma longa L.] by silica gel column for the removal of essential oil, and its concentration was determined and compared with the standard by HPLC. The percentage of infected eggs, non-infected eggs, hatching eggs, and larvae survival rate after seven days of incubation were estimated. Saprolegnia spp. were isolated and identified depending on their morphological features. Deferment concentrations of Curcumin were used [250,500 and 1000] mg\L. There is no significant difference between treatments, but all concentrations are significantly different from Malachite Green. The percentage rate of infected eggs was 0.9±2.2, and non-infected eggs were 98.8±0.4 hatching rate was 55.3± 1.4, and larvae survival rate was 90.4±1.7. Alcoholic extract of Curcumin proved its efficacy as an eco-friendly compound to be successfully used as a prophylactic treatment of carp eggs in the hatchery.

Dynamic Transcriptional Landscape of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Reveals Key Transcriptional Features Involved in Fish Development.

A high-quality baseline transcriptome is a valuable resource for developmental research as well as a useful reference for other studies. We gathered 41 samples representing 11 tissues/organs from 22 important developmental time points within 197 days of fertilization of grass carp eggs in order to systematically examine the role of lncRNAs and alternative splicing in fish development. We created a high-quality grass carp baseline transcriptome with a completeness of up to 93.98 percent by combining strand-specific RNA sequencing and single-molecule real-time RNA sequencing technologies, and we obtained temporal expression profiles of 33,055 genes and 77,582 transcripts during development and tissue differentiation. A family of short interspersed elements was preferentially expressed at the early stage of zygotic activation in grass carp, and its possible regulatory components were discovered through analysis. Additionally, after thoroughly analyzing alternative splicing events, we discovered that retained intron (RI) alternative splicing events change significantly in both zygotic activation and tissue differentiation. During zygotic activation, we also revealed the precise regulatory characteristics of the underlying functional RI events.