Egg White Method Research Articles

Rapid Bio-Assisted Synthesis and Magnetic Behavior of Zinc Oxide/Carbon Nanoparticles

The biomimetic synthesis of a ZnO/C nanocomposite has been achieved using the egg white-assisted self-combustion method. The characterization of this composite has been carried out using different techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM/EDS and TEM. A comparative study was conducted between ZnO in the form of this composite and pristine ZnO, which was prepared via the same procedures but without the egg white. The resulting ZnO had a hexagonal structure, similar to wurtzite, with a P63mc space group. When this egg white method was used to produce a ZnO-based material, a ZnO/C nanocomposite was developed, and the ZnO’s crystallite size was significantly decreased. The structural properties—including the unit cell volume, strain, atom displacement and dislocation density—of this ZnO crystal are increased as a result of the presence of a C atom. On the other hand, the length of the Zn–O bond is reduced by the presence of the C atom. Results derived from a combination of Raman, FTIR, and EDS demonstrate that the carbonaceous layers and ZnO nanoparticles were integrated with a close interfacial contact. The preparation method used here brought about obvious changes in the morphological and magnetic behaviors of the as-prepared materials. Using a small amount of egg white resulted in the transformation of the particle’s shape from a hexagonal cone-type structure to an ellipsoidal structure. Based on an analysis of diffuse reflectance, the ZnO and ZnO/C band gap values were revealed using UV–VIS spectra. ZnO and ZnO/C exhibit band gap energies of 3.09 and 2.60 eV, respectively. A phase transition from weakly ferromagnetic to completely diamagnetic magnetic was discovered.

Magnetic properties of biocompatible [formula omitted] nanoparticles using a facile synthesis

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesised by a simple and cost-effective method using Co and Fe nitrates and freshly extracted egg white in an aqueous medium. X-ray diffraction patterns and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern results indicate that the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles have spinel structure with Fd3¯m space group. The average particle size of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles is found to from 45 nm. Temperature and field dependence of magnetisation reveals that the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles form ferrimagnetic in nature. A null cytotoxicity is observed in the CoFe2O4 nanoparticle which indicates that the material has an excellent biocompatibility. In order to check the importance of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles using the egg-white synthesis, the structural, magnetic and cytotoxicity of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared via egg white method have been compared with that of sol–gel method. The egg-white method adopted in the present study appears to be a promising route of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

One-pot synthesis of LaFeO3-NiFe2O4 nanocomposite ceramic by egg-white method and its magnetic and dielectric properties

A facile, one-pot synthesis of nanocomposite of LaFeO3-NiFe2O4 was demonstrated by using egg-white method. The same method was adopted to synthesize the individual component oxide nanoparticles of LaFeO3 (LFO) and NiFe2O4 (NFO). The phase formation of individual components and the nanocomposite was confirmed using powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The measured room temperature magnetic properties of LFO, NFO and LFO-NFO nanoparticles revealed an enhancement in the properties of the nanocomposite. The dielectric behaviours of LFO, NFO and LFO-NFO pellets sintered at different temperatures such as 800, 900 and 1000 °C were investigated and correlated with the microstructures.

Synthesis and characterization of NiO Nanoparticles using egg white method

NiO nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical method using Egg white. Phase formation and magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles were characterized by using TG/DTA, XRD, RAMAN and VSM. Magnetic parameters such as remnant (MR) and saturation magnetization (MS) of NiO nanoparticles sintered at 700 °C were 0.007 and 1.04 emu/g, respectively. ESR measurement was also carried out to identify the origin of magnetic nature and the measured effective g-factor of NiO nanoparticles is 2.29. Morphological characterization has been done on obtained NiO nanoparticles by FE-SEM and TEM analysis. The chemical composition of NiO nanoparticles was identified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies. Dielectric properties of sintered NiO disk were examined at room temperature as a function of frequency.

Structural, magnetic and electrical characterization of Mg–Ni nano-crystalline ferrites prepared through egg-white precursor

Soft Ni–Mg nano-crystalline ferrites with the general formula Ni1−xMgxFe2O4 (0≤x≤1) were synthesized through egg-white method. The precursor decomposition was followed by thermal analysis techniques. The obtained ferrites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and transmission electron microscopy measurements. X-ray diffraction showed the cubic spinel structure with crystallite size variation within the range 20–45nm. The different structural data obtained were discussed in the view of ionic radii of the entire ions and their distribution within the lattice. The appropriate suggested cation distribution was then confirmed through Fourier transform infrared as well as electrical and magnetic properties measurements. Transmission electron microscopy exhibited a nano-crystal aggregation phenomenon. The observed size of the spherical particles agrees well with that obtained by X-ray diffraction. Hysteresis loop measurements revealed dilution in the obtained magnetic parameters by Mg-substitution due to the preferential occupancy of Mg2+ ions by the octahedral sites. Ac-electrical conductivity as a function of temperature and frequency exhibited a semi-conducting behavior with conductivity decreases by increasing Mg-content. The change in the slope of the curve indicates the changing in the conduction mechanism from electron hopping to polaron mechanism by increasing temperature. The obtained structural, electrical and magnetic properties were explained based on the cation distribution among tetrahedral and octahedral sites.

Characterization of Zn-Substituted Nano-Sized CoAl2O4 Powder Synthesized by Egg-White Method

Characterization of Zn-Substituted Nano-Sized CoAl2O4 Powder Synthesized by Egg-White Method

Synthesis and magnetic properties of Cu0.7Zn0.3AlxFe2−xO4 nanoferrites using egg-white method

A simple and low cost effective method involving egg white (ovalbumin) is used to synthesize the Cu0.7Zn0.3AlxFe2−xO4 nanoparticles. The structural and magnetic properties of the synthesized samples were studied as a function of Al content x. The formation of crystal phase was identified by the X-ray diffraction method. All the samples confirm the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure and lattice constant that were found to decrease with the increase in Al content x. The morphology and particle size were examined by scanning electron microscopy. We report the synthesis of nanoparticle with crystallite size ranging from 25 to 33nm. A vibrating sample magnetometer was used to obtain the hysteresis parameters. The saturation magnetization and magneton number decreased with the substitution of Al ions. The Curie temperature was determined from a.c. susceptibility plots and it is found to decrease with Al substitution.

Room temperature Multiferroic properties of Nd doped Ba4−xFeTi3O12 nanoparticles

In order to develop multiferroics with large magnetization and polarization, we have prepared the Ba4−xNdxFeTi3O12, x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 ceramic nanoparticles prepared through egg-white method. The dielectric properties of the samples show normal behavior and have been explained in the light of space charge polarization. The magnetic properties of the samples were improved by the introduction of Nd in the perovskite structure. The chemically modified Ba4−xNdxFeTi3O12 nanoparticles exhibit weak ferromagnetism and a typical ferroelectric hysteresis loop with a remnant polarization (Pr) of 0.243μC/cm2 and large saturation magnetization (Ms) of 1.85emu/g at room temperature. These properties entitle the grown nanoparticles of BNFT are one of the few multiferroic materials that exhibit decent magnetization and electric polarization.

Ferroelectric and magnetic properties of Nd-doped Bi4 − xFeTi3O12 nanoparticles prepared through the egg-white method

Multiferroic behavior of Bi4 − xNdxFeTi3O12 (0.0 ≤ × ≤ 0.25, × = 0.05) ceramic nanoparticles prepared through the egg-white method was investigated. The dielectric properties of the samples show normal behavior and are explained in the light of space charge polarization. Room temperature polarization-electric field (P-E) curves show that the samples are not saturated with maximum remanence polarization, Pr = 0.110 μC/cm2, and a relatively low coercive field, Ec = of 7.918 kV/cm, at an applied field of 1 kV/cm was observed for 5% Nd doping. The room temperature M-H hysteresis curve shows that the samples exhibit intrinsic antiferromagnetism with a weak ferromagnetism. These properties entitle the grown nanoparticles of BNFT as one of the few multiferroic materials that exhibit decent magnetization and electric polarization.

Synthesis characterization and magnetic properties of Cr-substituted NiCuZn nanocrystalline ferrite

Egg-white method was used to produce nanocrystalline Cr-substituted NiCuZn ferrites; Ni 0.50Cu 0.25Zn 0.25Fe 2− x Cr x O 4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) from stoichiometric mixture of their respective metal nitrate. The structural, morphological and magnetic properties of the products were determined by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The average crystallite sizes obtained from XRD were between 15 and 25 nm. Magnetization measurements indicated that when the Cr substitution increases the saturation magnetization decreases due to the magnetic character of the chromium ions which prefers octahedral site occupation. The coercivity was found to change proportionally with the particle sizes of the investigated ferrites.