Egalitarian Sex-role Attitudes Research Articles

若年女性の平等主義的性役割態度と就労との関係について : 就労経験および理想の仕事キャリア・昇進パターン

若年女性の平等主義的性役割態度と就労との関係について : 就労経験および理想の仕事キャリア・昇進パターン

平等主義的性役割態度 : SESRA(英語版)の信頼性と妥当性の検討および日米女性の比較

平等主義的性役割態度 : SESRA(英語版)の信頼性と妥当性の検討および日米女性の比較

Political regimes and the family: how sex-role attitudes continue to differ in reunified Germany

We exploit the German separation and later reunification to investigate whether political regimes can shape attitudes about appropriate roles for women in the family and the labor market. During the divided years, East German institutions encouraged female employment, while the West German system deterred women, in particular mothers, from full-time employment. Our results show that East Germans are significantly more likely to hold egalitarian sex-role attitudes than West Germans. Despite a scenario of partial policy convergence after reunification, we find no evidence for a convergence process in gender attitudes. Indeed, if anything, the gap in attitudes rather increased.

Japanese Adults’ Sex Role Attitudes and Judgment Criteria Concerning Gender Equality: The Diversity of Gender Egalitarianism

This study investigated how societal conditions have influenced Japanese gender egalitarianism by analyzing sex and age group differences in attitudes towards sex roles and “gender equality judgment criteria,” the theoretical framework used to capture the diversity of gender egalitarianism. Questionnaire surveys were mailed to 1,000 randomly sampled Japanese adults in their 30s to 60s (501 valid responses). The results show that the most egalitarian sex role attitudes and greatest consideration given to gender equality judgment criteria were seen in women and in the 40s age group. This age group difference could be attributed to societal conditions during adolescence and young adulthood, including the questioning of the homemaker role during the women’s movement in Japan and the passage of laws concerning equal employment opportunities for both sexes in 1985.

Rape Myth Scale: Factor structure and relationship with gender egalitarianism among Japanese professionals

Services provided to rape victims by human service professionals are usually helpful but are occasionally very harmful in that the victim ends up feeling 're-victimized'. This may be caused by the attitudes of the professionals towards the victims based on beliefs regarding rape and gender roles. Japanese human service professionals were solicited for responses to the Rape Myth Scale (RMS) and the short form of the Scale of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes (SESRA-S). One interpretable factor was extracted according to an exploratory factor analysis. Impact of the participants' age, sex, residential area, and type of profession on rape myth acceptance were examined by four-way layout ANOVA. Nurses had significantly higher rape myth acceptance than any other professional group. Furthermore, a structural equation model showing the contribution of sex role egalitarian attitude to rape myth acceptance was established.

Egalitarian sex role attitudes among Japanese human service professionals: Confirmatory factor analytic study

The psychometric properties of the short form of the Scale of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes (SESRA-S) were studied among human service professionals. An exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors interpreted as reflecting women's rights (e.g. women at home and men at work [a reverse item]) and women's independence (e.g. working outside is equally important for women [a non-reverse item]), respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit. Impact of participant age, sex, residential area, and type of profession on sex role egalitarianism were examined by four-way layout anova. Men in rural areas had the lowest score in the women's rights subscale and psychiatrists in rural areas had the lowest score in the women's independence subscale.

Sex Segregation of Friendship Networks. Individual and Structural Determinants of Having Cross-Sex Friends

Insights from psychological and sociological research are combined to explain why some individuals include more opposite-sex friends in their network than others. Individual determinants include sex-role attitudes and social needs and skills; structural determinants include a person's life course and the composition of settings to which people were exposed. Hypotheses derived from the literature and panel data on young adults in the Netherlands are analysed to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that for women, the chance of having opposite-sex friends is increased by a heterogeneous sex-composition of local settings (schools, work, and associations) and by a high degree of social skills. For men, the chance of opposite-sex friendships is increased by egalitarian sex-role attitudes and by a high degree of loneliness, not by local settings. For both men and women, the chance of having opposite-sex friendships declines sharply over the early life course. When comparing men and women, it is concluded that for women, opportunity structures have the biggest impact, followed by life-course variables and individual characteristics, while for men, individual characteristics are most important, followed by life-course variables and opportunity structures. The relative order of the three explanations thus appears to be the opposite for men and women

Construction of a short-form of the scale of egalitarian sex role attitudes (SESRA-S)

This article describes the construction of a 15-item short-form of the Scale of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes (SESRA-S) based on factor analysis and examines the reliability and the validity of the short-form using data from a sample of 109 men and 93 women. SESRA-S is a self-report measure of the level of egalitarian attitudes toward the roles of men and women. Its reliability coefficient was .91, the test-retest coefficient with a four-week interval .89, and the correlation coefficient with the full form .94. These support the reliability of the short-form. Evidence of the construct validity was derived from the confirmation of five hypotheses regarding gender, educational attainment, women's employment status, age, and surname change after marriage. The findings of the present study provide evidence for the utility of the short-form as a satisfactory and time-efficient substitute for the SESRA full form.

The Relationship Between Task-Specific Self-Efficacy Egalitarianism and Career Indecision for Females

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between task-specific self-efficacy as measured by the Task-Specific Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (Osipow & Rooney, 1989) and career indecision as measured by the Career Decision Scale—3rd Rev. (Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, & Koschier, 1976) for females classified as possessing high or low egalitarian sex-role attitudes. Subjects were 168 female college students who were classified as high or low egalitarian according to their scores on the Sex-role Egalitarianism Scale form KK (Beere, King, Beere, & King, 1984). Pearson-product moment correlations were computed between self- efficacy scores and career indecision scores for the two groups. The results provide minimal support for the hypothesis that there would be a significant relationship between career indecision and self- efficacy as moderated by sex-role orientation. These results are limited due to a negatively skewed distribution on the egalitarianism measure.

Fathers and Parental Leave

This research examined the parental leave-taking behaviors and attitudes of a sample of 550 U.S. men whose wives/partners were pregnant, in a longitudinal design that assessed them during the middle trimester of pregnancy, 1 month after the birth, and 4 months after the birth. Identity theory provided the theoretical framework. The fathers' mean length of leave was 5 days, with 71% of fathers taking 5 or fewer days; 91% of fathers took at least some leave. Generally both men and women were strong supporters of job-guaranteed parental leave for fathers, although opinions were mixed about paid parental leave for fathers. The employer's policy regarding length of leave was a significant predictor of the length of leave taken. As predicted by identity theory, sex role attitudes predicted length of leave; supervisor/co-worker attitudes were marginally significant predictors. As predicted by our analysis of the good-provider model and the father involvement model, fathers holding egalitarian sex role attitudes and high in family salience took the longest leaves.

Beliefs About the Consequences of Maternal Employment for Children

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Beliefs About the Consequences of Maternal Employment (BACMEC) scale in a sample of 570 pregnant women and 550 of their husbands/partners. Both the costs and benefits subscales showed excellent internal consistency reliability. The two subscales emerged as two separate factors in factor analyses, both for the mothers' data and for the fathers' data. Construct validity was indicated by moderate correlations with a scale assessing traditional versus egalitarian sex-role attitudes. The two subscales significantly differentiated a group of mothers who favored early entry into childcare from a group who favored later entry. Fathers' scores were quite close to those of mothers, indicating that they have similar beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment for children.

Egalitarian sex role attitudes: Scale development and comparison of American and Japanese women

The English Form of the Scale of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes was administered to 238 American women after the original Japanese Form was developed and administered to 420 Japanese women. The results reveal that the English Form has a potential for use as a measurement of American women's sex role attitudes. The results of cross-cultural comparisons suggest that American women have more egalitarian attitudes than their Japanese counterparts. However, they have basically similar attitudes toward more general egalitarian values. Among the four roles of “woman,” “wife,” “mother,” and “person,” the majority of the American women choose “person” as the most important role, whereas the Japanese women do not claim any clear dominant role. But the results show that the Japanese women's attitudes toward women's roles have become more egalitarian and individualistic during the past two decades.

Prise de décision dans la famille: Une bibliographie sélective (1980–1990)

Abdel-Ghany Mohamed and Ann C. Foster (1982), Impact of Income and Wife's Education on Family Consumption Expenditures, J. Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 6 (March), 2 1-28. Acock Alan C, Deborah Barker and Vern L. Bengston (1982), Mother's Employment and ParentYouth Similarity, J. Marriage and Family, 44 (May), 441-455. Acock Alan C. and John N. Edwards (1982), Egalitarian Sex-Role Attitudes and Female Income, J. Marriage and Family, 44 (August) , 58 1 -589. Alaniz Lisa P. and Mary C. Gilly (1986), The Hispanic Family : Consumer Research Issues, Psych, and Marketing , 3 (Winter), 291-304. Aldous Joan, From Dual-Earner to Dual-Career Families and Back Again, in J. Aldous ed., Two Paychecks : Life in Dual-Earner Families, Sage Focus Editions, V, 56, 1982, 1 1-26. Allen Chris T., Kathleen Debevec and Kenny R. Chan, Nontraditional Family Forms, Time Observation and Household Behaviors : Perspectives and Research Directions for the Consumer Researcher, Proceedings, AMA Educational Workshop in the Changing Household. Its Nature and Consequences , Cambridge, MA, 1983, in Marketing to the Changing Household : Management and Research Perspectives , Mary Lou Roberts and Lawrence H. Wortzel (eds), Cambridge, MA, Ballinger, 1984. Allen Chris T. and Charles M. Schaninger, Dual Career, Dual Income and Non-Work Families, AMA, 7, 1980, 93-96.

Sex role attitudes of self and those inferred of peers, performance, and career opportunities as reported by women in nontraditional vs. traditional training programs

Compared to 135 women in traditional training programs (health care — nursing assistantship), the 151 women in nontraditional training programs (trades and technology — welding, drafting, electronics engineering technology, air conditioning technology, metal fabrication, etc.) were expected to report more egalitarian sex role attitudes and to perceive their peers in the program as more egalitarian also. They were expected to demonstrate greater academic success than traditional women in these nontraditional programs. Overall support was found with the exception that nontraditional women in the nontraditional program expected more difficulties than the traditional women outside than program. These findings were interpreted as reflecting person by environment fit and the consensual validation of sex role attitudes made possible by perceived similar-minded peers. The greater difficulties foreseen by women in the nontraditional program suggested systemic discrimination in the work force outweighed person by environment fit, in the women's assessment of nontraditional career opportunities.

The Psycho-Economics of Feeling Underpaid: Distributive Justice and the Earnings of Husbands and Wives

A national sample of married couples helps to untangle the complex relationship between levels of pay and the feeling of being underpaid. The data show that as income rises, people shift from comparisons based on the amount needed to "get along" to the amount needed to "get ahead," thereby producing a U-shaped relationship betweenn income levels and perceived underpayment. Moreover, this pattern is influenced by relative husband-wife earnings. As spouse's income increase, employed women feel less underpaid while employed men feel just the opposite-though couples with more egalitarian sex-role attitudes are less extreme in this response. Finally, the paper considers the implcations of Jasso's Law of Justice Evaluations, which says that the injustice of underpayment should be judged relative to average inocome levels. Women's perceived dollar underpayment is about the same as that for men. But given that they are at significantly lower average income levles than men, Jasso's Law suggests that the relative injustice for women is much greater.

The Effects of Dual-Career Families on Adolescents' Sex-Role Attitudes, Work and Family Plans, and Choices of Important Others

This study compares sex-role attitudes and choices of significant others and role models of adolescents from dual-career families and traditional single-earner families. Adolescents from dual-career families have less traditionsl sex-role attitudes and prefer a dual-worker family structure relative to adolescents from traditional single-earner families. The data show that the influences of family structure varies both by sex of respondent and by type of role under consideration. A positive feedback loop is created in which dual-career families produce children who will form dual-career families when they marry; the number of individuals with egalitarian sex-role attitudes and behaviors should also increase. Peers and same-sex parents have the greatest influence on sex role regardless of family structure. Potential interactions between dual-career families and variables such as ethnicity age of the children and the mothers attitudes toward her employment also should be explored in future work. (authors modified)

Alcohol consumption patterns among women in Baltimore.

A telephone survey of women aged 18 + (N = 1084) in Baltimore during 1980 showed that 8.1% had a heavy alcohol intake (2 + drinks per day) and that 22.4% engaged in escape drinking. Age, race, marital status, maternal status, income, education, employment and degree of urbanization were examined for their relationships with the amount of alcohol consumption and the prevalence of escape drinking. Multivariate analysis showed that being married or widowed, lower educational attainment and less egalitarian sex-role attitudes were associated with lower alcohol consumption.

A Society in Transition: Structure and Determinants of Attitudes Toward the Role and Status of Women in Ireland

This study examines the structure of attitudes toward the role and status of women in Ireland and their demographic determinants. Following a pilot test and an instrument pre-test, the main study was based on a stratified quota sample of 420 male and female Dublin adults, aged 18 to 65. Using factor analysis, eight measures were developed tapping attitudes toward the role and status of women. There was a consistent pattern of significant main effects for sex, age, and SES, which indicated that males, older people and those of lower SES background held more traditional attitudes and were less likely to favor social policies associated with greater equality. Among married women, employment status was a significant determinant of more egalitarian sex-role attitudes along a number of dimensions. The implications of the results for social change in Ireland are discussed.

A Society in Transition: Structure and Determinants of Attitudes Toward the Role and Status of Women in Ireland

This study examines the structure of attitudes toward the role and status of women in Ireland and their demographic determinants. Following a pilot test and an instrument pre-test, the main study was based on a stratified quota sample of 420 male and female Dublin adults, aged 18 to 65. Using factor analysis, eight measures were developed tapping attitudes toward the role and status of women. There was a consistent pattern of significant main effects for sex, age, and SES, which indicated that males, older people and those of lower SES background held more traditional attitudes and were less likely to favor social policies associated with greater equality. Among married women, employment status was a significant determinant of more egalitarian sex-role attitudes along a number of dimensions. The implications of the results for social change in Ireland are discussed.

Egalitarian Sex-Role Attitudes and Female Income

A revised version of Scanzoni's model of female status attainment is presented. Analyzing Scanzoni's data from a sample of women who were interviewed at two points in time provides strong support for the revised model. Fully 51% of the variance in 1974 income can be explained. While sex-role attitudes did not have a significant effect on 1971 income, by 1974 they emerged as the pivotal factor in explaining both income and continuity in the labor market. Where the woman's education and age at marriage were the keys to her 1971 income, the influence of these factors on her 1974 income was mediated by her sex-role attitudes.