Egalitarian Principles Research Articles

Revenue distribution in streaming

The streaming industry has experienced exponential growth over the past decade. Streaming platforms provide subscribers with unlimited access to a diverse range of services, including movies, TV shows, and music, in exchange for a subscription fee. We take an axiomatic approach to the problem of how to share the overall revenue obtained from subscription sales among services or content producers. In doing so, we provide normative justifications for several distribution rules. We formulate several axioms that convey ethical and operational principles. In the first group, we consider properties that guarantee equal and impartial treatment of services and subscribers. In the second group, we introduce requirements designed to safeguard allocation schemes from inconvenient alterations, namely, changes in the units of measurement of inputs, subscription sharing, or group decomposition. Our analysis reveals that different combinations of these axioms define two classes of rules that strike a balance between three focal schemes, each representing distinct perspectives on the egalitarian and proportional principles. To illustrate the practical implications of our theoretical model, we explore its potential application by assessing how various types of content impact the revenues of some of the most well-known Twitch streamers.

Kafaah and Marriage in Jahily and Early Islam (Studies in the History of Islamic Law)

Knowing the background to the emergence of a law, the reasons for establishing a sharia law and the history of the formation of the law is an important thing to study.The purpose of this study is to provide readers with an understanding that the application of kafaah in marriage has a long history starting from the Arab Jahiliyah era to the era of the madzhab scholars.This research is in the form of library research, where the tasyri` date books and Islamic history books are the main materials for data exploration. The results of this study indicate thatLineage played a central role in marriage in pre-Islamic Jahiliyya Arab society. In the highly tribal and family-oriented society of Jahiliyya Arab society, lineage was a determinant of social status, protection, political alliances, and inheritance rights.The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad with the religion of Islam brought significant changes in the views of Arab society towards kafaah nasab. Islamic teachings emphasize equality among all human beings before God, thus shifting the focus from nasab as the main factor in marriage to be more inclusive, emphasizing other aspects such as religion and morality. The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad with the religion of Islam brought significant changes in the Arab community's view of kafaah nasab. Islam still maintains kafaah, but with more humane criteria. Kafaah is a tradition that existed before Islam and was continued by Islam. Islamic teachings emphasize equality among all human beings before God, thus shifting the focus from nasab as the main factor in marriage to be more inclusive, emphasizing other aspects such as religion and morality. Subsequent developments during the time of the ulama' madzhab kafaah emerged as a logical necessity of the existing legal rules of marriage, balancing the arguments for the benefit of marriage and the principle of egalitarianism in response to the social conditions in each region and the evolving legal logic.

Perversions of Equality: Notes on Neoliberal Togetherness

ABSTRACT The global resurgence of right-wing radicalization presents significant theoretical and political challenges for critical thought. Contemporary neoliberal authoritarianism integrates diverse and often contradictory ideological elements, creating a complex and enigmatic constellation. This article examines the mechanisms of social aggregation underpinning neoliberal subjectivity today. Drawing on empirical findings from my study of the social appropriation of the concepts of “Law” and “Market” in contemporary Argentine society, I argue that authoritarian neoliberalism gains mass appeal by offering individuals symbolic frameworks of belonging. Central to this process is the construction of a collective “We,” framed through an appeal to equality that paradoxically serves as a vehicle for punitive desires directed toward a phantasmic otherness. The case of these new modes of social aggregation highlights how the egalitarian principle retains legitimacy among social actors, albeit in a distorted form when tied to exclusionary political demands.

Socioeconomic-related inequities in child immunization: horizontal and vertical dimensions for policy insights

BackgroundThe incomplete immunization has potentially exposed vulnerable children, especially from the socioeconomically disadvantage group, to vaccine preventable diseases. The schemes would maximize social benefit only when the immunization is effectively distributed on an equitable principle.MethodThe empirical study is based on unit level data from India’s National Sample Survey: “Social Consumption: Health Survey- NSS 75th Round (2017-18) database. The nationwide survey is designed on the stratified multi-stage sampling method with an objective to make the sample representative. The egalitarian equity principle requires that distribution of vaccine should be based on health needs of children, irrespective of their socioeconomic and regional factors and the principle is broadly based on two aspects - horizontal and vertical equity. The horizontal inequity (HI) is a direct form of injustice, when children with equal needs of routine immunisation are treated differentially due to their socioeconomic status, while vertical inequity (VI) is indirect form of injustice when children with differential health needs and risks exposure do not receive appropriately unequal but equitable immunisation. Using Indirect Standardisation Method and Erreygers’ Corrected Concentration Index, we measure the degree of horizontal and vertical inequities, and then linearly decompose them to identify the major factors contributing towards the respective indices.ConclusionOur findings show that incomplete immunization is significantly concentrated among children belonging to poorer households. After controlling for the confounding effects of need factors, the inequity is still significantly pro-poor (i.e., horizontal inequity). The decomposition reveals that lower education, lower consumption and rural habitation are the major factors driving the corresponding inequity. Further, the differential effect of the needs between all and the target groups (at least based on education), is observed, however, is not statistically significant enough to realize inequity (i.e., no vertical inequity). Overall, the inequity is being induced via non-need factors. We further find that community health services (like anganwadi) have contributed towards reducing the inequity in child immunization significantly. The paper highlights the policy recommendation that the child immunisation program should target factors driving HI and need to align their distribution in terms of risks exposures.

The effects of fair allocation principles on energy system model designs

Abstract What constitutes socially just or unjust energy systems or transitions can be derived from the philosophy and theories of justice. Assessments of distributive justice and utilising them in modelling lead to great differences based on which justice principles are applied. From the limited research so far published in the intersection between energy systems modelling and justice, we find that comparisons between the two principles of utilitarianism and egalitarianism dominate in assessments of distributive justice, with the latter most often considered representing a 'just energy system'. The lack of recognition of alternative and equally valid principles of justice, resting on e.g. capabilities, responsibilities and/or opportunities, leads to a narrow understanding of justice that fails to align with the views of different individuals, stakeholders and societies. More importantly, it can lead to the unjust design of future energy systems and energy systems analysis. 
 
In this work, we contribute to the growing amount of research on distributive justice in energy systems modelling by assessing the implications of different philosophical views on justice on modelling results. Through a modelling exercise with a power system model for Europe (highRES), we explore different designs of a future (2050) net-zero European electricity system, and its distributional implications based on the application of different justice principles. In addition to the utilitarian and egalitarian approach, we include, among others, principles of 'polluters pay' and 'ability-to-pay', which take historical contributions of greenhouse gas emissions and the socio-economic conditions of a region into account. 
 
We find that fair distributions of electricity generating infrastructure look significantly different depending on the justice principles applied. The results may stimulate a greater discussion among researchers and policymakers on the implications of different constructions of justice in modelling, expansion of approaches, and demonstrate the importance of transparency and assumptions when communicating such results.

Educational Equity in Schools in India: Perils & Possibilities

Abstract India is one of the most diverse nation-states in the world. After gaining independence from Britain in 1947, it adopted a constitution that was based on pluralism, secularism, and egalitarianism. This constitutional vision guided the national education policies until very recently. The current moment in all areas of public policy is being defined by the ruling party's agenda of Hindutva, or Hindu nationalism. In education, the hallmarks of this move have been a rewriting of history to glorify a mythohistoric version of the Hindu past and a call to engage with ancient Indian knowledge systems and traditions. Unfortunately, Hindu nationalism is creating growing rifts between the majority Hindu population and other groups, including Muslims, Christians, and Dalits (formerly known as “untouchables” or “outcastes”). The aim of this essay is to understand what is happening in Indian education and to consider ways to return to an engagement with the constitutional principles of pluralism, secularism, and egalitarianism.

<강릉매화타령>의 反축제적 성격 연구

<Gangneung Maehwa-Taryeong>, one of the twelve renowned Pansori performances from the 19th century, has been known as a work that warns against sexual indulgence by punishing the character Golsaengwon, who is obsessed with sexual desire. However, the purpose of Golsaengwon’s punishment remains unclear. Additionally, the relationships between the characters involved in the deception are loosely constructed, which raises questions about the narrative structure aligned with the theme. Furthermore, it is essential to explore why this work eventually loses its identity as a Pansori. This study analyzes the relationships among the characters within the narrative progression of <Gangneung Maehwa-Taryeong> and examines their characteristics based on the festive nature of Pansori. Unlike traditional Pansori, which aims to realize the ideals of freedom and equality, <Gangneung Maehwa-Taryeong> focuses on the unilateral degradation and ridicule of the protagonist, Golsaengwon. This work fails to embody the core principles of grotesque realism in Pansori's aesthetic style, such as degradation, materiality or corporeality, and joyful relativity. It also fails to establish equal relationships among the characters, ultimately losing its inherently festive nature. In the narrative, Golsaengwon is subjected to one-sided degradation, and the discrimination imposed upon him violates the egalitarian principles underlying laughter in Pansori. Moreover, the governor’s authoritative commands and the suppression of laughter repress the essential freedom of the festival, reducing the work to a monophonic space. This anti-festive structure played a significant role in <Gangneung Maehwa-Taryeong> losing its identity as a Pansori, leaving it as a work skewed toward the pursuit of pleasure derived solely from the sexualized corporeal imagery. Consequently, <Gangneung Maehwa-Taryeong> lost the fundamental aesthetic qualities of Pansori.

Far-right actors and education: The global circulation of their ideas, agendas, and policies

The rise of far-right political actors globally may trigger notable changes within education systems, marked by the promotion of authoritarian, nativist, and economically neoliberal agendas. Far-right parties, including those in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, and Turkey, increasingly shape curricula and educational structures, frequently challenging inclusive, egalitarian principles. This issue of On Education examines how far-right actors worldwide leverage educational policy to propagate ideological agendas, from enforcing traditional religious values and gender norms to restructuring school systems. Most articles adopt a country-specific focus, exploring the varied and complex ways far-right agendas infiltrate educational domains across Europe, Latin America, and Asia. By analysing these trends, this issue sheds light on the ideological entanglements shaping contemporary education and highlights the implications for democratic values, human rights, and global educational equity.

National Identity and Welfare Nationalism: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Policy

The future course of the welfare state in the context of global capitalism’s expansion is a subject of intense academic debate, with significant scrutiny focused on its trajectory amid globalization. This discourse encompasses inquiries into the economic prerequisites for and ramifications of the welfare state, as well as its alignment with economic competitiveness and political legitimacy. Particularly prominent is the issue of political legitimacy, focusing on the welfare state’s ability to foster social cohesion and ensure democratic governance, given challenges posed by immigration, anti-immigration sentiments, and evolving social risks. These challenges have highlighted a dichotomy within Western European societies, emphasizing distinctions between natives and immigrants based on their positioning within the labor market. Despite migrants’ potential contributions, their reception and integration into destination countries’ social fabric are often hindered by welfare nationalism and concerns regarding declining welfare standards. This nationalism manifests in welfare exclusionism and chauvinism, fueling calls to restrict migrant benefits. Conversely, welfare state ideologies rooted in egalitarian principles serve as a counterbalance to exclusionary demands, shaping debates on migrants’ entitlement to welfare benefits. Against this backdrop, this study aims to elucidate the intricate interplay between pragmatic and nationalist/exclusionary perspectives within the discourse of welfare nationalism. It seeks to achieve this by examining the nexus between welfare rights, national identity formation, the welfare state crisis, and migrants’ positioning within the labor market. Through enriching this debate, the study endeavors to contribute to a deeper understanding of the future trajectory of welfare states characterized by significant migrant populations.

Platform kinship and the reshaping of political order in the Somali territories

Abstract Numerous studies show that digital technologies facilitate diaspora engagement in homeland affairs. However, communities in home countries also adapt digital platforms to harness diasporic support and drive socio-political change. Despite a rich literature on ‘digital kinship’, there remains a limited understanding of kinship's broader political and developmental impact, especially in (post)conflict regions. This article draws on fieldwork in the Somali territories to argue that a distinctive model of governance, platform kinship, is emerging as an alternative to existing state and international development programmes. Focusing on WhatsApp, it highlights how the platform's specific features are adapted to Somali segmentary clan structures, enabling kinship groups to bridge digital divides, preserve oral traditions and uphold egalitarian principles. Platform kinship has state-like effects. Through an ecosystem of WhatsApp groups, geographically dispersed kin mediate disputes, coordinate development projects, fund political campaigns, and respond to conflicts and crises. However, it also empowers new actors, including youth, politicians and business elites, while marginalizing elders. Furthermore, because platform kinship strengthens the clan as the central political unit, it can deepen divisions between kinship groups and undermine state-building projects and conceptions of national identity. This has important implications for policy-makers and academics working on digital governance, development and peacebuilding.

Approaching actor training in nature

In July of 2022 following a public call for participation, a collective of South West undergraduate and graduate performance artists came together in order to participate in a residential summer school responding to the theme of actor training in nature. Drawing on research in the field of cognition studies, the study adopted micro-phenomenological interview techniques to capture and analyse participant experience. Data reveals that training techniques when situated within land and seascape – coupled with use of micro-phenomenological interviews – supports greater sensitivity to the sensorial experience of nature, attunement to natural environments and different living species, the promotion of ecocentric thinking, and positive behaviour change continuing beyond the residential experience. The study offers readers critically reflective insight into summer school performer-training production processes guided by eco-feminist and egalitarian principles, situated in the rural South West of England, UK.

Between Sharia, Gender, and Science in the Construction of ‘Iddah: The Response of Banyumas’ Ulamas

The development of science necessitates changes in various issues of human life, including matters of family law. One of the family law issues that often sparks debate is the issue of 'iddah. One of the reasons (reason) often found in the discussions of scholars is to ensure the cleanliness of the uterus from the fetus. If this argument is used as the main basis, it is refuted by the development of medical technology, which can ensure the cleanliness of the uterus in a relatively short time. Likewise, from a gender perspective, because the owner of the womb is only a woman, it cannot be exchanged. This study aims to analyze the extent to which Banyumas’ Ulama views respond to the development of science and gender discourse in the context of family law. This research is empirical legal research, analyzing the responses of Banyumas scholars. Researchers collected data from scholars who came from different religious organization backgrounds, namely Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, and al-Irsyad. These three are the organizations with the most followers in Banyumas. Banyumas became the locus of this research because there is a view that egalitarian principles are living values in society, as described in the chronicle historical texts (babad). The study concluded that the responses of the Banyumas Ulama were divided into two groups, namely textualists and semi-textualists. However, the semi-textualist group is more dominant among them. This research at the same time proves that the relationship between religion and science has not yet reached an integrative or even transdisciplinary level but is still at a dialogic level, and there is even a dualistic view.

Towards a political concept of dignity

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a new way of thinking about the concept of dignity. It argues that existing conceptions of dignity in moral and legal philosophy fail to meet three key tests: conceptual soundness, analytical usefulness, and a capacity to vindicate the principle of moral egalitarianism. It suggests that we can better satisfy all three of these conditions if we treat dignity as a relational and political concept that is defined by a sense of what we are due. This means its content derives not from any transcendental truth or legal authority but has to be negotiated between different actors. It can then be asserted as part of an egalitarian project without needing to make reference to an external authority or a confused conceptual base. It seeks to show that this understanding of dignity is free of the conceptual confusion that plagues the existing conceptions; is closer to the ‘common’ understanding of dignity in ordinary language and thus more analytically useful; finally can be deployed more successfully in defence of the principle of moral equality.

An egalitarian talent selection model to support learning organizations

PurposeThis study aims to develop a talent selection model for learning organizations capable of connecting two groups, candidates in a talent hiring process and managers of the hiring company, in a reliable process, promoting organizational learning and increasing employee satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThis paper integrates egalitarian principles, an artificial intelligence mechanism founded on stable matching algorithms, and evaluating critical soft skills to enhance recruitment practices within learning organizations. The authors conduct a numerical real-world application in Python to showcase the model’s effectiveness. Five candidates were evaluated for five job positions. Moreover, 26 soft skills were analyzed by the five company leaders, relating them to the requirements of each job position and by all candidates, as a self-assessment process.FindingsThe model promoted egalitarian talent management because it motivates the candidates to choose the preferred position in a company, and the employers hire the best candidate. It is satisfactory for all participants in a company’s hiring process if the parties intend to be fair and egalitarian. The benefits of the process can be considered isolated (parties’ satisfaction) or a part of a company’s effort to stimulate an egalitarian culture in organizational values.Practical implicationsThe information generated by the model is used to refine its selection process and improve its understanding of the job requirements and candidate profiles of the company. The model supports this idea, using the concepts of indifference, stability, egalitarianism and the soft skills required and identified to be more effective and learn about themselves.Social implicationsThis paper discusses an egalitarian point of view in the recruitment process. It is satisfactory for all participants in a company’s hiring process if the parties intend to be fair and egalitarian. The process’s benefits can be considered part of a company’s effort to stimulate an egalitarian culture in organizational values.Originality/valueThis paper brings an excellent future perspective and points to the company’s development of talent retention. The model simultaneously solves the evolution of talent management processes through new technologies and soft skills emerging in the postpandemic scenario.

Pupils’ right to inclusion in an urban Finnish lower secondary school: a Bernsteinian analysis of pupils’ social relations

Finnish schools are famous for their egalitarian principles, but they face challenges related to pupils’ equal opportunities and, more broadly, democratic schooling. In this article, we examine the lived consequences of a growing challenge, school segregation, using Basil Bernstein’s concepts of inclusion and classification. Our analysis is based on ethnographic data produced in a lower secondary school located in a relatively disadvantaged residential area in the metropolitan area of Helsinki, Finland. First, we explore how the classification of pupils from different social class and ethnic backgrounds is present in the school. Second, we analyse how the strength of this classification affects pupils’ right to inclusion. We conclude that weak boundaries between pupils, and thus weak classification, construct an inclusive school community. However, the different categories—social class, ethnicity or other—intersect, and the strength of their classification varies, which in turn affects pupils’ peer relations and feelings of belonging.

Being and Greenness: Phenomenology of the Poetic Persona and Nature in Dylan Thomas’s Green Poems

Ecopoetry, a relatively recent approach in ecocriticism, refers to nature poems which are closely linked to environmental issues. Deliberating nature in poetry is indeed not something new, yet, what is new in ecopoetry, which is a characteristic that discerns it from, especially Romantic poetry, is that it delineates the relationship between the human and non-human worlds. In other words, ecopoetry stands out from both contemporary nature poetry and Romanticist poetry. It is characterized by the eco-centric view it provides, which axiomatically brings with it the principle of reciprocity, interrelationship, and egalitarianism. In this perspective one might argue that the majority of Dylan Thomas’s (1914-1953) nature poems could be rendered ecopoems as they see nature and natural phenomena as components of a unified and closely connected whole. In these poems Dylan Thomas’s poetic eye adopts an eco-centric verb tense and functions as a camera which record the harmonised movements of the poetic persona and the natural phenomena manifesting the intentionality of the eye of the ecopoet. Through this particular vision Dylan Thomas generates a place out of space in which both human and the other-than-human are deployed, thereby creating a specific subject-object relationship according to which the existence of the human and the non-human are interrelated. This study focuses on the ontological relationship between the poetic persona and nature and analyses the subject-object relationship in Thomas’s “Poem in October”, “The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower”, and “Fern Hill” through the lens of phenomenology and object-oriented ontology.

Ethical Degeneration and Totalitarian Control: A Critique of Social Ethics in North Korea

Autocracy is a form of government in which the power is vested with an individual who represses all forms of individual freedom and egalitarian principles. These countries propagate ethical manipulations, gendered dehumanisation, absurd principles and hateful ideologies to maintain their power. This paper attempts to show the ethical degeneration of people by simply upholding irrational thoughts propagated by their government. The paper also highlights the eroding of social relations and social ethics from the perspective of ethical consciousness.

Post-Colonial Feminist Perspectives In Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Select Novels

Post-colonial literature as an extensive genre includes diasporic, immigrant feminist genres too. The advocate of Post-colonial theory Edward Said has proposed the concept of ‘otherness’. This is considered to be an important theory, especially for diasporas from South Asia bearing a colonial past. It also helps in understanding the effect of power relations between the colonizers and the colonized, the reason for otherness and alienation experienced by immigrants in their respective host lands. The representation of women as an object, sexual toys, and a maid before post-colonial had its transformation with the debut of postcolonial literature. Simon de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex had a huge effect on the readers in the transformation of stereotyped ideologies and myths about the female gender. Later with the advent of The Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf, the females were made to think of their rights, independence, identity, and the need to achieve them. Many post-colonial feminist writers took it as their prime responsibility to propagate and advocate the rights, efficacies, and strengths of women to the patriarchal chauvinists. The writers who move from one country to another occupy significant positions between culture and countries. They realize that their culture or identity doesn’t remain the same as it was earlier. Identity evolves, grows, and is subject to many changes. The act of writing makes him/her explore both cultures of homeland and hostland. Memories of homeland are kept alive in his thoughts and imagination in fact, becomes a channel between the self and the world. (Shailja, 2008, 52)
 Post-colonial feminists, who work for the advancement of women, also challenge the assumption that the gendered oppression is the primary force of 23 patriarchy. They question the approbation of the oppression as it leads to the misrepresentation of their lived experiences. Currently, they struggle to fight the gender oppression within their own society to preserve and safeguard the dignity of their women. Thus, the concepts of freedom, equality, and rights to women, stem from the Enlightenment based on the egalitarian beliefs and principles and have become the main area of concern for the postcolonial feminists of today. In short, postcolonial feminism is not just literature written by women, but literature of women voicing their experiences from within. This principle has created a welcoming ambiance for many of the women writers in Indian Writing in English to use literature as a vehicle to present the true state of Indian society, its treatment of women, and the psychological traumas of women due to their own traditional and cultural barriers. To this school of post-colonial transformed feminist ideologies belong the works of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. This paper aims to discuss the reformed feministic perspectives with special reference to Sister of My Heart and Oleander Girl.

The neoliberal welfare state and its discontents. Slow violence against irregular migrants in Norway

ABSTRACT Welfare rights in Norway, as in other European nation-states, are increasingly used as techniques of control and management of irregular migration. Proliferation of borders is generated by dispersal of welfare rights, establishing structural differentiations. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews with irregular migrants in Norway, we argue that the neoliberal welfare state produces precarious subject positions in three mundane ways: (a) through demarcation and diversification of rights; (b) through governmentality of time and temporality, such as the imposition of waiting; and (c) through access or lack of access to services in the welfare state, including what we call digital borders. Exploring the bordering structures of the welfare state we analyse the complex relation between technologies of government and its effect on everyday life of irregular migrants and we understand this relation as slow violence. This slow violence operates and is legitimized through the legal, policy and neoliberal welfare structures of the state. We show that the welfare state’s implication in migration management is legitimated by the Norwegian state’s principles of universalism and egalitarianism. Simultaneously, the seeping of migration management into welfare state principles and practices as well as the neoliberalization of the welfare state dwindle egalitarianism as a principle and value.

Problem praw kobiet w międzywojennej prasie dla Polek

The article contains topics that were of historical interest but are still relevant today. The issue of women’s rights was part of the reflection on the existence of normative laws regulating the rights of women citizens, but it also fell within the sphere of social exclusion, which reflected the mentality of society. In the interwar period, Polish women gained full rights, including educational, economic, and social ones. These were largely subject to „maternal determinism”, that is, they resulted from the social role of the mother. Moreover, they could enjoy political rights. They had the right to vote and stand for election, to hold public office, to information, freedom of association, and freedom of expression. In the press journalism addressed to female readers, attention was drawn to the discrepancy between the normative rights of Polish women and the actual implementation of the principle of legal egalitarianism. On its basis, an image of the dysfunction of the system of women’s rights, areas of abuse, and sometimes crimes against female citizens of the Republic of Poland was created