Efficient Transmission Of Electricity Research Articles

Cell‐Anchored Lead‐Free Piezoelectric KNN NPs Resisting Washout for Low‐Intensity Ultrasound Driven Neuromodulation

AbstractPiezoelectric nanomaterials for wireless neuromodulation is a promising alternative to traditional electrical stimulation. However, the low‐avidity between piezoelectric nanomaterials and cellular membranes leads to low efficiency of electrical signal transmission, which requires high‐intensity thresholds of ultrasound stimulation (US). Here, lead‐free piezoelectric (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) nanoparticles (NPs) with cholesterol coating (KNNC) are presented, in which Cholesterol can be accommodated in the membrane and make them append on the plasma membrane. Compared to non‐modified nanoparticles, cell‐anchored KNNC NPs highly resist convective washout owing to high affinity of cholesterol to biological membranes, which enables highly efficient wireless electrical stimulation to activate cell impulses under low‐intensity ultrasound. Meanwhile, after perfusion washing, the KNNC NPs distributed around the cells are washed away, while part of KNNC NPs remain on the surface of cell membrane still can induce significant Ca2+ influx under US, similar to the group without washing, indicating the KNNC NPs appended on the cell play a major role in wireless electrical stimulation. Furthermore, the highly efficient electrical transmission of KNNC enables neural differentiation of stem cells in regulating synaptic plasticity by modulating Ca2+ influx, demonstrating that KNNC NPs offer a perspective toward minimally invasive wireless neuromodulation therapies for neurological diseases.

Analysis and Design of Transmission Tower using Staad-Pro

A transmission tower, also known as an electrical power tower or utility pole, is a tall structure used to support overhead power lines for the transmission of electrical energy. Transmission towers play a critical role in the reliable and efficient transmission of electricity from power generation plants to distribution networks and ultimately to consumers. This abstract provides an overview of transmission towers, including their purpose, types, components, and key considerations in their design and construction. Transmission towers are designed to withstand various environmental and loading conditions, such as wind, ice, and seismic forces while maintaining the integrity and stability of the overhead power lines. Different types of transmission towers, such as lattice towers, tubular towers, and pole towers, are used based on factors such as voltage level, span length, and terrain conditions. Analysis of this transmission tower is administered using STAAD PRO The present work describes the analysis and design of a transmission line tower of 31 meters in height and 220KV double circuit viz. various parameters. The components of a transmission tower typically include tower legs, cross-arms, insulators, and hardware for attaching conductors and ground wires

Development of a simulation model for assessing the technical condition of the magnetic circuit of oil power transformers by measuring the temperature of the tank and the external environment

In the article, the authors analyzed how oil-filled power transformers ensure reliable and stable operation of power transmission systems by providing efficient transmission of electricity of different voltages. In the article, the authors found that the main elements of oil-filled power transformers - the magnetic circuit, the coil and the technical condition of the oil - directly determine the performance of oil-filled power transformers. In this work, a simulation model was developed to evaluate the magnetic circuit of power oil transformers based on the measured temperature of the tank and the external environment during express diagnosis. A simulation model has been developed that allows to calculate the technical condition of oil power transformers operating in city power networks. It is shown that the developed model allows to calculate the value of the technical condition of the oil power transformer with the help of diagnostic parameters. In order to represent the technical state of the magnetic circuit of the oil power transformer, the functions of changing the state value of the output variable in the Mamdani fuzzy logic method are shown and the block diagrams are drawn up. Author’s using the Mamdani fuzzy logic method, express diagnosis of the technical condition of the “Magnetic core of the oil power transformer” was carried out in the Matlab simulink program. During the evaluation, the value of the output parameter is taken from 0 to 100, and each step is divided by 10, the smallest value is 0, and the largest is 100.

FeCo alloy/N, S dual-doped carbon composite as a high-performance bifunctional catalyst in an advanced rechargeable zinc-air battery

Abstract The rational design and development of cost-effective, high-performance, and stable bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are essential for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Herein, a novel FeCo composite composed of alloy nanoparticles embedded in an N, S dual-doped carbon matrix (FeCo/NSC) was prepared via one-step carbonization of amphiphilic dodecanethiol-metal salts wrapped in carbon nitride (C3N4). The compact combination of dual metal-alloys and dual-doped carbon endowed the composite with the active sites for the ORR and OER, achieving efficient electrical transmission and highly efficient bifunctional catalytic performance. The obtained FeCo-1/NSC catalyst exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity with a half-wave potential of 0.82 V (vs. RHE) for the ORR and a low overpotential of 0.325 V at 10 mA cm−2 for the OER. The liquid Zn-air battery with FeCo-1/NSC as an air electrode displayed excellent charge-discharge performance, high power density, and robust charge-discharge stability for 150 h compared to the 20% Pt/C + RuO2 counterpart. Furthermore, the FeCo-1/NSC-based flexible solid-state Zn-air battery exhibited a higher power density and good charge-discharge stability over 10 h of operation. Thus, a promising strategy for bifunctional electrocatalyst development as part of rechargeable and wearable Zn-air batteries was provided.

Design and Characterization of a Stand-Alone Merging Unit

<p class="Abstract">Merging Units (MUs) play a key role in enhancing the levels of security and the reliability of power systems, allowing for advanced remote diagnostics. Some of the benefits are a more efficient transmission of electricity and a better integration with renewable energy systems. In this article, an implementation of a Stand-Alone Merging Unit (SAMU), compliant with the IEC 61850-9-2 standard and based on a low-cost ARM microcontroller, is described. It acquires two signals, one voltage and one current, and it sends the samples over the ethernet connection. A high-resolution Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC), synchronised to the Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) through a Global Positioning System (GPS) disciplined oscillator, is used. The opportune insulation and conditioning stage have been designed. Several tests have been performed, varying amplitude, frequency, and phase of the input signals, in order to evaluate the metrological performance of the proposed SAMU and they are here discussed.</p>

Internet-of-Things-aided energy management in smart grid environment

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have turned into a main area for research. A sensor is a gadget that reacts and recognizes some kind of contribution from both physical and other environmental conditions, for example pressure, heat, light and so on. The yield of the sensor is, by and large, an electrical signal that is transmitted to a controller for processing. WSN can be chosen as per application demands. Smart grid is meant for efficient electricity transmission with low cost of electricity rates and high security. Accordingly, solar cells and wind turbines are the standard distributed renewable power generators. However, compared to the traditional energy production situation, it is difficult to predict the demand–supply drawback. Voltage fluctuations and grid instabilities are the main problems caused by low-voltage power grid. Extension of a smart grid is needed to find a path way for effective applications such as wireless energy management. In this paper, the researcher proposes a skilled monitoring system for power generation. The load-side power is kept on observation and the data sent to the monitoring unit. The connected solar panels are controlled based on the demand for current supply. The faulty solar panel is exposed by enabling web browser application with IoT. Every 2 s, data in the utility and generation units are sent to the web page for processing. In the experimental section a voltage of about 5 V and 25 V is obtained while variations from 0 to 5 V in the output voltage by the voltage sensor are seen. Dynamic power source solar panels are connected and disconnected based on the load capacity. Variations in dynamic load can be made in the grid. Power source can be varied according to the load present in the grid. The power source retained in the grid will be load capacity + 50% more to enable with standing sudden variations in the load. When variations in any load current vary close to 15% of the total capacity of the grid, another power source is added to the grid. Total power source is designed to the maximum load capacity, and dynamic power source is connected according to the load present in the grid. As per the result achieved by the data, it is proven that the proposed mechanism is far better than the existing traditional systems.

A hierarchical combinatorial reliability model for smart home systems

AbstractAs an application of the Internet of Things, smart home systems have received significant attentions in recent years due to their precedent advantages, eg, in ensuring efficient electricity transmission and integration with renewable energy. This paper proposes a hierarchical and combinatorial methodology for modeling and evaluating reliability of a smart home system. Particularly, the proposed methodology encompasses a multi‐valued decision diagram‐based method for addressing phased‐mission, standby sparing, and functional dependence behaviors in the physical layer; and a combinatorial procedure based on the total probability theorem for addressing probabilistic competing failure behavior with random propagation time in the communication layer. The methods are applicable to arbitrary types of time‐to‐failure and time‐to‐propagation distributions for system components. A detailed case study of an example smart home system is performed to demonstrate applications of the proposed method and effects of different component parameters on the system reliability.

Detection of false data injection attacks in smart-grid systems

Smart grids are essentially electric grids that use information and communication technology to provide reliable, efficient electricity transmission and distribution. Security and trust are of paramount importance. Among various emerging security issues, FDI attacks are one of the most substantial ones, which can significantly increase the cost of the energy distribution process. However, most current research focuses on countermeasures to FDIs for traditional power grids rather smart grid infrastructures. We propose an efficient and real-time scheme to detect FDI attacks in smart grids by exploiting spatial-temporal correlations between grid components. Through realistic simulations based on the US smart grid, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides an accurate and reliable solution.

A comprehensive approach for computation and implementation of efficient electricity transmission network charges

This paper presents a comprehensive design of electricity transmission charges that are meant to recover regulated network costs. In addition, these charges must be able to meet a set of inter-related objectives. Most importantly, they should encourage potential network users to internalize transmission costs in their location decisions, while interfering as least as possible with the short-term behaviour of the agents in the power system, since this should be left to regulatory instruments in the operation time range. The paper also addresses all those implementation issues that are essential for the sound design of a system of transmission network charges: stability and predictability of the charges; fair and efficient split between generation and demand charges; temporary measures to account for the low loading of most new lines; number and definition of the scenarios to be employed for the calculation and format of the final charges to be adopted: capacity, energy or per customer charges. The application of the proposed method is illustrated with a realistic numerical example that is based on a single scenario of the 2006 winter peak in the Spanish power system.

Plasma membrane removal in rat skeletal muscle fibers reveals caveolin-3 hot-spots at the necks of transverse tubules

Caveolin-3, the muscle-specific isoform of the caveolae-associated protein caveolin, is often thought to be localized exclusively in the surface membrane in mature fibers and associated with transverse (t)-tubular system only transiently during development. Skeletal muscle fibers present a model where the surface membrane (sarcolemma) can be completely separated from the cell by mechanical dissection. Western blotting of matching portions of individual fibers from adult rat muscle in which the sarcolemma was either removed (skinned segment), or left in place (intact segment), revealed that ≥ 70% of caveolin-3 is actually located deeper in the fiber rather than in the sarcolemma itself. Triton solubility of caveolin-3 was no different between sarcolemmal and t-tubule compartments. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed caveolin-3 present throughout the t-system in adult fibers, with ‘hot-spots’ at the necks of the tubules in the sub-sarcolemmal space. A similar representation was seen for the muscle specific voltage-dependent sodium channel Nav1.4 and it was found that at least some Nav1.4 co-immunoprecipitated with caveolin-3 in skinned muscle fibers. The caveolin-3 hot-spots just inside the opening of t-tubules may form regions that localize ion channels and kinases at the key place needed for efficient electrical transmission into the t-tubules as well as for other signaling processes.

The Integrity of ACSR Full Tension Splice Connector at Higher Operation Temperature

Due to the increase in power demand and limited investment in new infrastructure, existing overhead power transmission lines often need to operate at temperatures higher than those used for the original design criteria. This has led to the accelerated aging and degradation of splice connectors, which have been manifested by the formation of hotspots that have been revealed by infrared imaging during inspection. The implications of connector aging is twofold: 1) significant increase in resistivity of the splice connector (i.e., less efficient transmission of electricity) and 2) significant reduction in the connector clamping strength, which could ultimately result in separation of the power transmission line at the joint. Therefore, the splice connector appears to be the weakest link in the electric power transmission lines. This paper presents a protocol for integrating analytical and experimental approaches to evaluate the integrity of a full tension single-stage splice connector assembly.

Power and energy: Slowed electricity demand and high interest rates have forced utilities to generate, transmit, and distribute power more efficiently

The author examines the trends and equipment used in high-voltage DC for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and for linking back-to-back networks. Superconducting generator projects are also examined.