Efficient Ships Research Articles

Taking inspiration from dolphins to develop drag-reducing surface structures

Understanding the effects of transverse ridges can lead to more efficient ships and underwater turbines.

THE EVOLUTION OF CARGO SHIPS IN THE MALAYSIAN MARITIME INDUSTRY

The maritime industry plays an important role in facilitating international trade and economic growth, making it important for Malaysia to remain at the forefront of technological advancements in the design and operation of cargo ships. This abstract investigates the evolution of cargo ships in the context of the Malaysian maritime industry. By examining historical developments, technological innovations, and regulatory changes, this study aims to shed light on the transformative journey of cargo ships and their impact on the nation's trade and shipping sector. This study aims to analyze whether this cargo ship revolution is beneficial to the Malaysian maritime industry and to identify the impact of the evolution of large cargo ships in the Malaysian maritime industry. It explores the transition from traditional wooden ships to steel-hulled ships and the emergence of containers, which revolutionized cargo handling efficiency. The results of this study also talk about the revolution of cargo ships, namely autonomous ships, which have transformed cargo ships into sophisticated and efficient ships. Smart integration into cargo ships not only improves operational efficiency but also optimizes fuel consumption, resulting in a reduced environmental impact. In addition, it also tells the impact of the cargo revolution and cargo revolution beneficial to the existence of automatic ships. In this study, the researcher also conducted an interview session with the operation manager of Lumut Maritime Terminal (LMT), a ship captain from (MISC) company, and a Chief Engineer First Class from the Java Offshore Company. The results of the interviews will be analyzed using content analysis to identify the effects and benefits of this cargo ship revolution. Finally, this research aims to provide valuable insights to industry stakeholders, and researchers who wish to understand the dynamic evolution of cargo ships and their importance in the context of Malaysian maritime development.

GIS-based analysis of the spatial distribution of CO2 emissions and slow steaming effectiveness in coastal shipping

The sustainability of maritime activities is increasingly gaining interest, with the shipping sector actively focusing on decarbonization efforts. Throughout the years, researchers have considered slow steaming for improving the environmental footprint of maritime networks. In order to assess such strategies’ effectiveness on existing emissions, research also focuses on the accurate estimation of emission inventories. However, there is a significant gap concerning both fields when considering short-sea shipping, especially passenger shipping. Furthermore, while emissions are characterized by spatial aspects in several studies, there is an apparent gap in considering such aspects for detailed analysis purposes rather than only for visualization purposes. In this study, the Greek Coastal Shipping Network (GCSN) is considered, with its emissions estimated using a top-down method, creating a spatial emission inventory used for further spatial analysis for accurate identification of highly polluted areas. Results indicate that ship emissions do not spread homogeneously throughout the GCSN and that targeted interventions are necessary in several areas of the network. The effectiveness of spatially related slow steaming implementations is evaluated and compared with their implementation on the whole network. The study highlights the need for additional future emission mitigation strategies, such as service optimization, network restructuring, continuous emission monitoring, and fleet renewal with more environmentally efficient ships. The study’s aim is to fill the research gap regarding the environmental assessment of passenger shipping and the effects of slow steaming on such networks while presenting an adaptable GIS-based decision support system for enhanced decision-making regarding the environmental efficiency of maritime networks.

Prediction of container ships’ speed-power relationship for various operational conditions

In recent years, international shipping has received considerable attention in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. Ship operators deploy technical and operational measures to improve the energy efficiency of existing ships in the short term. Monitoring the efforts towards more efficient ships is essential. The main engine power and the speed are closely dependent: reducing the speed leads to lower power requirements and fewer emissions for the ship. Nevertheless, the benefit of slow steaming depends on the relationship between speed and main engine power. This work investigates the relationship between the speed and the main engine power of container ships. Preliminary results show that speed raised to the power of between 2 to 3 can predict the main engine power as a first approximation (R2≈0.8). The work will later include the effect of weather, loading conditions, and speed ranges.

Selection of efficient ships according to the criterion of marginal price at the feasibility study

The article deals with the problem of selecting efficient ships by the feasibility study in which brake power, main dimensions, payload, speed and fuel consumption are determined. The necessity of using the proposed selection at the initial stage of the ship's design is justified; the problems that arise at the present time are denoted. The purpose of the article is to propose a criterion for the selection of efficient vessels, "tied" to the operating conditions, based on the marginal cost of the ship. A method for its determination is presented. At the same time, annual revenues and operating costs should be determined by modern methods of business planning for the operation of the fleet. When searching for the parameters of the ship, the optimal fuel consumption is determined. The rest of the costs can be found according to the coefficients "tied" to the fuel consumption and calculated on the basis of existing prototypes. The results of calculations by the proposed method are shown; its merits and opportunities for improvement are noted with the availability of relevant information. The conclusion is made about the convenience and applicability of the proposed option for selecting efficient ship for the feasibility study based on optimization methods for determining the parameters of vessels under conditions of a high level of use of information technologies.

Revised energy efficiency design index parameters for inland cargo ships of Bangladesh

A generalized CO2 emission benchmark (energy efficiency design index) cannot be established for inland ships in a similar fashion like the one established by International Maritime Organization for seagoing vessels. Difference in environmental, geographical and economic conditions, for example, shallow and restricted water effects, different fuel quality (to reduce operational cost), reduction in speed, increase in engine power, reduction in carrying capacity and cargo availability, forbids the direct use of energy efficiency design index as formulated by International Maritime Organization. These conditions have been addressed at first in this research, and revision of some parameters is presented for calculating energy efficiency design index for inland cargo ships of Bangladesh. Moreover, the ship data stored at different organizations of Bangladesh deviate from the existing ship data. As a result, the collected data have undergone through several verification processes. Based on the verified real data, CO2 emission benchmark for inland cargo ships of Bangladesh was established. This benchmark is one of the world’s first CO2 emission benchmark for inland cargo shipping. This benchmark will force ship designers of Bangladesh to design more energy efficient ships that will consume less energy per ton-mile. It is interesting to note that the energy efficiency design index curve for inland cargo ships using revised energy efficiency design index parameters is below the energy efficiency design index curve using International Maritime Organization formulation. The prime reasons behind this fact have also been explained in this research.

Climate Change, International Shipping and Market-Based Measures

International shipping carries around 80 percent of global trade by volume and produces between 1.6 percent and 3.7 percent of GHG emissions. However, projections indicate that in 2050 there will be an increase of between 50 and 250 percent, becoming between 12 and 18 percent of GHG emissions. Hence, a global approach to improving energy efficiency and effective emission control is needed. Since emissions from international shipping are being produced principally in high seas, states find it particularly difficult to regulate. International shipping emissions were not included in the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Excluded also in the Montreal Protocol, the international shipping industry was, however, incorporated in the Kyoto Protocol. However, until 2011 it was the only mode of transport for which GHG emissions were not regulated. The Kyoto Protocol (art. 2.2) left measures to reduce these emissions to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and in the meeting of July 2011, after an intense debate, its Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) adopted the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships. The EEDI is supposed to foster innovation and technical development of all the elements influencing the energy efficiency of a ship, in order to promote the design and produce more energy efficient ships. This is a different approach when compared to the Kyoto protocol, where a market-based measure (MBM) was adopted. In this paper we will analyze the works of the MEPC, particularly the possibility of introducing MBM in the fight against GHG emissions in international shipping.

Survival analysis of the world ship demolition market

Ship demolition is an important strategy for balancing the fleet capacity of the shipping industry. In addition to the effects of ship obsolescence, technical developments and environmental regulations on ship demolition, the state of the shipping market and operational costs are also significant influences. Using a dataset compiled from various data sources, this study analyzes individual shipowners' ship demolition decisions using survival analysis models. The empirical estimation of the Cox proportional hazards regression suggests the different demolition decision behavior under different shipping market cycles. The results also indicate the active ship demolition activities of the owners from developing countries after the financial crisis. Meanwhile, more aged and less efficient ships have been demolished after 2008 because of the high bunker consumption and the big owners cannot escape from this. Finally, the survival distribution function illustrates the impact of different factors on demolition behavior in different market situations.

Does fuel efficiency pay? Empirical evidence from the drybulk timecharter market revisited

The time charter market for ships represents a classical example of the principal-agent problem, where shipowners can opt to invest in energy efficient ships, yet any savings in fuel expenditures accrue to the charterers. In a competitive and efficient market, ships that have more fuel-efficient designs should, all else equal, obtain a rate premium to reflect the fuel savings. In this paper we investigate empirically the determinants of timecharter rates using a comprehensive panel data set of over 9100 timecharter fixtures for bulk carriers above 40,000 DWT between January 2001 and January 2016. We test for the presence of an energy efficiency premium using four different definitions of efficiency, while controlling for key macro, ship-specific, and contract-specific variables. Our findings suggest that the “market rate” for a standardised vessel dominates in terms of explanatory power, but that vessel age, fuel prices, place of delivery and DWT also are significant determinants across sizes. We show that the earlier findings on the energy efficiency premium in the literature are not robust when expanding the sample in time and vessel size. Using a substantially longer sample across an entire market cycle, we show that only 14–27% of fuel savings are reflected in a higher rate during normal market conditions, while the sign of the relationship flips during market “booms” such that energy inefficient vessels attract a premium. We introduce several explanations as to why there is an apparent market failure and suggest policy measures that could address this issue.

Norming Maneuverability in Adverse Conditions

Slow steaming and regulatory drive toward more energy efficient ships have raised a problem of ensuring sufficient maneuverability of ships under adverse weather conditions when installed power is reduced. This paper discusses possible criteria for maneuverability in adverse conditions, proposes practical assessment procedure, and shows examples of its application. Further, the paper outlines necessary developments.

DC: Is it the alternative choice for naval power distribution?

Historically, the vast majority of electrical power distribution designs in marine applications have been Alternating Current systems. This has continued for recent platforms and is arguably due to commercial inertia, conservatism and the manufacturing and technology supply base. however whilst it is widespread in use, it may not allow fully optimised power systems to meet tomorrow's demand for more efficient ships with greater flexibility. This paper on the back of a recent programme of work, questions the future use of fixed frequency AC generation and power transmission on board ships, and asks if maybe Thomas Edison was on the right lines over a century ago?

Added resistance and parametric roll prediction as a design criteria for energy efficient ships

The increased interest in the design of energy efficient ships post IMO regulation on enforcing EEDI has encouraged researchers to reevaluate the numerical methods in predicting important hull design parameters. The prediction of added resistance and stability of ships in the rough sea environment dictates selection of ship hulls. A 3D panel method based on Green function is developed for vessel motion prediction. The effects of parametric instability are also investigated using the Volterra series approach to model the hydrostatic variation due to ship motions. The added resistance is calculated using the near field pressure integration method.

Energy efficiency and time charter rates: Energy efficiency savings recovered by ship owners in the Panamax market

This paper presents the first analysis on how financial savings arising from energy efficient ships are allocated between owners and those hiring the ships. This as an important undertaking as allocation of financial savings is expected to have an impact on the incentives faced by ship owners to invest in more energy efficient vessels. We focus on the dry bulk Panamax segment as it contributes to around 50Mt (5%) of total CO2 emissions from shipping in 2007 and therefore its importance in terms of environmental impact should not be neglected. The time charter market represents a classical example of the principal–agent problem similar to the tenant–landlord problem in the buildings sector. We discovered that on average only 40% of the financial savings delivered by energy efficiency accrue to ship owner for the period 2008–2012. The finding that only part of the savings are recouped by shipowners affecting their incentives towards energy efficiency could consequently have implications on the type of emission reduction policies opted at both, global and regional levels.

근해운송시스템의 기술 분야별 개발 현황 및 시사점

Recently, the logistics industry in Asia is growing rapidly mostly with Chinese economic development. A variety of studies have been carried out to reduce the logistic cost under the situation that the global freight traffic continues to increasing. The Short Sea Shipping(SSS) system, a multi modal transport system centered around coastal shipping to realize high value-added logistics, achieved considerable success in EU. To implement the SSS system in Korea, it is necessary to develop the various essential technologies related to development of efficient ships and port facilities, including equipment for loading and unloading containers, operating and managing systems for freight terminals and technologies for tracking and securing containers. The present paper focuses on the survey of the current essential technologies available for implementation of the SSS system and suggests the direction of future development in the technologies.

Cruising digital ships on electronic seas

Naval architects now use a different kind of ship model, a hydrodynamic computer simulation, to design faster, quieter, or more economically efficient ships for the world's navies, merchant marines, and cruise lines. A leader in the use of computers to determine the hydrodynamic behavior of surface and undersea craft is the US Navy's David Taylor Model Ship Basin, part of the Naval Surface Warfare Command's Carderock Division. The Model Basin has some of the world's finest facilities for hydrodynamic testing of scale model ships, including a 3000 foot-long towing tank. It is here, and in other specialized test facilities, that ship designs are tested, much as aircraft designs are tested in a wind tunnel. Where once designers would build and test the flow around 15 or so wood-laminate scale models of a warship before deciding on a final design, the tow-tank measurements are now mostly used to validate hydrodynamic computer codes. In designing the new Arleigh Burke class destroyer, the designers built and tested only five models. At the same time, the designers evaluated more than 50 design variants using computer models digital ships cruising on electronic seas.

A Survey of Classical and New Response Methods for Marine Oil Spill Cleanup

Both classical and new marine oil spill cleanup response methods and techniques are discussed. The intention is mainly to answer the fundamental questions of when, where, and how to apply the different methods. A brief review of the stages of the oil spill response problem is first presented, followed by the factors that influence the different methods. This is followed by an analysis of some new cleanup methods and improvements to existing methods, specifically: bioremediation, the use of more efficient ships for skimming, the use of fishing nets for heavy oil recovery, and new materials and designs of sorbents. Some cases are also analyzed to evaluate the performance of some methods under real conditions.

プロペラ補修技術の歩み

Since the advent of the first screw propeller in the mid part of the 18th century continued advances have been made in their design and manufacture rigth up to the present time, and now with the need for fuel efficient ships both shipowners & shipbuilders have demanded more efficient propeller design using the most advanced technology in their production.During the life of a ship the propeller can suffer mechanical damage and the use of special alloys in their manufacture has resulted in the need for greatly improved repair techniques. The highest quality propeller repair and reconditioning work can only be carried out under strictly controlled conditions with the full cooperation of all persons concerned.This paper introduces a suitable repair procedure and emphasises the need to adhere to the rules and guides if a reliable repair is to be satisfactorily carried out.

The market for ship demolition

Little has been written about the ship demolition market, an essential element in the supply/demand balance for shipping. Either technical or economic obsolescence may be the cause for scrapping a ship, where the latter is strongly influenced not only by anticipated freight market levels, but the rate at which more efficient ships are being introduced. The scrap value of a ship is a function both of the realizable value of the materials within the ship and cost of demolition. Both are strongly influenced by the cost structures prevailing in the likely country of demolition. The paper explores not only the fundamentals of the ship demolition market, but the trends from the 1960s to the present. The shipbreaking market has moved in that time from being West European-centred to Asian-centred, concentrating for some years in Taiwan, but now shifting to the Indian subcontinent.