Efficient Routing Research Articles

Dual step hybrid routing protocol for network lifetime enhancement in WSN-IoT environment

Recent development in internet of things (IoT) has been generating huge data due to the large number of nodes deployed and utilized for different applications. In addition, these applications utilize big data and require a more efficient mechanism for data sensing and data transmission. This research work proposes dual step hybrid routing (DSHR) protocol for efficient cluster-based routing. It comprises a two-phase algorithm, which aims at finding the optimal path considering clustering. It further comprises several processes such as cluster head selection, optimal path construction, integrating of nodes to cluster head and sensing range optimization. DSHR is evaluated considering the network lifetime; thereafter model is compared with the existing low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol to prove the efficiency.

Catalytic Hydroxyethylation of Phenols with Renewable Ethylene Glycol Diester as an Alternative to Ethylene Oxide

AbstractPolyol esters are abundant bio‐based resources. Integration of polyol esters into the production chain of fine chemicals would reduce carbon emissions and improve the sustainability of the chemical industry. An efficient synthetic route to phenoxyethanols was developed through catalytic hydroxyethylation of phenols with ethylene glycol diacetate as the reagent. This method showed the potential of ethylene glycol diester as a safe and sustainable substitute for ethylene oxide, a useful but toxic reagent. A variety of phenoxyethanol esters were produced in high yield under simple catalytic conditions. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction underwent a neighboring group participation process.

HT-WSO: A hybrid meta-heuristic approach-aided multi-objective constraints for energy efficient routing in WBANs

Generally, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are regarded as the collection of small sensor devices that are effectively implanted or embedded into the human body. Moreover, the nodes included in the WBAN have large resource constraints. Hence, reliable and energy-efficient data transmission plays a significant role in the implementation and in constructing of most of the merging applications. Regarded to complicated channel environment, limited power supply, as well as varying link connectivity has made the construction of WBANs routing protocol become difficult. In order to provide the routing protocol in a high energy-efficient manner, a new approach is suggested using hybrid meta-heuristic development. Initially, all the sensor nodes in WBAN are considered for experimentation. In general, the WBAN is comprised of mobile nodes as well as fixed sensor nodes. Since the existing models are ineffective to achieve high energy efficiency, the new routing protocol is developed by proposing the Hybrid Tunicate-Whale Swarm Optimization (HT-WSO) algorithm. Subsequently, the proposed work considers the multiple constraints for deriving the objective function. The network efficiency is analyzed using the objective function that is formulated by distance, hop count, energy, path loss, and load and packet loss ratio. To attain the optimum value, the HT-WSO derived from Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is employed. In the end, the ability of the working model is estimated by diverse parameters and compared with existing traditional approaches. The simulation outcome of the designed method achieves 13.3%, 23.5%, 25.7%, and 27.7% improved performance than DHOA, Jaya, TSA, and WOA. Thus, the results illustrate that the recommended protocol attains better energy efficiency over WBANs.

Direct Synthesis of C4-Acyl Indoles via C-H Acylation.

The direct synthesis of C4-acyl indoles deprived of C2 and C3 substituents has proven to be challenging, with scarce efficient synthetic routes being reported. Herein, we disclose a highly site-selective palladium-catalyzed C-H acylation for the construction of C4-acyl indoles via a Catellani-Lautens cyclization strategy. In addition, we systematically studied the ortho C-H acylation mechanism of iodoaniline through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and combined experimental results to elucidate the principle of high chemoselectivity brought by triazine benzoate as an acylation reagent.

An Efficient GPS Algorithm for Maximizing Electric Vehicle Range

Although the main purpose of conventional geographical positioning systems (GPSs) is to determine either the fastest path or the shortest distance to a destination, this function may not be enough for electric vehicles (EVs). This is simply because the fastest/shortest path may consume relatively higher energy when compared to other paths depending on the nature, speed limit, and topography of the road. This means that the driving range of the EV per charge decreases dramatically. This paper aims to develop a new algorithm and model dedicated for EV GPS which not only selects shortest/fastest routes, but also focuses on the most energy efficient route. This is achieved by considering many factors including aerodynamics, wind speed, topology of roads, with a clear objective of reducing the energy consumed from the battery. A MATLAB Simulink model is developed and validated with real-life case studies to ensure the results are realistic and accurate.

A comprehensive review of energy efficient routing protocols for query driven wireless sensor networks

In this current era of communications and networking, The Internet of things plays the main role in the making of smart communication and networking. In this article, we have focused on the literature survey on wireless sensor networks which are energy efficient. Various standard protocols are reviewed along with some enhanced protocols which makes the network energy efficient. The comparison of the standard and enhanced protocols with respect to various applications in wireless sensor networks is thoroughly done in this article. The outcomes of the enhanced protocols are also briefly discussed. For easier analysis to future researchers, a comparative table which lists the enhanced protocols which are compared with standard counterparts along with the factors for energy efficiency of the protocols. This article also comments on the issues and challenges of the protocols which can be further analyzed for making the wireless sensor network more energy efficient.

Mechanisms of rapid magnetocaloric enhancement of La–Fe–Co–Si alloy by high-temperature hot compression with large deformation

In this study, the microstructure, phase composition, magnetic transition, and magnetocaloric effect of the LaFe10.6Co0.9Si1.5 alloy hot compressed at high temperatures over 1173 K with a strain rate 0.005 s−1 and reduction ratio 50%–70 % are studied. No La(Fe, Si, Co)13 phase is formed until the hot-compression temperature is elevated to 1273 K and the reduction ratio is increased to 70 %. As a result, 86.8 ± 2 wt% 1:13 phases are rapidly obtained in the LaFe10.6Co0.9Si1.5 ingot. The whole process can be completed within only 10 min and no post-annealing process is needed. This fast formation of the La(Fe, Si, Co)13 phases is possibly induced by the directional atomic diffusion, accelerated atomic diffusion, and the stability of the La(Fe, Si, Co)13 phase and structural relaxation caused by the sufficiently restored elastic energy during the hot compression. The LaFe10.6Co0.9Si1.5 ingot hot compressed at 1273 K with a reduction ratio 70 % at a strain rate 0.005/s exhibits a second-order phase transition and negligible magnetic hysteresis. A large magnetic entropy change of 4.4 J/kg.K and a wide working temperature range of 57 K under 2 T are acquired near room temperature. This study proposes a new efficient hot compression route for processing the La–Fe–Co–Si alloy and enhancing the magnetocaloric effect.

Efficient and Exact Public Transport Routing via a Transfer Connection Database

Efficient and Exact Public Transport Routing via a Transfer Connection Database

A nickel-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl halides facilitated by pyridine derivatives

A nickel-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction facilitated by pyridine derivative ligands is reported. A wide range of (hetero) aryl halides and (hetero) aryl boronic acids were compatible, which led to the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. A gram-scale reaction proceeded well and afforded an efficient route to prepare methyl [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxylate.

Performance evaluation of low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-based cluster routing protocols in wireless sensor networks using a new graphical user interface

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is widely used for field data acquisition and monitoring in different domains. To make this type of network functional, efficient routing protocols must be implemented. Nevertheless, WSNs have an energy constraint due to limited batteries. Many clustered protocols are proposed to overcome it. However, the implementation of these protocols would be difficult to understand without a simulation tool, as some problems may arise during their development. Testing real-world applications requires a lot of effort and cost because they often use many nodes in large networks. Therefore, the simulation tool is the most relative way to evaluate these protocols. This paper presents graphical-based cluster protocols simulation interface for WSN(GCPS-WSN), a new interface to simulate some clustered protocols in WSNs. GCPS-WSN allows the user to evaluate the performance of certain low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) enhanced protocols to choose the most appropriate one for his system. The user can simulate protocols without any knowledge of software programming.

Energy efficient reliable data transmission for optimizing IoT data transmission in smart city

The rapid proliferation of the internet of things (IoT) technology has significantly transformed urban landscapes, giving rise to smart city frameworks that leverage interconnected devices for enhanced efficiency and functionality. In these environments, vast amounts of data are generated by diverse sensors and devices, necessitating advanced strategies for effective data collection and transmission. This paper introduces a novel approach to address data collection and transmission challenges in IoT-enabled smart city frameworks. The proposed design integrates IoT-Cloud for efficient data collection and employs the energy efficient reliable data transmission (EERDT) model, optimizing IoT data transmission. The enhanced dragonfly routing algorithm, incorporating the firefly algorithm, enhances data routing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate EERDT's superiority over energy-aware iot-routing (EAIR) and location-centric energy-harvesting aware-routing (LCEHAR), revealing significant improvements in communication overhead, data processing latency, and network lifetime. The EERDT exhibits substantial reductions in communication overhead, enhancing overall network performance. The EERDT model showcases lower data processing latency and energy consumption, highlighting its potential for resource-efficient IoT data transmission. This work contributes an innovative solution for smart city IoT networks, emphasizing performance enhancements and resource efficiency.

Enhancing routing efficiency in social internet of things: R-OPTICS and vEBT based congestion free model

The emergence of the social internet of things (SIoT) network has brought forth distinctive challenges, including node mobility and varying densities, leading to congestion and hampered network efficiency. To overcome these issues, a congestion-free routing model for SIoT is proposed. This model combines the relationship-ordering points to identify the clustering structure (R-OPTICS) algorithm for intelligent node clustering based on relationships and ordering,along with a van emde boas tree (vEBT) for efficient path selection. R-OPTICS enables effective network management by clustering nodes appropriately. The model’s performance is evaluated using metrics such as Rand-Index (1.5765),Davies-Bouldin (-0.4305), and Silhouette Coefficient (1.71685) to assess average goodness values. vEBT identifies optimal paths between clusters, facilitating smart routing decisions. The primary objective of the model is to enhance network efficiency and alleviate congestion by intelligently routing data between clusters. Through extensive simulations, the proposed model outperforms existing routing methods, resulting in improved efficiency and congestion reduction. This congestion-free routing model presents a promising solution to address the unique challenges of SIoT networks, ensuring optimal performance and effective resource management.

Enhancement of Harris Hawks optimization applied in path planning for an indoor navigation mobile application

The research focuses on the enhancement of Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm in achieving an efficient path planning, specifically in indoor environments. It solves problems encountered in HHO; firstly, the exploration operator of HHO is modified to incorporate the survival of the fittest principle, this ensures a controlled diversity by using an Exponential Ranking selection method. The method aims to guide the algorithm to find a more optimal solution while allowing it to search for alternative paths. Secondly, Linear Path Strategy is used to reduce the number of nodes in the paths, therefore minimizing its length and simplifying trajectories. In addition, Linear Path Strategy aims to create smoother paths and avoid obstacles, improving the overall performance of the algorithm. Lastly, general multi-objective formula is defined to evaluate path length and travel time. Considering these factors established a balanced evaluation metric, which provided a detailed assessment of path quality for scenarios like indoor navigation. Comparative analysis was done, and results highlighted the effectiveness of EHHO in generating better paths, in comparison with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and with the current HHO algorithm. It outperformed the algorithms compared in terms of path length, travel time, and efficiency of the execution, especially in a complex environment. In conclusion, EHHO algorithm showed promising results in providing shorter, faster, and more efficient routes, with potential applications across different domains that requires optimal path planning solutions.

NiO–Ca9Co12O28 bifunctional phase change catalysts for biomass pyrolysis to hydrogen-rich syngas

In this study, the preparation of hydrogen-rich gases from improved pyrolysis-catalytic reforming system by industrial solid waste calcium carbide slag was investigated in a fixed-bed reaction system. The differences in biomass pyrolysis gas compositions and yields over the bifunctional phase change catalyst NiO–Ca9Co12O28 with different Ni doping ratios, pyrolysis temperatures, and calcium carbide slag doping ratios have been investigated, and a model for the mechanism of the redox reaction over the NiO–Ca9Co12O28 catalyst is proposed at the same time. The results of the study indicated that the maximum hydrogen production is 447.23 mL/gbiomass at 600 °C when the mass ratio of bamboo to calcium carbide slag is 5:9, which is 549.29% higher than that of pyrolysis of bamboo alone. The hydrogen volume concentration increased from 17.93% to 63.78%. This study provides a green and efficient route for high-value conversion of biomass and adsorption-enhanced reforming of solid waste for hydrogen production.

Forward Node Selection by Evaluating Link Quality Using Fuzzy Logic in WBAN

WBAN technology plays a vital role in human life monitoring and maintaining health remotely without being hospitalized, particularly during pandemic situations. The miniature-sized and heterogeneous sensors involved in WBAN with limited resources face reliability as a key challenge that limits the growth of WBAN technology. Designing an efficient routing protocol helps to achieve reliable data transmission between sensor nodes in WBAN. The proposed Fuzzy logic-based Forward Node Selection chooses the best node to transmit the data by introducing fuzzy logic on routing parameters such as link quality, data rate, node’s residual energy and node-to-node distance. The key advantages of our proposed system are to extend the network lifetime and boost the packet delivery ratio. The efficiency of our proposed method is estimated by comparing the parameters of network lifetime and packet delivery ratio with DTS and EARP protocols.

Controlled reaction dynamics of cellulose: Revealing the dual morphology nanocrystals

Cellulose nanocrystals exhibit diverse morphology with embedded crystallinity derived from the ordered crystalline regimes of cellulose fibers. Acid hydrolysis parameters controls the morphology of nanocrystals and is the primary efficient route for the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals. In this study, we explored the impact of temperature on the morphology engineering of cellulose nanocrystals derived from banana pseudostem by oxalic acid hydrolysis, an underexplored method. Confirmation of successful cellulose extraction was achieved through fibrous morphology observed in FESEM and TEM analyses. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy affirmed the presence of type II cellulose. Notably, for the first time, we report the derivation of toroidal and spherulitic sheet-like morphologies in cellulose nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermal method from banana psuedostem. Our investigation revealed that cellulose hydrolysis at 120 °C yields nanocrystals characterized by toroidal and spherulitic sheet-like morphologies with excellent crystallinity, as confirmed by FESEM and TEM analyses, with average thicknesses of 13.70 nm and 18.05 nm, respectively. Interestingly, elevating the hydrolysis temperature to 180 °C led to the collapse of these structures into carbon dots, exhibiting notable cyan emission.

A Smart Secure model for Detection of DDoS Malicious Traces in Integrated LEO Satellite-Terrestrial Communications

For many researchers, defense against DDoS attacks has always been a major subject of attention. Within the LEO Satellite-Terrestrial (LSTN) network field, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks is considered to be one of the most potentially harmful attack techniques. For the facilitation of network protection by the detection of DDoS malicious traces inside a network of satellite devices, machine learning algorithms plays a significant role. This paper uses modern machine learning approaches on a novel benchmark Satellite dataset. The STIN and NSL-KDD datasets has been used to detect network anomalies. The pre-processing of data has been performed effectively and a host of ML methods have been applied to classify the outputs into normal, regular node or untrustable /malicious node. We have evaluated the analysis results in presence of attacks as well as without presence of attacks, supervised machine learning techniques basic measurements like accuracy, True positive, False positive etc. Our proposed trust model shows better accuracy, nearby 98% and we have shown that our proposed machine learning based security model performs better to get rid of DDoS attacks on integrated LEO satellite-terrestrial networks without compromising on the packet routing efficiency. We are able to improve routing speed and improve network security against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks by integrating an ensemble-based trust model trained on NSL-KDD+STIN+Exata Simulated resultant dataset with ACO for routing decisions. In dynamic network scenarios, as trustworthiness is an essential criterion in route decision-making, this proposed approach signifies resilient and adaptable routing.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 6 provides efficient gene transfer upon intramyocardial injection in vivo

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): European Innovation Council Eurostars Background Cardiac gene transfer utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising approach for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. Intramyocardial injection is an efficient delivery route, and is particularly relevant for ischemic disease or pacemaker and conduction system abnormalities, where local treatment is favoured. However, which AAV variants provide efficient cardiac gene transfer after intramyocardial injection remains to be tested. Aim This study aims to compare several cardiotropic AAV variants in order to identify their relative potency in the setting of direct intramyocardial injection. Methods A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-coding sequence was packaged in the two benchmark AAV capsids, AAV6 and AAV9, and a selection of recently reported AAV9 capsid variants which are named MyoAAVs. These AAV vectors were added to neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVM) and their transduction efficiency was evaluated by flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. AAV6, AAV9 and MyoAAV4A vectors were then delivered into the left ventricle of FVB mice via intramyocardial injection. AAV6 and AAV9 carrying GFP in a different expression cassette were also intramyocardially injected in FVB and Bl6 mice. Direct fluorescence, transgene mRNA, and viral genomes were quantified to determine the transduction efficiency 4 weeks post injection. Picrosirius red staining was used to assess whether AAV-mediated GFP delivery causes cardiac fibrosis. We further studied GFP encoding AAV6 and AAV9 vectors upon intramyocardial injection into the left ventricle of pigs and determined the transduction efficiency by quantitative PCR. Results NRVM transduction experiment revealed that among the tested capsid variants, AAV6 is the most efficient in transducing cardiomyocytes, followed by MyoAAV4A. In mice, AAV6 is most effective in transducing myocardium upon intramyocardial injection, resulting in approximately 10-fold higher transgene expression than that obtained with AAV9 vector and 2-fold higher than that with MyoAAV4A vector. Histology revealed no vector-related cardiac fibrosis. The use of different expression cassettes and animal strains consistently showed that AAV6 outperforms AAV9 in cardiac transduction efficiency. Transgene expression in liver was only observed in Bl6 mice injected with AAV9. In porcine myocardium, AAV6 led to robust transgene expression after intramyocardial injection and this expression level is higher than that of AAV9. Conclusion Among the AAV variants tested, AAV6 appears to be the most efficient for cardiac transduction by intramyocardial injection. These results suggest that AAV6 represents an attractive vector for direct cardiac gene transfer and for future capsid engineering in the context of local transgene delivery.

Release dynamics of nanodiamonds created by laser-driven shock-compression of polyethylene terephthalate

Laser-driven dynamic compression experiments of plastic materials have found surprisingly fast formation of nanodiamonds (ND) via X-ray probing. This mechanism is relevant for planetary models, but could also open efficient synthesis routes for tailored NDs. We investigate the release mechanics of compressed NDs by molecular dynamics simulation of the isotropic expansion of finite size diamond from different P-T states. Analysing the structural integrity along different release paths via molecular dynamic simulations, we found substantial disintegration rates upon shock release, increasing with the on-Hugnoiot shock temperature. We also find that recrystallization can occur after the expansion and hence during the release, depending on subsequent cooling mechanisms. Our study suggests higher ND recovery rates from off-Hugoniot states, e.g., via double-shocks, due to faster cooling. Laser-driven shock compression experiments of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples with in situ X-ray probing at the simulated conditions found diamond signal that persists up to 11 ns after breakout. In the diffraction pattern, we observed peak shifts, which we attribute to thermal expansion of the NDs and thus a total release of pressure, which indicates the stability of the released NDs.

Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Yne-Enones with Iminooxindoles, Access to 3,2'-Pyrrolidinyl-Spirooxindole Derivatives.

Herein, a gold-catalyzed cascade reaction of yne-enones with iminooxindoles has been developed through a cascade cycloisomerization/(3 + 2) annulation process. This approach provides a straightforward and efficient route for the synthesis of functionalized 3,2'-pyrrolidinyl-spirooxindoles in high reactivity and broad substrate scope with excellent cis-selectivity. Moreover, the subsequent functionalization of furan units allows for the diverse synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives, which have demonstrated good antitumoral activity.