Efficient Regeneration Research Articles

Construction and demolition waste as a low-cost adsorbent for water treatment: kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and Fenton regeneration.

The present study proposes to investigate the feasibility of using construction and demolition waste (CDW) as an aqueous remediation agent through adsorption. The CDW, with and without chemical and thermal pre-activation, was evaluated to remove the methylene blue (MB) dye from the water solution. Variables interfering with adsorption processes, such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH, and particle size, were evaluated. The material was characterized by pHZPC, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and TG. The kinetic and equilibrium data better fitted the Elovich and Sips models, respectively. A maximum adsorption capacity of 18.62mgg-1 at 60°C was observed. Thermodynamic data indicated that adsorption occurred through a spontaneous and favorable process governed mainly by physical processes. The regeneration studies were carried out using processes based on the Fenton reaction, where the catalytic action of the iron naturally present in the CDW was evaluated. The results showed that the desorption balance was the main limiting factor for the effective regeneration of the saturated material. Adding Fe2+ to the system made this process suitable for the regeneration of the CDW and degradation of the pollutant in the aqueous phase. A regeneration efficiency of 65%, maintained practically constant during five adsorption-regeneration cycles, was observed. These results highlight the high potential of using CDWs as an adsorbent material.

Pt‐Mo₂N Catalyst Formed by Inverse Sintering for the Reverse Water‐Gas Shift Reaction

AbstractThe reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS) reaction is significant for the resource utilization of CO2. However, this reaction requires high temperatures and metal catalysts are prone to agglomeration, leading to loss of activity. In this work, a Pt catalyst supported on Mo₂N formed via phase transition and metal reverse sintering under a high‐temperature NH₃ atmosphere is developed. This catalyst exhibits excellent RWGS activity, achieving a CO production rate of 294.8 mmolgcat−1 h−1 at 623 K, with CO selectivity maintained at 93%. Moreover, under continuous testing conditions for 100 h, the catalyst's activity shows no significant decline. Notably, further investigation reveals that the surface reaction mechanism at 623 K differs from the previously reported associative mechanism, instead following a redox mechanism in the presence of H₂. This research not only provides a deeper theoretical understanding of the mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation but also offers valuable insights for developing novel and efficient metal catalyst regeneration technologies.

Innovative 3D-Printed Titanium Specimens Favor a Modulation of Inflammation in Dental Pulp Stem Cells During Liposome-Triggered Mineralization.

developing customized titanium specimens, with innovative surfaces, is a suitable strategy to overcome implant failure. Additionally, a faster and efficient osteogenic commitment assists tissue regeneration. To investigate the interplay between inflammation and differentiation upon implantation, Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) were cultured on 3D-printed titanium owning an internal open cell form, administering osteogenic factors by a liposomal formulation (LipoMix) compared to traditional delivery of differentiation medium (DM). osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by western blot, by measuring β1 integrin expression, and by and real-time RT-PCR, by measuring SP7 and Collagen I gene expression; while.angiogenesis was characterized by measuring VEGF secretion levels. Matrix mineralization was assessed by means of Alizarin Red Staining, cell adhesion and inflammation responses through western blot, enzymatic and ELISA assays evaluating Nrf2 expression, catalase activity and Prostaglandin E2 secretion, respectively. LipoMix enhances cell proliferation and adhesion, as revealed by increased integrin β1 expression. Mineralized matrix deposition, SP7 gene expression, Collagen I release and Alkaline Phosphatase activity appear increased in LipoMix condition. Additionally, the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 is overexpressed at the earliest experimental times, triggering the catalase activity. data reported confirm that internal topography and post-production treatments on titanium surfaces dynamically and positively condition the DPSC progress towards the osteogenic phenotype, moreover, the combination with LipoMix fastens the positive modulation of inflammation under osteogenic conditions. Therefore, the development of customized surfaces along with the administration of differentiating factors enclosed in a liposomal delivery system, could represent a promising and innovative tool in regenerative dentistry.

The role of light rail systems in urban regionalisation processes and in defining the bioregional vision of the Pontine plain in Italy

ABSTRACT Urban regionalisation or new regionalism is a land transformation process that involves the emergence of new sprawl settlements in the European Union and North America. These settlements are often composed of residential or micro-productive units that cause ecological fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and spatial reorganisation. This process challenges conventional spatial analytical and planning frameworks and calls for a new approach. This paper argues that bioregional units which account for complex human-environment interactions and the sustainability of natural resources and ecosystems can provide a new analytical and planning framework. Bioregions represent the main living environments for people, and mobility is a key driver shaping their lifestyle choices. This paper explores the role of light rail systems (LRSs) in enhancing the sustainability and well-being of bioregions, using the Pontine bioregion in Italy as a case study. It reviews the bioregional theory and applies the bioregional framework to the Pontine plain presenting the main features of the Pontine bioregion, including its internal and external urban relationships. Building on these analyses, the paper then discusses the proposal of a new railway network system that integrates LRSs as strategic elements for efficient mobility, urban regeneration, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability of the bioregional territory.

Effective multi-biocatalyst system with reusable NADH for transformation of glycerol to value-added dihydroxyacetone

Glycerol-based biorefinery can be a highly profitable process by producing highly value-added products such as dihydroxyacetone via combined catalytic strategies. Here, two-enzyme system is adopted for the transformation of glycerol into highly valuable dihydroxyacetone as well as cofactor regeneration at the same time. Glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) are co-immobilized within magnetically separable and spherical mesocellular silica foam (Mag-S-MCF), to prepare NER-(GDH/ADH). In details, GDH and ADH are adsorbed into the mesopores of Mag-S-MCF, and further crosslinked within the mesopores of Mag-S-MCF. The resulting nanoscale enzyme reactors (NER) of crosslinked GDH and ADH molecules within the bottle-neck structured mesopores can effectively prevent larger sized crosslinked enzyme aggregates from being leached out of smaller mesopores, due to the bottle-neck mesopore structure of Mag-S-MCF, as well as stabilize the activity of GDH and ADH upon chemical crosslinking, effectively preventing the denaturation of enzyme molecules. More importantly, the proximity of GDH and ADH molecules within mesopores of NER improves the efficiency of cofactor-mediated dual-enzymatic reactions by relieving mass-transfer limitations and improving cofactor recycling in an effective way, expediting both glycerol oxidation and dihydroxyacetone generation at the same time. As a result, the DHA concentration of NER-(GDH/ADH) and the simple mixture of NER-GDH and NER-ADH were 410 μM and 336 μM, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first demonstration of stabilized nanoscale multi-enzyme reactor system, equipped with efficient cofactor regeneration within confined mesopores, for efficient glycerol transformation to high-valued dihydroxyacetone.Graphical

Overexpression of Vitis GRF4-GIF1 improves regeneration efficiency in diploid Fragaria vesca Hawaii 4

BackgroundPlant breeding played a very important role in transforming strawberries from being a niche crop with a small geographical footprint into an economically important crop grown across the planet. But even modern marker assisted breeding takes a considerable amount of time, over multiple plant generations, to produce a plant with desirable traits. As a quicker alternative, plants with desirable traits can be raised through tissue culture by doing precise genetic manipulations. Overexpression of morphogenic regulators previously known for meristem development, the transcription factors Growth-Regulating Factors (GRFs) and the GRF-Interacting Factors (GIFs), provided an efficient strategy for easier regeneration and transformation in multiple crops.ResultsWe present here a comprehensive protocol for the diploid strawberry Fragaria vesca Hawaii 4 (strawberry) regeneration and transformation under control condition as compared to ectopic expression of different GRF4-GIF1 chimeras from different plant species. We report that ectopic expression of Vitis vinifera VvGRF4-GIF1 provides significantly higher regeneration efficiency during re-transformation over wild-type plants. On the other hand, deregulated expression of miRNA resistant version of VvGRF4-GIF1 or Triticum aestivum (wheat) TaGRF4-GIF1 resulted in abnormalities. Transcriptomic analysis between the different chimeric GRF4-GIF1 lines indicate that differential expression of FvExpansin might be responsible for the observed pleiotropic effects. Similarly, cytokinin dehydrogenase/oxygenase and cytokinin responsive response regulators also showed differential expression indicating GRF4-GIF1 pathway playing important role in controlling cytokinin homeostasis.ConclusionOur data indicate that ectopic expression of Vitis vinifera VvGRF4-GIF1 chimera can provide significant advantage over wild-type plants during strawberry regeneration without producing any pleiotropic effects seen for the miRNA resistant VvGRF4-GIF1 or TaGRF4-GIF1.

Crucial Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Androgenesis in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Through Anther and Microspore Cultures

Historically, traditional crossbreeding schemes have predominated in oat breeding. In vitro culture techniques seek to expedite the breeding process and enhance selection efficiency. Maximum yields are achieved from hybrid plants produced by crossing pure (homozygous) lines with the desired traits. Homozygous lines can be produced through conventional breeding methods, which are time-consuming and costly. Alternatively, the production of homozygous lines can be accelerated by producing doubled haploid (DH) plants derived from (haploid) male gametophytes or their microspores (androgenesis). This method condenses the various stages required for producing homozygous lines in a single generation, resulting in significant time and cost savings. These and other advantages render androgenic DHs the preferred choice in numerous important crops where any of the various in vitro experimental techniques (anthers culture or isolated microspores culture) are well-established. However, in the case of oat (Avena sativa L.), an efficient plant regeneration method remains not very effective compared to the most common cereals, possibly due to the known recalcitrance of this cereal to in vitro culture. This review presents the methods through anther and microspore cultures utilized in the production of oat DHs revealing the crucial factors influencing the efficiency of this method in oat (Avena sativa L.).

A computational model reveals an early transient decrease in fiber cross-linking that unlocks adult regeneration

The decline in regeneration efficiency after birth in mammals is a significant roadblock for regenerative medicine in tissue repair. We previously developed a computational agent based-model (ABM) that recapitulates mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular-matrix (ECM), to investigate key drivers of tissue repair in adults. Time calibration alongside a parameter sensitivity analysis of the model suggested that an early and transient decrease in ECM cross-linking guides tissue repair toward regeneration. Consistent with the computational model, transient inhibition or stimulation of fiber cross-linking for the first six days after subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) resection in adult mice led to regenerative or scar healing, respectively. Therefore, this work positions the computational model as a predictive tool for tissue regeneration that with further development will behave as a digital twin of our in vivo model. In addition, it opens new therapeutic approaches targeting ECM cross-linking to induce tissue regeneration in adult mammals.

Highly efficient synthesis of the chiral ACE inhibitor intermediate (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate ethyl ester via engineered bi-enzyme coupled systems

(R)-2-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ethyl ester ((R)-HPBE) is an essential chiral intermediate in the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Its production involves the highly selective asymmetric reduction of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (OPBE), catalyzed by carbonyl reductase (CpCR), with efficient cofactor regeneration playing a crucial role. In this study, an in-situ coenzyme regeneration system was developed by coupling carbonyl reductase (CpCR) with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), resulting in the construction of five recombinant strains capable of NADPH regeneration. Among these, the recombinant strain E. coli BL21-pETDuet-1-GDH-L-CpCR, where CpCR is fused to the C-terminus of GDH, demonstrated the highest catalytic activity. This strain exhibited an enzyme activity of 69.78 U/mg and achieved a conversion rate of 98.3%, with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 99.9% during the conversion of 30 mM OPBE to (R)-HPBE. High-density fermentation further enhanced enzyme yield, achieving an enzyme activity of 1960 U/mL in the fermentation broth, which is 16.2 times higher than the volumetric activity obtained from shake flask fermentation. Additionally, the implementation of a substrate feeding strategy enabled continuous processing, allowing the strain to efficiently convert a final OPBE concentration of 920 mM, producing 912 mM of (R)-HPBE. These findings highlight the system’s improved catalytic efficiency, stability, and scalability, making it highly suitable for industrial-scale biocatalytic production.

Knockout mutation in TaD27 enhances number of productive tillers in hexaploid wheat.

Recent advances allow the deployment of cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonucleases (Cas) system for the targeted mutagenesis in the genome with accuracy and precision for trait improvement in crops. CRISPR-Cas systems have been extensively utilized to induce knockout or frameshift mutations in the targeted sequence of mostly negative regulating genes for wheat improvement. However, most of the reported work has been done in non-commercial varieties of wheat and introgression of edited alleles into breeding population comes with the penalty of unwanted linkage-drag. Wheat yield is controlled by various genes such as positive and negative regulators. The TaD27 gene is described as a negative regulator of shoot branching or tillering and involved in the biosynthesis of strigolactones. In this study, we developed Tad27 knockout mutant lines of an elite wheat cultivar that showed a twofold increase in the number of tillers and 1.8-fold increase in the number of grains per plant. Subsequently, enhancing the grain yield without any morphological penalty in the architecture of the plants. The co-transformation of regeneration enhancing growth regulator, Growth Regulating Factor 4 (GRF4) and its cofactor GRF-Interacting Factor 1 (GIF1), under single T-DNA cassette improved the regeneration efficiency up to 6% of transgenic events from mature embryos of wheat. Our results indicate that the CRISPR-mediated targeted mutagenesis confers the potential to knockout yield-related negative regulators in elite cultivars of wheat that can substantially enhance grain yield per plant and this strategy can be harnessed for the improvement of future wheat.

Regeneration and Genetic Transformation in Eucalyptus Species, Current Research and Future Perspectives

Eucalyptus is an important plantation tree with a high economic value in China. The tree contributes significantly to China’s timber production. The stable and efficient Eucalyptus regeneration system and genetic transformation system are of great significance for exploring the regulatory function and possible genetic breeding capacity of important genes in the species. However, as a woody plant, Eucalyptus has problems, such as a long generation cycle, strong specificity of the regeneration system, and a low genetic conversion rate, which seriously limit the rapid development of Eucalyptus genetics and breeding programs. The present review summarizes the status of research on Eucalyptus regeneration and genetic transformation, with a focus on the effects of explants, media, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and concentrations in the Eucalyptus regeneration process. In addition, the effects of genotype, Agrobacterium, antibiotics, preculture, and co-culture on the genetic transformation efficiency of Eucalyptus are discussed. Furthermore, the study also summarizes the problems encountered in Eucalyptus regeneration and genetic transformation, with reference to previous studies, and it outlines future developments and prospects. The aim was to provide a reference for solving the problems of genetic instability and the low transformation efficiency of eucalyptus, and to establish an efficient and stable eucalyptus regeneration and transformation system to accelerate the process of its genetic improvement.

Increased efficiency of peripheral nerve regeneration using supercritical carbon dioxide-based decellularization in acellular nerve graft

Acellular nerve grafts (ANGs) are a promising therapeutic for patients with nerve defects caused by injuries. Conventional decellularization methods utilize a variety of detergents and enzymes. However, these methods have disadvantages, such as long processing times and the presence of detergents that remain on the graft. In this study, we aimed to reduce process time and minimize the risks associated with residual detergents by replacing them with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and compared the effectiveness to Hudson’s decellularization method, which uses several detergents. The dsDNA and the expression of MHC1 and 2 were significantly reduced in both decellularized groups, which confirmed the effective removal of cellular debris. The extracellular matrix proteins and various factors were found to be better preserved in the scCO2 ANGs compared to the detergent-ANGs. We conducted behavioral tests and histological analyses to assess the impact of scCO2 ANGs on peripheral nerve regeneration in animal models. Compared with Hudson’s method, the scCO2 method effectively improved the efficacy of peripheral nerve regeneration. Therefore, the decellularization method using scCO2 is not only beneficial for ANG synthesis, but it may also be helpful for therapeutics by enhancing the efficacy of peripheral nerve regeneration.

Hierarchically fibrillated spunlaced nonwovens from waste wool supported ionic liquid as solid amine adsorbents for CO2 capture

The environmental crisis caused by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide-based greenhouse gases has garnered widespread public concern. Solid amine is considered to be one of the most effective carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorbents. However, traditional solid amine carriers have problems such as structural collapse, low efficiency and poor regeneration. In this study, waste wool having hierarchical fibrous structure was spunlaced, fibrillated and later compounded with amino acid ionic liquids (AAIL) leading to the formation of the AAIL@feather-like wool nonwoven absorbents. A synergistic co-amine effect was observed after primary and secondary fibrillation without any sacrifice in the mechanical property of wool nonwovens. Also, the fibrillated nonwovens had high specific area which provided high loading rate (13.53 %) on AAIL. Compared with untreated wool nonwovens, the CO2 adsorption capacity of feather-like wool nonwovens was higher by 65 % (11.75 mmol/g) after loading AAIL. Furthermore, the CO2 adsorption capacity was retained (95.2 %) even after 12 cycles at 80 ℃, indicating that the AAIL@ feather-like wool nonwovens possess good long-term stability. This work paves the way for large scale manufacturing of biobased solid adsorbents with a hierarchical nonwoven structure for efficient CO2 capture.

Biosynthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles by employing Mulberry (Morus nigra) leaf extract as an efficient source for Rhodamine B remediation

Green processes for synthesizing nanocomposites are a hot area of research today as traditional processes are expensive, inefficient, harmful for synthesizing organic and inorganic molecules, and unsuitable for large-scale operations. The present study investigates the capacity of green synthesized Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) for efficiently removing Rhodamine B. Chemical reduction was replaced with Mulberry (Morus nigera) leaf extract as an environmentally friendly reaction mechanism. CaO NPs are characterized by various analytical techniques including EDX, BET, SEM, FTIR, TGA, Zeta Potential, Point of Zero Charge (PZC), and XRD. Maximum adsorption of Rhodamine B by CaO NPs is revealed at an initial concentration of Rhodamine B of 80 ppm, a temperature of 343 K, and contact time of 60 min, 0.4 g of adsorbent at a pH value of 7. Maximum removal of Rhodamine B by CaO NPs was found to be 98.2% which is promising with this small amount of adsorbent (0.4 g). Diverse Kinetic and adsorption isotherms are employed in this study to determine the requirement and significance of the adsorption process. Various adsorption isotherms such as Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), and Langmuir models have been employed. Among the kinetic adsorption isotherms Elovich, Intraparticle kinetic model, pseudo 1st order, and pseudo 2nd order models were applied. The current study investigates the thorough understanding of the Rhodamine B adsorption process including the mechanism of adsorption using condition optimization, characterization, and model applications. The proposed adsorbent can be employed for the green removal of Rhodamine B from wastewater of industry with maximum efficiency and favorable regeneration properties.

Analysis of the plant hormone expression profile during somatic embryogenesis induction in teak (Tectona grandis).

Plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an efficient regeneration system for propagation. It involves the regulation of a complex molecular regulatory network encompassing endogenous hormone synthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction processes, induced through exogenous plant growth regulators. Previous studies have focused primarily on traditional propagation methods for Tectona grandis, but there is limited knowledge on SE and its hormonal regulatory mechanisms. In our study, different SE stages, including the nonembryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC), and globular and heart-shaped embryo (E-SEs) stages, were induced in teak cotyledons incubated on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). Morphological and histological observations indicated that EC primarily originates from the development of embryogenic cell clusters. During SE induction, the levels of six classes of endogenous hormones, IAA, CTK, ETH, ABA, SA, and JA, changed significantly. Transcriptome analysis revealed that endogenous hormones participate in SE induction in teak through various biological processes, such as biosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction pathways. We found that IAA biosynthesis primarily occurs through the IAM pathway during these three stages. The ETH receptor kinase gene SERF1 exhibited the highest expression levels in E-SEs. The ABA-, SA-, and JA-related signal transduction genes ABI3, NPR1, and JAZ exhibited no differential expression during different stages. Moreover, key encoding genes of SE regulators, including WUS, WOX and SERK, were differentially expressed during SE. In conclusion, this study offers insights into the roles of endogenous hormones and their interactions during SE induction.

Design and characterization of novel A2B2 porphyrins: Solar cell applications, antimicrobial properties, and molecular docking insights

We synthesized novel A2B2 porphyrin derivatives (5a-e, 7a,b) with yields of 60–73 %. Porphyrin 2 was prepared by reacting dipyrromethane 1 with p-bromobenzaldehyde. Porphyrin 2 was then treated with n-BuLi in DMF at -15 °C to produce porphyrin 3. The final compounds, 5a-e and 7a,b, were synthesized by reacting porphyrin 3 with activated nitriles (4a-e) and thiazolone derivatives (6a,b). The structures of the novel compounds were confirmed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and elemental analysis. DFT calculations were used to explore the electronic structures and energy levels of the synthesized compounds. Compounds 7a and 7b showed improved electron transfer efficiency compared to 5a-e, with HOMO and LUMO levels aligned for optimal DSSC performance. The HOMO levels are below the electrolyte's redox potential (-5.2 eV), and the LUMO levels are above TiO2's conduction band (-4.2 eV), facilitating efficient electron injection and dye regeneration. Key parameters such as open-circuit voltage (VOC), free energy of injection (ΔGinj), and regeneration (ΔGreg) were calculated, highlighting these compounds' potential for DSSC applications. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against C. albicans, B. subtilis, and E. coli. Compounds 5e (MIC50 3.125 µg/mL, with inhibition zone 45 mm against B. subtilis) and (MIC50 12.5 µg/mL, with inhibition zone 31 mm against E. coli) and 7a (MIC50 3.125 µg/mL, with inhibition zone 44 mm against B. subtilis) and (MIC50 12.5 µg/mL, with inhibition zone 30 mm against E. coli) showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Compound 5e's carboxylic acid group likely enhances activity through strong hydrogen bonding and improved solubility, aiding interaction with microbial enzymes or cell walls. Compound 7a's dimalononitrile groups, being highly electron-withdrawing, increase reactivity, while phenylthiazolidine rings offer additional binding sites through hydrogen bonding and pi-stacking interactions. Docking studies of the most potent antibacterial porphyrin analogues, 5e and 7a, against the target protein PDB: 1ECl showed promising results. Compound 5e achieved a docking score of ‐7.9559 kcal/mol with an RMSD of 1.9743 Å, while compound 7a had an even better score of ‐8.9174 kcal/mol. Compound 7a formed interactions with two H-acceptors from its cyano groups, binding to Arg136 and Lys488, and a Pi-H interaction between the thiazolone ring and Asn158, with distances of 3.19, 3.63, and 3.71 Å, respectively.

Efficient Regeneration of Transgenic Rice from Embryogenic Callus via Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation: A Case Study Using GFP and Apple MdFT1 Genes

Genetic transformation is a critical tool for gene manipulation and functional analyses in plants, enabling the exploration of key phenotypes and agronomic traits at the genetic level. While dicotyledonous plants offer various tissues for in vitro culture and transformation, monocotyledonous plants, such as rice, have limited options. This study presents an efficient method for genetically transforming rice (Oryza sativa L.) using seed-derived embryogenic calli as explants. Two target genes were utilized to assess regeneration efficiency: green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the apple FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like gene (MdFT1). Antisense MdFT1 was cloned into a vector controlled by the rice α-amylase 3D (Ramy3D) promoter, while eGFP was fused to Cas9 under the Ubi promoter. These vectors were introduced separately into rice embryogenic calli from two Korean cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic seedlings were successfully regenerated via hygromycin selection using an in vitro cultivation system. PCR confirmed stable transgene integration in the transgenic calli and their progeny. Fluorescence microscopy revealed eGFP expression, and antisense MdFT1-expressing lines exhibited notable phenotypic changes, including variations in plant height and grain quality. High transformation efficiency and regeneration frequency were achieved for both tested cultivars. This study demonstrated the effective use of seed-derived embryogenic calli for rice transformation, offering a promising approach for developing transgenic plants in monocot species.

Research on faradic capacitive deionization regeneration method for absorption air conditioning system

The development of renewable energy driven air conditioning system is of importance for curbing the CO2 emission. Absorption air conditioning systems could be a good choice but for its low regeneration efficiency. Capacitive deionization (CDI) regeneration method has been proposed to improve the efficiency of absorption system by eliminating the energy waste in the traditional thermal regeneration method. The core part of CDI is the electrode normally made from porous carbon materials, which often suffers from low charge storage capacity and co-ion repulsion. On the purpose of performance optimization, this paper proposes a hybrid deionization (HCDI) regeneration method by fabricating the electrode from Faraday materials. Experimental research has been made on the regeneration capacity of the prepared electrodes. Investigation has been conducted on the performance of the HCDI method based absorption system. The influence of different parameters has been revealed. Compared with the porous carbon electrode, the Faraday electrode has raised the charge efficiency by 20%, and raised both the regeneration capacity and overall performance by 40%. Under optimized working conditions, the COP of the HCDI based absorption system has reached 3.51 in the experiments, which shows great potential for future application.

Recovering Nitrogen from Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Permeate Using a Natural Zeolite Ion Exchange Column

In the framework of a circular economy, wastewater treatment should be oriented toward processes that allow the recovery of the resources present in the wastewater while ensuring good effluent quality. Nitrogen recovery is usually carried out in streams concentrated in this nutrient because these high concentrations facilitate nitrogen valorization. On the other hand, the mainstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has a high potential for nitrogen recovery, but it is not usually considered because it is hard to manage due to its low nitrogen concentration. To solve this problem and facilitate the recovery of nitrogen in the mainstream, this work proposes ion exchange with zeolites as a stage of ammonium concentration, to provide a nitrogen-concentrated stream that could be valorized by another technology, while obtaining a nitrogen-free effluent. The working stream, the permeate of an AnMBR process in the mainstream, has suitable characteristics to be treated in an ion exchange column (free of suspended solids and with very low organic matter content). To this end, the effect of the working flow rate (17.5 to 4.4 BV/h) and the ammonium concentration (54 to 17 mg NH4-N/L) on the adsorption capacity of the zeolite in the loading phase was evaluated. The adsorption curves were fitted to three mathematical models: Thomas, Bohart–Adams, and Yoon–Nelson. The effect of the regeneration flow rate (from 8.7 to 2.2 BV/h) and the regenerant concentration (NaOH at 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 M) on regeneration capacity and efficiency were also studied. A novel control strategy based on effluent conductivity was used in both phases to control the duration of the adsorption and regeneration phases.

Systematic experiment on adsorption, separation and regeneration of X zeolites for LNG production with different regeneration strategies: vacuum, purging, heating and hybrid combinations

This work experimentally investigated the adsorption, separation and regeneration properties of two X zeolites for natural gas deep decarbonization in liquified natural gas (LNG) production. The regeneration properties of JLOX500 and 13X were compared with relation to regeneration efficiency, energy consumption, desorption and adsorption rate of CO2, and other factors in different pathways: vacuum, purging, heating, and hybrid combinations. The results demonstrated that fresh JLOX500 with more cations and less binders had significantly greater CO2 adsorption capacities and larger separation factor (CO2/CH4) than those of fresh 13X, because of its larger micro-porosity and higher CO2 isosteric heat. Due to higher partial pressure, the adversely significant effect of CH4 competing adsorption against CO2 on adsorbent regeneration is confirmed. The flow rate increases of purge gas had no effects on regeneration efficiency for 13X when the CO2 concentration of desorbed gas reached to zero. Because of a greater cumulative pore volume, JLOX500 after sufficient regeneration has a larger CO2 adsorption capacity and a higher desorption rate of CO2 than 13X, which also makes it more efficient with regards to purge gas and energy consumption utilization. With 150 mL/min of purge gas, the energy consumptions for 13X and JLOX500 regenerated at 150 °C were 4.20 and 2.89 MJ/kg-CO2, respectively. The CH4 recovery relied on the regeneration efficiency of adsorbents, duration of adsorption, and the amount of purge gas used. Both X zeolites regenerated by purging (150 mL/min) or vacuuming at 1 kPa at 150°C could purify the feed to the CO2 content less than 50 ppm, but JLOX500 is more efficient with regards to the overall performance.