Efficient Photocatalytic Applications Research Articles

Excavating oxygen vacancies in BaZrO3 to boost photocatalysis via screening vantage crystal planes

Investigations into the design and advancement of oxygen vacancies (OVs) are at the forefront of high-efficiency catalyst research. However, the lack of experimental evidence and a comprehensive mechanistic understanding regarding the promotion of OVs poses challenges. Herein, we investigate the role of crystal planes in elucidating the mechanism of OVs formation and their impact on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Initially, the Vienna ab-initio simulation package was utilized to calculate the key characteristics and band parameters of BaZrO3, subsequently, the screening crystal planes of (110) was synthesized. Experimental findings indicated that the (110) crystal plane increased the OVs rate from 32 % to 56 %, consequently improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance from 13.1 to 20.5 mmol·g−1·h−1. Furthermore, theoretical calculations were employed to delve into both OVs formation mechanisms and catalytic activity. This study presents an innovative approach for strategically modifying catalyst OVs for efficient and high-performance photocatalytic applications.

Ultrafast Interfacial Charge Transfer in Anisotropic One-Dimensional CsPbBr3/Pt Epitaxial Heterostructure.

Colloidal one-dimensional (1D) perovskite nanorods (NRs) and metal epitaxial heterostructures (HSs) are the promising class of new materials for efficient photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. Besides, fundamental photophysical properties and its device applications of 1D perovskite-metal HSs are limited due to their challenging synthetic protocols and difficulties in forming epitaxial growth between covalent and ionic bonds. Herein, we have synthesized the CsPbBr3 perovskite NRs-platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) (CsPbBr3/Pt) epitaxial HS using cation exchange followed by chemical reduction methods with the orthorhombic Cs2CuBr4 NRs. Here, the tertiary ammonium ions extensively helped to form the 1D Cs2CuBr4, CsPbBr3 NRs, and CsPbBr3/Pt HSs. For CsPbBr3/Pt HSs an epitaxial relationship has been established in the (020) plane of orthorhombic CsPbBr3 with the (020) plane of cubic Pt. Further, femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy was employed to study the charge carrier dynamics of CsPbBr3/Pt HS. Upon 420 nm photoexcitation, excitons in the conduction band of CsPbBr3 NRs dissociate by electron transfer (with an ultrafast time of 1.1 ps) to the Pt domain. In addition, charge transfer (CT) was also demonstrated in the CsPbBr3/Pt HS, which is ascribed to strong electron coupling and epitaxial growth between CsPbBr3 and Pt states. This extensive understanding of the electron transfer dynamics of CsPbBr3/Pt epitaxial HS may pave the way to designing highly efficient photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications.

Tuning oxygen vacancies via photoinduced defect engineering in plasma pre-treated TiO2 for efficient solar-light-driven oxidation of trace methane

Photocatalysis employing cost-effective commercial titanium dioxide offers an ideal solution for eliminating trace methane emissions from livestock and poultry farming. However, significant challenges such as the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, a limited light absorption spectrum, and weak adsorption capabilities considerably hinder the effectiveness of titanium dioxide in the photocatalytic treatment of trace methane. This study proposes a novel approach to activate plasma pre-treated N-doped commercial anatase TiO2 into dual-defect TiO2 (N-doped TiO2-x) featuring stable and controllable oxygen vacancies (OV) through photoinduced defect engineering. Characterizations of the photocatalyst confirm the successful creation of surface defects, further evaluated through solar-light-driven CH4 (ppm level) removal investigations. The yield of this N-doped TiO2-x in converting CH4 is 4.84 μmol h−1, 44 times greater than that of unmodified TiO2, significantly outperforming previous studies. UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectra, and photoluminescence indicate that the modified commercial anatase TiO2 possesses a narrower band gap, efficient photogenerated carrier separation, and enhanced charge transfer. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and N doping enhance the adsorption and activation of both O2 and CH4 in the rate-determining step of the reaction. This innovative strategy holds considerable promise for modifying various materials for more efficient photocatalytic applications.

Lattice Symmetry-Guided Charge Transport and Recombination in Supramolecular Assemblies

Synthetic soft materials mimicking biological structures are promising for many applications in fields such as photovoltaics and photocatalysis. For these applications, a deep understanding of the charge- and energy-transfer mechanisms is required to build more efficient devices. In this work, we investigate self-assembled 2D supramolecular structures using angle-resolved photoluminescence (PL) imaging techniques and decompose the optical transition dipoles in the supramolecular structures. Combining these optical studies with Monte Carlo simulations, we reveal the important role played by lattice symmetry in charge dissociation, transport, and recombination, as well as the exciton spin states. These mechanistic findings have important implications for engineering soft materials towards efficient energy conversion and photocatalytic applications.

An investigation on the synthesis and characterization of MoS2 nanoflowers draped g-C3N4 nano sheet (g-C3N4 / MoS2 / MnOOH) ternary composite for the efficient photocatalytic applications

In this study,MoS2/g-C3N4Nano flower like composite is synthesizedusing hydrothermal procedure to identify its photo catalytic properties on Methyl Dyes. The morphology, structure and optical properties of the produced materials are studied by X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FESEM, EDAX and UV –Vis Spectroscopy. The results received through characterizations confirmed that g-C3N4nanosheets are embedded with flower-like MoS2.The construction of the hetero junction is successful and widened absorptionrange in visible light is identified. Iste water contaminated by methyl dyes can be purified using thesynthesized composite. The suitability of the synthesized composite can be efficient in the removal of methyl dyes from industrial istes and domestic istes.

Synthesis of Dy-doped calcium hexaferrite (CaDyxF12-xO19) nanoparticles and their ferroelectric, dielectric, magnetic and photocatalytic properties under solar light irradiation

Calcium hexaferrite (CaDyxFe12-xO19) was synthesized using the microemulsion method, incorporating Dy as a dopant at varying levels (x = 0.00, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30). The effects of Dy-doping on the structural, magnetic, ferroelectric, dielectric and photocatalytic properties of CFO (CaDyxFe12-xO19) was evaluated. X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy were employed for the characterization of the prepared samples. A single-phase hexagonal structure with space group P63/mmc was verified by the XRD analysis and the crystallite size was in the 31.74 nm to 38.77 nm range. The ferroelectric properties were examined using a hysteresis loop (P-E), revealing that higher dopant concentrations led to decreased saturation polarization (Ps) and retentivity (Pr). Electrical studies, including I-V measurements, aligned with semiconductor behavior, as evidenced by Curie temperature and activation energy values. Magnetic assessments demonstrated increased saturation magnetization (0.028–0.049 emu/g) and remanence (0.0046–0.0144 emu/g) upon Dy-doping. Photocatalytic experiments exhibited promising crystal violet dye degradation under visible light irradiation, with highly doped catalyst showing 85 % degradation within 100 minutes, surpassing the 42 % degradation with pristine CaFe12O19. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated promising stability and reusability in recycling experiments. Investigation of scavenger effects highlighted the crucial role of reactive •OH in dye degradation, surpassing the contributions of e- or h+ species. The CaDyxFe12-xO19 holds significant potential for efficient photocatalytic application in the removal of dyes from effluents under visible light irradiation.

Incorporation of insufficiently vulcanized MoO3 nanocrystals into the hydrothermally grown MoS2/ZnS heterostructures for highly efficient photocatalytic applications

Engineering the multiple heterojunctions of MoS2-based materials provides an important and effective strategy to improve photocatalytic activity. In this work, the insufficiently vulcanized MoO3 intermediates had been incorporated into MoS2/ZnS nanostructured composites using a facile hydrothermal method. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the multiple heterojunctions were formed among the sphalerite ZnS, molybdenum oxide (MoO3) and MoS2 nanocrystals. Different heterogeneous microstructures among nanosheets, nanoparticles and nanobelts were aggregated through changing the mole fraction of the molybdenum in the mixture precursors. Photocatalytic results confirm that the relatively low ratio of Mo+4/Mo+6 in the ternary composites can significantly improve the catalytic activity for efficiently degrading the organic dye due to the synergistic effect of the multiple heterojunctions. The degradation efficiency achieves 97.9 % of methylene blue (20 mg/L) in 40 min using the photocatalyst dosage of 10 mg. A possible photocatalytic mechanism is also proposed.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Photocatalytic Material from TiO2 Nanoparticles Supported on Zeolite Obtained from Ignimbrite Residue Used in Decolorization of Methyl Orange

In the present work, a TiO2/zeolite photocatalyst was synthesized by dispersing TiO2 nanoparticles obtained through the sol-gel method onto the surface of natural zeolite derived from ignimbrite residue. The zeolite was obtained from an ignimbrite rubble treatment collected from a quarry in Arequipa City, Peru. The research focused on the effect of zeolite on the TiO2 nanoparticles. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized using various techniques, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis (BET). The results revealed that the TiO2/zeolite samples displayed high crystallinity, with TiO2 being present in three phases and zeolite being present in the analcime phase. Furthermore, these samples exhibited a band gap of 3.14 eV and a high surface area compared to that of bare TiO2. Finally, the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2/zeolite composite obtained was evaluated toward the decomposition of 10 ppm and 20 ppm of methyl orange (MO) dye. The TiO2/zeolite samples demonstrated improved photocatalytic activity compared to that of pristine TiO2 under the same experimental conditions. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increased specific surface area of the TiO2/zeolite samples, making them promising materials for future efficient and sustainable photocatalytic applications.

La-Doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU-Coated Leather Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Performance.

Flexible La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/polyurethane (PU) coated leather composites were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method, with highly efficient photocatalytic degradation properties by coating the La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU emulsion onto the leather and drying it. The phase composition and optical properties of the as-prepared photocatalytic material were systematically characterized. The result revealed that La was doped in Sm2Zr2O7 successfully, and the prepared samples still possessed pyrochlore structure. The absorption edge of the prepared samples exhibited a red-shift with the increase in La doping, indicating that La doping could broaden the absorbance range of the La-doped Sm2Zr2O7 materials. The catalytic performance of La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU composite emulsion coating on the photocatalytic performance of leather was studied with Congo red solution as the target pollutant. The results showed that the best photocatalytic property was found in the 5% La-doped Sm2Zr2O7 nanomaterial at a concentration of 3 g/L. The resulting 5% La-doped Sm2Zr2O7 nanomaterial exhibited a high specific surface area of 73.5 m2/g. After 40 min of irradiation by a 450 W xenon lamp, the degradation rate of Congo red reached 93%. Moreover, after surface coating, the La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU coated leather composites showed obviously improved mechanical properties, as the tensile strength of La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU coated leather composites increased from 6.3 to 8.4 MPa. The as-prepared La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU coated leather composites with enhanced mechanical properties and highly efficient photocatalytic performance hold promising applications in the treatment of indoor volatile organic compounds.

Spatially thermal confinement nanoreactors for efficient photocatalytic microinterface reactions and application prospect evaluation under real weather and actual water matrices

Photothermal photocatalysis has been a breakthrough in the photocatalysis field, yet the wasted radicals, insufficient contact of pollutant with catalyst, and low utilization efficiency of heat energy are the major barriers for practical application. In this work, a novel full-spectrum adsorption catalyst (MoS2-MoO3/C3N4) with interlayer confinement space (OMS-CNS) was fabricated as “spatially thermal confinement nanoreactor”, which can enrichment pollutants, free radicals and photothermal effect to improve the degradation efficiency of ampicillin (AMP) by 2.06 times. The synergistic of confinement effects and photothermal effects concentrated heat in the interlayer nanoreactor and simultaneously promoted the generation of •O2− and 1O2, further contributed to a more harmless degradation pathway for AMP compared with conventional photothermal photocatalytic systems. Furthermore, the enlarged interlayer spacing and high interlayer adsorption energy (Eads) enabled AMP to enter the nanoreactor for quick reaction with newly generated active radicals under locally high temperature, avoiding heat loss and the diffusion limitation of free radicals. Furthermore, the excellent degradation efficiencies of AMP were also maintained even in the actual wastewater matrices or at outdoor sunlight irradiation due to the construction of confinement space with high temperature environment and enriched ROS. The combination of the confinement catalysis and photothermal effects provides promising insight into efficient photocatalysis performance.

Pillar[5]arene based artificial light-harvesting supramolecular polymer for efficient and recyclable photocatalytic applications

Photosynthesis is the process through which living plants utilize photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, to convert CO2 and water into organic compounds and release O2 under visible light. In this study, we have successfully constructed a fluorescent supramolecular polymer (P5Py2/Zn/Gen)n by employing orthogonal pillar[5]arene-based molecular recognition and metal ion coordination. Within the supramolecular polymer, the guest molecule Gen unit acts as a light-harvesting moiety, as the ACQ effect is inhibited by host-guest interactions, while the (Py)2/Zn center serves as a catalytic site. By employing this orthogonal self-assembly strategy, we have enhanced the stability of both the donor and acceptor in catalyzing the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. Moreover, this photocatalyst can be reused at least 5 times without significant conversion loss. These findings provide a pathway for constructing a recyclable artificial LHS that mimics the entire photosynthesis process.

An elliptical nanoantenna array plasmonic metasurface for efficient solar energy harvesting.

Plasmonic metasurfaces with subwavelength nanoantenna arrays have attracted much attention for their ability to control and manage optical properties. Solar absorbers are potential candidates for effectively converting photons into heat and electricity. This study introduces a novel ultrathin metasurface solar absorber employing elliptical-shaped nanoantenna arrays. We theoretically and numerically demonstrate a near-perfect broadband absorber with over 90% absorption efficiency in a wide range of wavelengths of 300-2500 nm, using finite element (FEM) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods. The proposed nanostructure configuration enhances light absorption by exciting localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) between elliptical-shaped nanoantenna gaps at many wavelengths, maintaining stability at wide incident angles and insensitivity to light polarization. Compared to other state-of-the-art absorbers with a thickness of less than 300 nm, the designed nanostructure with 260 nm thickness achieves over 90% optical absorption across a broad range of wavelengths of 300-1116 nm in air (or vacuum) environments and performs effectively under water conditions for solar energy harvesting in a range of wavelengths of 300-1436 nm, and therefore can serve as a solar evaporator. Combining refractory plasmonic titanium nitride (TiN) and semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) nanostructures holds great potential for efficient optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications, especially in harsh and high-temperature environments like thermophotovoltaic systems. The TiN-based metasurface absorber, with its ultrathin nanostructure and suitable spectral absorption in ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectra, offers scalability and cost-effectiveness. The findings in this work will deepen our understanding of LSPRs and pave a novel path for efficient solar energy conversion.

Luminescence enhancement through co-sensitization in lanthanide composites for efficient photocatalysis.

Lanthanide-doped nanocrystals that convert near-infrared (NIR) irradiation into shorter wavelength emission (ultraviolet-C) offer many exciting opportunities for biomedicine, bioimaging, and environmental catalysis. However, developing lanthanide-doped nanocrystals with high UVC brightness for efficient photocatalysis is a formidable challenge due to the complexity of the multiphoton process. Here, we report a series of heterogeneous core-multishell structures based on a co-sensitization strategy with multi-band enhanced emission profiles under 980 nm excitation. Interestingly, the multiphoton processes involving two to six-photon upconversion are highly promoted via a co-sensitization strategy. More importantly, through growth layers of TiO2 and CdS photocatalysts, these lanthanide nanocomposites with efficient multi-upconverted emission show efficient photocatalytic activity. This study provides a new perspective for mechanistic understanding of multiphoton processes in heterostructures and also offers exciting opportunities for highly efficient photocatalytic applications.

One-step fabrication of Nafion-TiO2 composite immobilized on polyester filters for efficient photocatalytic applications

One-step fabrication of Nafion-TiO2 composite immobilized on polyester filters for efficient photocatalytic applications

Cyclic Voltammetry and Photoluminescence Studies of Ag-doped ZnO Nanoparticles

Introduction: Herein, we prepared Zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using a simple, fast, effective and economic coprecipitation method. The superior characteristics in the nanoscale range of ZnO encourage us to work on the ZnO NPs. Also, Ag has long been employed for its antibacterial qualities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate a hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs and an additional peak corresponding to the metallic Ag phase in the Ag-ZnO sample. The EDAX elemental mapping confirms the uniform distribution of Ag in ZnO NPs. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy investigates electronic structure and defects in NPs.ic co-precipitation method and study of Cyclic Voltammetry and Photoluminescence characteristics. Method: According to the PL study, the strong photoluminescence NBE observed at 393 nm, indicating the high crystalline quality of the material and broad blue-green emission at 467 nm and green-yellow emission at 560 nm were attributed to the Zn interstitial and oxygen vacancy defects present in ZnO NPs. Measurements from cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrate approximately symmetric peaks related to anodic and cathodic behaviours of the NPs based electrode. Result: For ZnO sample, the anodic peak was found at 0.49 V and cathodic at 0.29 V, whereas, for Ag-ZnO sample, the anodic peak was at 0.59 V, and the cathodic peak was present at 0.19 V, respectively. The separation between cathodic and anodic peaks enhanced with Ag-doping in ZnO, which could be associated with the variations in the transfer of electrons at the interface between the working electrode and the solution, confirming an increase in the reaction activity of Ag-ZnO NPs. Conclusion: The results indicate that Ag-doped ZnO NPs may be an efficient catalyst for waste water treatment and photocatalytic applications.

Fabrication of oxygen-rich vacant 3D Zn–CuBi2O4/MMT photocatalysts and the enhancement of its photocatalytic performance

Semiconductor catalytic materials have excellent photocatalytic degradation performance for organic pollutants, and photocatalytic degradation is considered to be the most promising technology for environmental pollution treatment. Bismuth-based bimetallic oxide CuBi2O4 is widely recognized as one of the most valuable and promising semiconductor photocatalytic materials because of its narrow bandwidth, strong visible light absorption and excellent chemical stability. To further improve the photocatalytic activity of CuBi2O4, the Zn-doped CuBi2O4/montmorillonite composites were prepared by employing a synergistic control strategy of doping and oxygen vacancies (OVs), which efficiently regulated the electronic structure and the number of active sites to achieve a rapid separation of photogenerated charges. The doping of zn2+ significantly increased the quantity of oxygen vacancies in the prepared materials. The BET revealed that the incorporation of montmorillonite (MMT) greatly increased the specific surface area of CuBi2O4. The experimental findings indicated that 5 % Zn–CuBi2O4/MMT0.6 possessed abundant oxygen vacancies and longer fluorescence lifetime, resulting in better photocatalytic performance. The removal rate of butyl xanthate was 99.31 % in 40 min, and the removal rate of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) was 93.17 % in 180 min. The 5 % Zn–CuBi2O4/MMT0.6 could effectively inhibit e−/h+ complexation and provide richer catalytic active sites by doping to construct a flower-like oxygen-rich vacancy defect structure, which significantly improves its catalytic performance. The results of the cycling experiments showed that the stability and reproducibility of the 5 % Zn–CuBi2O4/MMT0.6 composites were excellent, the present study provides an innovative idea for the development of efficient and stable visible light photocatalytic applications.

Facile synthesis of ternary g-C3N4/polyacrylic acid/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites for solar light irradiated photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications

The present work reports an enhanced photocatalytic and electrochemical performance of g-C3N4 assisted PAA on CoFe2O4 (g-C3N4/PAA/CoFe2O4) ternary nanocomposites (NCs). XRD analysis confirms the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure of CoFe2O4. The recombination of photogenerated charge carriers is greatly inhibited by the incorporation of PAA and g-C3N4 on CoFe2O4 and thus improves their separation efficiency. The size and size distribution of the pristine CF NPs is considerably influenced by the incorporation of PAA and g-C3N4 which was confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis, respectively. The ternary NCs (g-C3N4/PAA/CoFe2O4) exhibit superior photocatalytic degradation (91%) against crystal violet dye under direct solar light irradiation when compared with binary PAA/CoFe2O4 (79%) NCs and pristine CoFe2O4 (32%) NPs. GCD measurement shows that g-C3N4/PAA/CoFe2O4 NCs exhibits a high specific capacitance value (1470 F/g) than that of PAA/CoFe2O4 NCs (572 F/g) and CoFe2O4 (214 F/g) NPs at a current density of 1 A/g which is due to the synergistic effect of g-C3N4 assisted PAA on CoFe2O4. Hence, it can be concluded that the resulting g-C3N4/PAA/CoFe2O4 NCs will deliver an excellent catalytic and electrochemical performance and hence we believe that our findings provide a new platform for efficient photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications.

Rational design of SiC/SnSSe heterostructure for efficient photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications

The search for highly efficient and eco-friendly photocatalysts and photovoltaic solar cells is now in progress, however, it still remains challenging. By first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that Janus SiC/SnSSe van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with a typical type-II band alignment possess great potential in photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. An intrinsic electric field induced by the Janus feature of SnSSe alongside an interfacial built-in electric field caused by charge transfer from SiC to SnSSe monolayer significantly fosters spatial separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in two layers. Since the reduced bandgap of the vdWHs promotes an enhancement of optical absorption in the visible and even infrared regions in comparison with that of their constituting monolayers, the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency reaches as high as 41.5 %, making it a highly efficient photocatalyst. The high photoresponsivity in the visible region endows the proposed system with a powerful potential for photovoltaic applications. Besides, we also find that the optical absorption and photocurrent can be effectively tuned by applying biaxial strains. For instance, the latter increases to 31 % at 4 % tensile strain. These findings provide new prospects for designing direct Z-scheme photocatalysts and photovoltaic devices based on vdWHs.

Tailoring morphology and structure of 1D/2D isotype g-C3N4 for sonophotocatalytic hydrogen evaluation

Solar-driven photocatalysis is a promising technology for producing clean energy and pollutant removal. The efficiency of the photocatalytic applications is limited by inefficient light harvesting and faster electron–hole recombination of semiconductors. An external force such as ultrasound irradiation could overcome the limitation of the light absorption of the photocatalyst and enhance the production of energy sources. In this work, we have built an effective interphase boundary between two different morphologies of carbon graphitic nitride (g-C3N4). The isotype heterostructure is confirmed through the structure changes using XRD, the 1D/2D morphology formation using SEM and TEM imaging, and the bands’ position through Mott–Schottky and VB-XPS measurements. The designed 1D/2D g-C3N4 isotype heterostructure showed significant improvements through photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). Sonophotocatalytic HER of R-g, S-g, and RS-g samples showed enhanced by 3.9, 5.3, and 6.77 folds compared to the photocatalysis system. This research affords the possibility of developing intrinsic photocatalysts with different phases or morphology for efficient photocatalytic or sonophotocatalytic applications.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfur-doped g-C3N4/VS4 nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic applications

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfur-doped g-C3N4/VS4 nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic applications