Efficient Electrode Material For Supercapacitors Research Articles

Decoding electrochemical dynamics: Examining the potential of GO/Cu1-xSrxCr2O4 nanocomposite for high-performance supercapacitor energy storage

In this study, pure Cu1-xSrxCr2O4/GO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a simple precipitation route followed by calcination at 70 °C for 2 h, resulting in a high-performance supercapacitor nanoelectrode material. Characterization techniques confirmed the formation and properties of the synthesized materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the crystalline structure of the nanocomposite, with the d-spacing value of GO changing to 7.6 Å and the presence of peaks indicating the Cu1-xSrxCr2O4 phase. The average crystalline sizes were found to be 13.5 nm for GO, 16.15 nm for CuCr₂O₄, and 21.2 nm for the Cu1-xSrxCr2O4/GO nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the highly porous nature of the samples, with average grain sizes of 30 nm, 25 nm, and 27.4 nm for GO, CuCr₂O₄, and Cu1-xSrxCr2O4/GO, respectively. Elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of copper, chromium, and oxygen, along with minor impurities. Raman spectroscopy indicated an increased defect density in the Cu1-xSrxCr2O4/GO nanocomposite, with an ID/IG ratio of 1.57 compared to 1.01 for GO. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis showed a bandgap of 3.65 eV for GO and 2.49 eV for the Cu1-xSrxCr2O4/GO nanocomposite. Electrochemical characterization included electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The EIS analysis showed that the Cu1-xSrxCr2O4 /GO nanocomposite had a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 1.29 Ω compared to GO and CuCr2O4, indicating higher conductivity. The maximum specific capacitance of the Cu1-xSrxCr2O4 /GO nanocomposite was 1935.8 F/g at a scan rate of 3 mV/s in 1 M KOH electrolyte, significantly higher than that of GO alone (480.190 F/g). This study demonstrates the potential of Cu1-xSrxCr2O4/GO nanocomposites as efficient supercapacitor electrode materials, showcasing enhanced capacitance and conductivity due to the synergistic effects of the components.

Enhancing the charge storage capacity of ultrathin metal–organic framework nanosheets with CO2-derived carbon nanotubes

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) hold promise as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors, but their practical application is hindered by the intrinsic low electrical conductivity. Here, we employ CO2-derived carbon nanotubes based on molten salt electrolysis (MSE-CNTs) as the framework to guide the growth of nickel-based MOF (Ni-MOF). The resulting MSE-CNTs/Ni-MOF composite exhibits an impressive specific capacitance of 1714.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 1.45 and 1.26 times greater than bare Ni-MOF (1185.7 F g−1) and CVD-CNTs/Ni-MOF (1364.3 F g−1, the composite of Ni-MOF and commercial CNTs produced by chemical-vapor-deposition), respectively. Moreover, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor (MSE-CNTs/Ni-MOF//active carbon) achieves a remarkable specific capacitance of 136.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an energy density of 54.8 Wh kg−1 at 850 W kg−1, standing among the best of the state-of-the-art. The superior capacitive performance of MSE-CNTs/Ni-MOF than CVD-CNTs/Ni-MOF can be attributed to the better electrical conductivity of MSE-CNTs, the thinner nanosheet architecture of MSE-CNTs/Ni-MOF, and the effective electrically conductive network within the composite. This work marks a paradigm shift from greenhouse gas CO2 to excellent energy storage materials, paving the way for addressing both the energy and climate issues simultaneously.

Facile synthesis of MOF-derived carbon-supported LaZn@C nanocomposite as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitor

MOF-derived transition metal alloys have attracted researcher's interest in energy storage devices due to their vast surface area, high porosity, adjustable pore sizes, ease of modification, abundant active sites, and 3D tunable structure. Metal alloys covered with carbon can stabilize conductivity and ease charge accumulation, and they are suitable candidates for electrode materials for supercapacitor application. In this research article, core-shell LaZn@C nanocomposites were fabricated at different pyrolysis times via a hydrothermal approach. The materials that pyrolysis for two hours have a remarkable specific capacitance of 1024 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an impressive energy density of 36.9 Whkg−1. In addition, it has lower Rp∼0.8 Ω and Rs∼0.2 Ω resistance due to the large surface area's high carbon content with cylindrical particles. Moreover, it shows an outstanding retention rate of (94.5 % over 4500 cycles at 1 A g−1). Finally, this research showed the novelty of advanced MOF-derived materials that suggest an efficient electrode material for the electrochemical performance of energy storage devices and supercapacitor applications.

Electrode engineering strategies for boosting the performance of Ni Co Al − LDH in supercapacitor application

In recent years, the search for efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors has focused on improving operating voltage thereby specific energy. This study explores NiCoAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as electrode materials, synthesized with varying Ni ratios (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) through a hydrothermal method. The NCAL13 variant demonstrated superior electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 1413F/g and retaining 77 % capacitance after 5000 cycles. An asymmetric cell using NCAL13 and activated carbon delivered 150F/g and an energy density of 50.1 Wh/kg, retaining 86 % capacitance after 10,000 cycles, highlighting its potential for supercapacitor applications.

Manganese doped La0.8Ba0.2FeO3 perovskite oxide as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitor

In this study, L0.8Ba0.2Fe1-xMnxO3 (LBFM-x, x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8) perovskite materials were synthesized by a Sol-Gel combustion method and were investigated as an electrode material for a supercapacitor device. The morphology, crystalline structure and electrochemical performance of the samples were studied in detail. The active points, where the electrochemical redox reaction takes place to store faradaic energy, are the oxygen vacancies on the surface of perovskite oxides. Partial substitution in the B-site of the perovskite structure, which is directly related to the oxygen vacancy in BO6 octahedral, is effective in optimizing the electrochemical performance. Based on the results of structural analysis, LBFM-0.2 has the highest concentration of oxygen vacancies; thus, it showed a higher electrochemical performance compared to other samples. The supercapacitors prepared with this electrode material should have an acceptably high specific capacitance of 685 F.g−1 at a current density of 2.0 A.g−1. The partial substitution of Mnn+ at the B-site increases the oxidation state of Fe cations and the mobility of oxygen ions through the oxygen vacancy sites. The electrochemical stability of LBFM-0.2, was evaluated by applying long charge-discharge cycles. After 3000 charge-discharge cycles, the supercapacitor was able to maintain about 94 % of its initial capacity.

Optical and electrochemical analysis of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from Moosa balbeesiaana peels for advanced supercapacitor applications

The demand for suitable electrode materials for energy storage devices, driven by increasing energy needs and environmental concerns, has led to the investigation of green synthesis methods. In this study, a composite material (rGO@NCQDs) comprising nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) derived from Moosa balbeesiaana peels and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized via hydrothermal methods to evaluate its photophysical properties and electrochemical performance for supercapacitors applications. Additionally, the electrochemical behavior of rGONCQDs combined with Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was explored.Characterization techniques including FTIR spectroscopy revealed typical carbon-based material features in rGO-decorated NCQDs, and rGONCQDs@V2O5 composite. SEM analysis illustrated distinctive surface structures (mushroom-shaped for rGO@NCQDs and flowered-shaped for rGONCQDs@V2O5), while XRD confirmed crystalline structures with specific sizes.Photophysical investigations demonstrated significant Solvatochromic shifts and strong solute-solvent interactions in the composites. Electrochemical studies, including cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic measurements, exhibited promising performance metrics. Specifically, rGO@NCQDs demonstrated a specific capacitance of 134.68 Fg−1 with excellent retention over 5000 charge-discharge cycles. In contrast, rGONCQDs@V2O5 exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 562.62 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 10 mVs−1 and exceptional cycle stability (96 % retention over 5000 cycles).These findings highlight the potential of the synthesized composites as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors, offering enhanced electrochemical performance and stability. The study underscores the importance of green synthesis approaches in developing functional materials for sustainable energy storage applications.

Fabrication of Co1.5Ni1.5S4 and Prussian blue analogues composites with yolk-shell heterostructures as cathode and biomass derived carbon as anode for asymmetric supercapacitors

As highly efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors, the clean production of transition metal sulfide and biomass-derived carbon played an important role in promoting the practical process. In this work, Prussian blue analogues were grown in situ on glycerate precursors through a simple ion-exchange process, followed by sulfidation to obtain the Co1.5Ni1.5S4 and Prussian blue analogues composite microspheres with yolk-shell structures. Thanks to the unique micro-nano structure and multi-element synergy, composites exhibited excellent specific capacitance (up to 2388.7 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), rate performance (55.0 % capacitance retention at 30 A g−1), and cycling stability (capacitance maintained at 81.5 % after 5000 cycles). In addition, Nitrogen-doped sunflower seed shell derived carbon, prepared by two pyrolysis and salt-activation processes, could attain a specific capacitance of 347.1 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an almost undiminished capacity of 5000 cycles. With Co1.5Ni1.5S4 and Prussian blue analogues composites as cathode and derived carbon as anode, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor exhibited an eminent energy density of 82.2 Wh kg−1 (at a power density of 904.9 W kg−1) and stable cycling characteristics (only 16.7 % loss of capacitance after 10,000 cycles). This work provided a feasible scheme for the structure regulation of sulfides and the defect construction of porous carbon.

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of MWCNTs/NiS/graphitic carbon nitride as next generation asymmetric supercapacitors

Fabricating new electrode materials with high capacitive properties is crucial in contemporary research. The construction of hybrid supercapacitors developed using transition metal-sulfides and carbonaceous materials provides significant surface area and distinctive charge storage characteristics. In the present work, NH2-multiwalled carbon nanotubes/NiS/g-C3N4 (MNG) hybrid was synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method, and pristine g-C3N4 using thermal method. The morphological studies of the hybrid materials show the presence of tube like MWCNTs, sphere-like NiS, and sheet like g-C3N4. The uniform distribution of all the components in the hybrid helps in exhibiting excellent electrochemical performances. The prepared electrode material shows a specific capacitance of 2432 F g−1 at a current density of 4 A g−1. Furthermore, following a series of 10,000 cycling tests, the hybrid ternary composite retains 98 % of its initial capacitance. An asymmetric coin cell of MNG//AC was fabricated with an exceptional energy density of 73.3 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 1599.2 W kg−1. This remarkable rate performance and cycle stability exhibited by the material indicate its potential as a highly efficient electrode material for supercapacitors.

Synthesis and electrochemical testing of novel doped polyaniline and biomass‐derived carbon‐based composite for supercapacitors

AbstractThis work reports the synthesis and testing of doped polyaniline (PANI) and Pisum sativum derived activated carbon (PSAC) based composite as efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The structure, morphology, elemental analysis, and surface area of the materials were studied using x‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐rays, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The electrochemical performance of the material was investigated by deposition of it on two different substrates named stainless steel (SS) and stainless‐steel mesh (SS mesh). The PSAC/PANI composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 446 and 517 F g−1 on SS and SS mesh respectively, at the scan rate of 5 mV s−1. The composite material showed higher cyclic stability on SS mesh with 91% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g−1. It delivered a specific energy of 89 and 101 W h kg−1 on SS and SS mesh at a specific power of 5000 W kg−1, respectively.

Fabrication and Investigation of a MoS2/Fe3O4/PANI Composite for Supercapacitor Applications

AbstractThis study investigates a successful fabrication of MoS2/Fe3O4/PANI composite by chemical co‐precipitation method. The facile hydrothermal approach was employed to synthesize a MoS2/Fe3O4 composite, followed by the utilization of a conventional chemical oxidation strategy to produce a PANI coating on the composite, thereby generating an active material for electrochemical reactions and a structure facilitating the transportation of ions via multiple pathways. The fabricated MoS2/Fe3O4/PANI composite was characterized by SEM, ICP, XRD, FT‐IR, and so on. In this study, we delved into the electrochemical charge storage feature of MoS2/Fe3O4/PANI. The electrochemical characteristics of the nanocomposite were assessed through the implementation of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronopotentiometry techniques in a 3 M KOH electrolytic solution, utilizing nickel foam as both a material support and current collector for two electrode configurations. The findings indicate that MoS2, as the support matrix, possesses notable attributes such as a substantial surface area, elevated electrical conductivity, and varied oxidation states. As a result, the electrical conductivity performance of the MoS2/Fe3O4/PANI composite, which includes well‐dispersed Fe3O4 nano‐cubes on the surfaces of MoS2, is significantly enhanced. In comparison to pure Fe3O4, the resultant composite revealed improved specific capacitances of 401 F/g at 1.25 A g−1, along with outstanding cyclic stability of 89.3 even after undergoing 5000 cycles. The superior electrochemical properties observed may be ascribed to both the proficient electrical conductivity of MoS2 and the incorporation of Fe3O4 particles, which are anchored onto the MoS2. The results prove that MoS2/Fe3O4/PANI hybrid composite holds as highly efficient electrode material for supercapacitor.

Unleashing the power: Superior properties of fluorographene-derived materials for energy storage applications

Fluorographene exhibits a rich chemistry and a wide range of applications in energy storage devices. This review, which is based on our lab results acquired in the last decade, explores the synthesis, properties, and performance of fluorographene-based materials in supercapacitors and batteries. Fluorographene can be prepared through mechanical or chemical delamination of graphite fluoride, allowing for scalable synthesis and further chemical processing. The chemical versatility of fluorographene enables a wide portfolio of chemical reactions, leading to a new class of graphene derivatives. Graphene acid, a product of fluorographene chemistry, exhibits excellent specific capacitance, cycling stability, and rate capability. Hybridizing graphene acid with metal-organic frameworks can achieve even higher energy and power densities. Furthermore, nitrogen-doped graphene derived from fluorographene demonstrates remarkable capacitive behavior, making it an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. Additionally, fluorographene-based materials, such as graphene acid, graphene-sulfur hybrids, and graphene-based anodes, have exhibited outstanding performance in lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries. The scalable synthesis, high performance, and versatility of fluorographene-derived materials render them attractive for practical energy storage applications. The unique properties and wide range of chemistries offered by fluorographene chemistry open new possibilities for improving advanced energy storage devices.

Facile synthesis and modification of Fe2O3 nanorod arrays on carbon paper as efficient negative electrodes for supercapacitors

In this research, Fe2O3 nanorod arrays grown on carbon fiber paper were studied, and carbon-coated Fe2O3 (Fe2O3 @C) and sulfurized Fe2O3 @C (Fe2O3 @C-S) were fabricated by carbon coating and sulfurization processes. To promote the application of these materials in supercapacitors, their electrochemical properties were systematically investigated. Based on the results, the materials obtained utilized a pseudocapacitive mechanism for energy storage. Specifically, Fe2O3 exhibited a moderate specific capacitance and extraordinary cycling stability, and no degradation was observed after 10,000 cycles. Impressively, sulfurization greatly enhanced the rate capability and specific capacitance of the sample. As a result, Fe2O3 @C-S attained a specific capacitance of 976.4 mF cm–2 at 4 mA cm–2 and a robust rate capability of 97.30% at 20 mA cm–2, outperforming Fe2O3 @C (84.39%) and Fe2O3 (70.55%) and demonstrating good cycling stability (92.9%). Notably, Fe2O3 @C-S was active as a positive electrode material; thus, a symmetric supercapacitor was assembled, which yielded a volumetric energy density of 1.46 mWh cm–3 at 16.71 mW cm–3 and maintained an energy density of 0.91 mWh cm–3 even at 145.63 mW cm–3. Moreover, the device exhibited good cycling stability with a capacity retention of 88.3% after 10,000 cycles at 10 mA cm–2. The integration of Fe2O3 nanorod arrays on conductive substrates, coupled with the above modifications, strongly promoted the material’s energy storage performance. Our study emphasized the significant potential of Fe2O3 @C-S as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors.

Synergistically modified Ti3C2Tx MXene conducting polymer nanocomposites as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors

MXene-conducting polymers have attracted significant research attention as exceptional electrode materials for energy storage applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of titanium carbide MXene via exfoliation, succeeded by one-step oxidative polymerization and surface modification with polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI). Electrochemical characterizations conducted in a symmetric two-electrode assembly reveal that the MXene-PANI electrode supercapacitor demonstrates a specific capacitance of 430 F g−1, surpassing both MXene-PPy (305 F g−1) and pure MXene (105 F g−1) supercapacitors. Furthermore, the MXene-PANI symmetric supercapacitor demonstrates a specific energy of 38 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 808 W kg−1. The MXene-PANI and MXene-PPy electrode materials exhibited a capacitance retention of 84% and 85% respectively, after 10,000 continuous GCD cycles. The study highlights the application of MXene-polymer nanocomposites as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Chemically synthesized graphene oxide nanosheet (GONs) is an efficient electrode material for supercapacitor: Effects of current collectors

Herein, the graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) with a low degree of agglomeration in the single and multi-layered structure manufactured by the modified Hummer's route. The fundamental, and morphological properties of GONs have been undertaken using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques respectively. The availability of functional groups and stretching-bending vibration in graphite and GONs materials have been investigated using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman investigation study. Transmissionn electron microscopy (TEM) offers a more in-depth morphological and structural investigation of GONs material. The supercapacitive characteristics such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of GONs-based electrodes were studied in 1 M KOH electrolyte. In addition, the synthetic graphene oxide‑nickel foam (GO-NF) electrode demonstrated excellent capacitance of (302 F/g at 5 mV/s) with power handling capabilities, having specific energy and power up to 33 Wh/kg and 1250 W/kg at 5 mA/cm2 respectively. The cyclic stability of GO-NF electrodes demonstrated long-term electrochemical capacitive retention of 90 % over the 5000 CV cycles. The liquid-state symmetric (GO-NF//GO-NF) device displays a specific capacitance of 224 and 119 F/g with Ed of 32 Wh/kg and Pd of 1100 W/kg at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and a current density of 4 mA/cm2 respectively. These outcomes show the GO-NF's superior electrochemical activity which has a beneficial impact as a potential material for energy-storage technologies.

An Aniline‐Complexed Bismuth Tungstate Nanocomposite Anchored on Carbon Black as an Electrode Material for Supercapacitor Applications

AbstractThe development of efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors has been a topic of extensive research. In this study, a novel electrode material composed of carbon black anchored bismuth‐tungstate‐aniline complex (Bi2(WO4)3/Aniline/CB) (BTACB) nanocomposite was synthesized for supercapacitor applications. The BTACB nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 306 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g and excellent cycling stability. The improved electrochemical performance of the BTACB electrode material is attributed to the synergistic effects of the bismuth‐tungstate and aniline complex, and the conductive carbon black, which provides high surface area and good conductivity. These findings suggest that the carbon black anchored bismuth‐tungstate‐aniline complexed electrode material is a promising candidate for high‐performance supercapacitors.

Improved supercapacitor and oxygen evolution reaction performances of morphology-controlled cobalt molybdate

Herein, various morphologies (Bundle of rods, rods, nanoparticles, and umbra) of cobalt molybdate (CoMoO4) were obtained by changing the pH (6, 7, 8, and 9) of the solutions during hydrothermal synthesis. The evolution mechanism of different morphologies was explained. These samples were used for supercapacitors and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. The higher double-layer capacitance (464 mF cm−2) was observed in CoMoO4 nanoparticles. It demonstrated high specific capacitance (191 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g) and excellent cyclic stability performance (98 % retention capability after 2000 cycles) in the 3 M KOH solution. Furthermore, CoMoO4 nanoparticles showed the lowest overpotential (200 mV at 10 mA/cm2) and onset potential in linear sweep voltammetry polarization curves, superior turnover frequency (0.0095 s−1), and low Tafel slopes (149 mV/dec) compared to other morphologies. According to chronoamperometry test, good electrochemical stability was noted in nanoparticles for 10 h towards OER. The higher energy storage and OER performances of CoMoO4 nanoparticles were related to excellent oxidation/reduction/electron transfer abilities, great surface area, and rich active sites. Thus, these findings suggest that morphology controlled CoMoO4 could be a great candidate for efficient supercapacitor electrode materials and OER catalysts.

Rice husk-derived sodium hydroxide activated hierarchical porous biochar as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors

In this study, one-step pyrolysis technique and NaOH chemical activation method were used to synthesize hierarchical porous biochar from rice husk. The existence of carbonaceous structure in biochar samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Activation of NaOH in rice husk biochar (ARB) sample suggested seven-fold enhancement of BET specific surface area (307.42 m2 g−1) as compared to rice husk biochar (RB). The NaOH activation also provides the enhancement of specific capacitance in RB. The boosting of supercapacitors (SCs) performance of ARB was proved by a larger loop in cyclic voltammetry and triangular shape along with a longer discharge time in galvanostatic charge-discharge curves as compared to RB. The electrode revealed excellent cyclic stability up to 4000 cycles with 94% retention. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves showed evidence of electrode stability. The mechanisms related NaOH activation and enhancement of supercapacitor performance were well explained. These results suggest that NaOH treated RB could be promising low-cost electrode material for SCs application.

Rational design of hierarchical zeolitic imidazolate framework-67@Cu2CoO3 core–shell architectures for hybrid supercapacitor applications

Hierarchical core–shell architectures constructed with zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and binary metal oxides are attracting much attention as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). In this regard, we reported the ZIF-67 amorphous nanoparticles (NPs)@Cu2CoO3 (ZIF-67@CCO) via a two-step synthesis process. Initially, the CCO electrode material with soap nuts-like core–shell hollow sphere (SNHS) morphology was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method and post-annealing treatment. The optimized CCO SNHS (CCO-9 h (9 h growth time)) electrode demonstrated higher areal capacity (CA)/specific capacity (CS) values than the CCO-6 h and CCO-12 h electrodes. Next, ZIF-67 NPs were deposited on the CCO-9 h material using the solvothermal method. The resulting ZIF-67@CCO-9 h electrode exhibited improved electrochemical properties of CA = 176.3 μAh cm−2 (CS = 117.5 mAh g−1) at 1 mA cm−2 and superb cycling stability after 25,000 cycles (83.4% retention). The ZIF-67 layer on the CCO-9 h with SNHS structure may provide faster electron transfer as well as more active sites, benefiting the electrochemical characteristics. Furthermore, the hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) cell was assembled using ZIF-67@CCO-9 h and activated carbon/Ni foam as positive (+) and negative (−) electrodes, respectively. The as-constructed HSC cell revealed high energy density value of 25.2 Wh kg−1. Also, the commercial application of the fabricated HSC cell was verified by driving different electronic components.

Chemically synthesized cobalt oxide incorporated copper hexacyanoferrate (Co3O4–CuHCF) composite as an efficient supercapacitor electrode material

Chemically synthesized cobalt oxide incorporated copper hexacyanoferrate (Co3O4–CuHCF) composite as an efficient supercapacitor electrode material

The effect of phosphorus and nitrogen dopants on structural, microstructural, and electrochemical characteristics of 3D reduced graphene oxide as an efficient supercapacitor electrode material

Supercapacitors are environmentally friendly and safe energy storage devices for diverse applications. The electrode material's structural, microstructural, and electrochemical properties are crucial determinants of supercapacitor capacity. One effective method to improve electrode performance is introducing doping heteroatoms or synthesizing composite materials. In this study, three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (3D rGO) doped with Phosphorus, Nitrogen, or both (N/P co-doped) was synthesized for high-efficiency, supercapacitors using a facile, fast, and cost-effective hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide involved substituting Phosphorus and Nitrogen elements with carbon atoms. Moreover, the effect of dopants on structural and microstructural characteristics of 3D rGO was evaluated using different techniques, and the electrochemical characteristics were evaluated by cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis, galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The specific capacitance of 3DN/PrGO on Ni foam reached 648 F g−1 at 1 Ag−1, in a voltage range of −0.6 –0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), using 6 M KOH as the electrolyte. High energy density and power density of 6.1 wh/kg and 513 w/kg were obtained, respectively. The stability test was also conducted, and appropriate stability over 100 charging and discharging cycles was observed. The considerable performances are mainly due to the combined effect of pseudocapacitive properties of Nitrogen and Phosphorus dopants, improved wettability, and the porous structure of 3D rGO, which provides suitable electroactive sites and simplifies the electron/ion transfer for the electrochemical reactions.