Efficient Drug Delivery System Research Articles

An Updated Review For Hyperuricemia and Gout Management; Special Focus on the Available Drug Delivery Systems and Clinical Trials.

Hyperuricemia belongs to metabolic syndromes where increased uric acid levels are identified in the blood serum. Such a syndrome could be responsible for kidney stone formation, gout, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. It has been reported that cardiovascular risks have been linked with hyperuricemia. Gout is of the most frequent manifestations due to hyperuricemia; its management involves various pharmacological available options and dietary changes. Throughout the literature, various dosage forms are studied as alternative options to the present drug delivery systems. To update and summarize the current information for gout and hyperuricemia management. Authors have performed a thorough literature research from 2010-2023 using keywords such as hyperuricemia, gout, diagnosis, guidelines, drug delivery and clinical trials. The databases used were PubMed, ScienceDirect. According to our inclusion criteria, all studies which include the previous terms, as well as drugs or other molecules that can be applied for gout and/or hyperuricemia management, were added. In this article, authors have summarized the pathogenesis, diagnosis and updated guidelines for gout and hyperuricemia management. Moreover, the authors have reviewed and discussed current drug delivery systems found in the literature, including drugs targeting the above disorders. Finally, the available clinical trials assessing the efficacy of newer drugs or combinations of the past ones, are being discussed. The available drugs and dosage forms are limited, and therefore, scientific society should focus on the development of more efficient drug delivery systems for hyperuricemia and gout management.

Synthesis, characterisation of ZnO@PDA@Ag nanocomposite: Mechanistic interaction with BSA, photodegradation activity & in vitro cytotoxicity assay on H1299 lung cancer cell line

Despite advancements in diagnosis and therapeutic, cancer retains to be a greatest cause of fatality and economic damage to the world. Metallic nanoparticles have grabbed attention particularly in the field of medicine attributed to their noteworthy biological and catalytic properties, offering significant progress. The work aimed to create a novel biocompatible ‘Silver doped Polydopamine coated Zinc-Oxide nanocomposite’ and investigate its efficacy in treating H1299 lung cancer cells as well as water remediation. In this study, a ‘ZnO@PDA@Ag’ Nanocomposite was synthesised using co-precipitation method and was further characterised using DLS, FESEM-EDX, P-XRD, XPS, TEM and FT-IR techniques. The mechanistic interaction with blood protein, suggested strong binding interactions and notable structural changes in BSA upon exposure to the nanocomposite. The photocatalytic properties evaluated against the Rhodamine B Dye under UV–Visible light irradiation demonstrated a photodegradation of~49.77 % within 120 min for 60 μg/mL of the used nanocomposite. Herein, we present an evaluation of anticancer bioactivity of ZnO@PDA@Ag nanoparticles using MTT assay against the H1299 lung cancer cell line and its IC50 was estimated to be (42.42 ± 4) μg/mL. The cytotoxicity was enhanced through immobilization of Silver (Ag) metal on ZnO@PDA. Moreover, the hemolysis experiment was also conducted to demonstrate the biocompatibility of nanoparticle to human red blood cells. As a result, the successfully created biocompatible nanomaterial may be useful as an efficient drug-delivery system against cancer cells.

Hyaluronic acid-based minocycline-loaded dissolving microneedle: Innovation in local minocycline delivery for periodontitis

Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting tissues and is induced by complex polymicrobial dental plaques. Prior treatments, including topical antibiotic ointments, have faced difficulties in tissue permeability issues. Although dissolving microneedle (DMN) has been proposed as a painless and highly efficient transdermal drug delivery system to resolve this challenge, minocycline, widely used for the treatment of periodontitis, is light-sensitive, making it challenging to maintain its stability using conventional fabrication methods. Our hyaluronic acid-based minocycline-loaded dissolving microneedle (HAM-DMN) was designed utilizing an innovative light-blocking strategy, preserving 94.4 % of minocycline's stability, as confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. HAM-DMNs demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy in in vitro zone of inhibition tests with Streptococcus mutans strains and provided enhanced local delivery of minocycline to porcine oral gingival mucosa at concentrations 6.1 times higher than those of commercial ointments. In vivo studies in periodontitis-induced rat models showed that HAM-DMNs reduced levels of junctional epithelium more effectively than control and blank DMN groups, indicating enhanced treatment efficacy. HAM-DMN is a novel local delivery system developed to overcome the limitations of systemic delivery and conventional topical treatment. We suggest that HAM-DMNs can replace injections for the treatment of intraoral mucosal and systemic diseases.

Review of Microneedle Technology for Targeted Therapeutics in Vitiligo: Design Principles, Application Prospects.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by depigmented patches of the skin. The treatment of vitiligo remains challenging, partly owing to the lack of efficient drug delivery system. Microneedles (MNs), an ideal transdermal drug delivery system, have emerged as promising drug delivery platform for vitiligo. Recently, the emergence of novel MNs with increased biocompatibility, including hydrogel and hollow MNs, further enhance the translational value of MNs in the treatment of vitiligo. However, up-to-date review of these advancements remains lacking. This review aims to summarize the most recent studies of MN-based drug delivery systems for vitiligo, highlighting the translational potential of MNs as a therapeutic platform for the treatment of vitiligo in the near future.

Carboxymethyl chitosan-modified folate-targeted carbon nanotubes-baicalin complexes for cancer progression and metastasis

Achieving desirable clinical outcomes is difficult given the rising number of cases and mortality of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Consequently, developing an efficient drug delivery system for managing cancer progression and metastasis with relatively low toxicity has proven to be highly promising. Initially, carboxymethyl chitosan was covalently modified and partially substituted with folic acid, and subsequently encapsulated as a shell to deliver carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes and their coupled baicalin to form carboxymethyl chitosan-modified folate-targeted carbon nanotubes-baicalein complexes. The impact on the normal cell line HOK and the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line CAL27 was assessed using CCK8, live-dead cell assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays. These analyses confirmed that the complexes induced apoptosis in cancer cells and reduced the migration and invasion of CAL27 cells. Additionally, the complexes demonstrated enhanced biosafety, significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors and tissue metastasis, and altered the expression of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The results mentioned above imply that the complexes may offer novel applications and serve as an effective strategy for preventing cancer spread and metastasis.

Thermodynamics of Polymer Drug Interactions: An Influential Factor for the Development of a Stable Drug Delivery System

Polymer-drug interactions play a pivotal role in the design and optimization of drug delivery systems. Thermodynamic principles, such as enthalpy, entropy and free energy, govern these interactions and significantly influence the stability, efficacy and release profiles of the drug-polymer complexes. In this review we explore the role of thermodynamics in drug-polymer binding, focusing on non-covalent interactions, including van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions and hydrophobic effects. These interactions affect the drug encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics and the overall stability of the delivery system. Understanding the balance between the various thermodynamic forces helps in the rational design of advanced drug delivery platforms, such as nanoparticles, micelles and hydrogels, which rely on optimized drug-polymer affinity. Our review further delves into the experimental techniques and modeling approaches used to characterize these interactions, such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). By examining these thermodynamic foundations, we believe this article provides insights into developing more efficient and stable drug delivery systems that ensure targeted release, enhanced bioavailability and reduced side effects.

Innovative Oral Nano/Gene Delivery System Based on Engineered Modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Colorectal Cancer Therapy.

The efficient delivery of RNA-based drugs to solid tumors remains a formidable obstacle. We aim to develop a safe and efficient oral drug delivery system compatible with RNA-based drugs that is urgently needed to overcome challenges such as enzymatic degradation and gastrointestinal barriers to facilitate effective treatment for treating colorectal cancer (CRC). To address these challenges, we utilized engineered modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae to evaluate the delivery efficacy of miR21-antagomir for treating CRC in preclinical mouse models, including adenomatosis polyposis coli mutant transgenic mice ApcMin/+ and in situ tumor-bearing mice. An orally deliverable gene delivery system, YS@NPs21, was designed. This gene delivery system demonstrated effectively suppressed tumor growth in both ApcMin/+ and in situ tumor-bearing mice models. This system exhibited tumor-targeting capability, effective inhibition of tumor growth, and low toxicity toward nontumor cells. Successful implementation of this innovative oral drug delivery system could offer a straightforward, safe, and RNA drug-compatible approach to CRC treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing medical costs.

Double-camouflaged tellurium nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal immunotherapy of tumor

The photothermal conversion properties of tellurium (Te) nanoparticles have been extensively investigated, rendering them a promising candidate for tumor photothermal therapy. However, there is still room for improvement in the development of efficient Te-based drug delivery systems. Here, Te nanoparticles are mineralized with bioactive molecules within attenuated Salmonella (S-Te), which are subsequently taken up by macrophages (RAW264.7) to construct a double-camouflaged delivery platform (RS-Te). Remarkably, RS-Te retains superior photothermal properties under near-infrared irradiation. The mineralization process eliminates bacterial proliferation potential, thereby mitigating the risk of excessive bacterial growth in vivo. Furthermore, the uptake of bacteria by macrophages not only polarizes them into M1 macrophages to induce an anti-tumor immune response but also circumvents any adverse effects caused by complex antigens on the bacterial surface. The results show that RS-Te can effectively accumulate and retain in tumors. RS-Te-mediated photothermal immunotherapy largely promotes the maturation of dendritic cells and priming of cytotoxic T cells induced by near-infrared laser irradiation. Moreover, RS-Te can switch the activation of macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to a more inflammatory M1 state. The double-camouflaged delivery system may offer highly efficient and safe cancer treatment.

The Potential Role of Cannabidiol in Cosmetic Dermatology: A Literature Review.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic cannabinoid with multiple pharmacological properties. Cannabidiol has attracted growing attention in the cosmetic industry, with an increasing number of CBD-containing skincare products on the market in recent years. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidence on the use of CBD for cosmetic purposes. Following an overview of CBD and the endocannabinoid system in the skin, we summarize pre-clinical and clinical studies that address the potential of CBD in cosmetic dermatology. Available in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that CBD has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, anti-acne, wound-healing, and anti-aging properties. However, only a few clinical studies have been conducted on the use of CBD in the skin. In addition, there is a critical need to develop an efficient drug-delivery system for topical/transdermal application of CBD. Further research, including clinical and pharmacokinetic studies, are needed to fully evaluate the role of CBD in cosmetic dermatology.

Enhanced drug release through nitrendipine/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solid dispersion via supercritical antisolvent technique

The poor water solubility of nitrendipine (NT) results in low oral bioavailability, which hinders its practical application. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a prominent drug carrier that has been applied in the biomedical field due to its significant characteristics, such as large surface area, biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, an efficient drug delivery system based on the preparation of NT/HPMC solid dispersion using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technology was proposed. The effect of different operating parameters such as solvent, host guest ratio, concentration, temperature, and pressure on NT/HPMC was optimized to obtain dispersed particles with maximum solubility. The formed solid dispersion presents non-static spherical particles with a high surface area and small particle size. Importantly, in vitro drug release studies have demonstrated that the dissolution and solubility of NT in solid dispersion are significantly enhanced compared to pure drug. In vitro bioactivity experiments showed that the NT/HPMC solid dispersion has good biocompatibility and antibacterial performance. Thus, this study indicates that solid dispersion prepared using SAS technology are considered a promising drug delivery system.

Iron and siRNA co-encapsulated ferritin nanocages induce ferroptosis synergistically for cancer therapy

Ferroptosis has received great attention as an iron-dependent programmed cell death for efficient cancer therapy. However, with the accumulation of iron in tumor cells, the antioxidant system is activated by reducing glutathione (GSH) with glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which critically limits the ferroptosis therapeutic effect. Herein, an iron and GPX4 silencing siRNA (siGPX4) co-encapsulated ferritin nanocage (HFn@Fe/siGPX4) was developed to enhance ferroptosis by disruption of redox homeostasis and inhibition of antioxidant enzyme synergistically. The siGPX4 were loaded into the nanocages by pre-incubated with iron, which could significantly improve the loading efficiency of the gene drugs when compared with the reported gene drug loading strategy by ferritin nanocages. And more iron was overloaded into the ferritin through the diffusion method. When HFn@Fe/siGPX4 was taken up by human breast cancer cell MCF-7 in a TfR1-mediated pathway, the excess iron ions in the drug delivery system could for one thing induce ferroptosis by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), for another promote siGPX4 escaping from the lysosome to exert gene silencing effect more effectively. Both the in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that HFn@Fe/siGPX4 could significantly inhibit tumor growth by synergistical ferroptosis. Thus, the developed HFn@Fe/siGPX4 afforded a combined ferroptosis strategy for ferroptosis-based antitumor as well as a novel and efficient gene drug delivery system.

Folate-Functionalized Chitosan-PLGA Nanoparticles: A Novel approach for targeted osthole delivery in pancreatic cancer

Efficient drug delivery systems targeting cancer cells are crucial for enhancing cancer therapy. In this study, we developed PLGA nanoparticles coated with folate-conjugated chitosan (osthole-PLGA-NPs/CS-FA) to deliver osthole to cancer cells and investigated its inhibitory and molecular signaling mechanisms in the PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that osthole-PLGA-NPs/CS-FA had a spherical structure with a uniform size distribution. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed an average size of 171.76 nm, a dispersion index 0.26, and a surface charge of + 33.08 mV, indicating stability and uniform dispersion. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of osthole into the PLGA nanoparticles, with an encapsulation efficiency of 93.12 %. These physicochemical properties suggest efficient cellular uptake and targeted delivery. The antioxidant potential of osthole-PLGA-NPs/CS-FA was evaluated using the ABTS assay, showing concentration-dependent inhibition of free radicals with an IC50 value of 172.95 μg/mL. The anticancer properties were assessed using the MTT assay, demonstrating a significant and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on PANC-1 cells (IC50 = 31.2 μg/mL) with minimal impact on normal human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. DAPI staining and flow cytometry analyses confirmed a concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis in PANC-1 cells. The nanoparticles induced upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl2, indicating activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The anti-angiogenic activity of osthole-PLGA-NPs/CS-FA was evaluated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The results showed significant inhibition of angiogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner, starting at 40 μg/mL and increasing up to 120 μg/mL. In conclusion, osthole-PLGA-NPs/CS-FA nanoparticles exhibit promising potential for targeted pancreatic cancer therapy by enhancing cellular uptake, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis.

Recent Developments in Using Microneedle Patch Technology as a More Efficient Drug Delivery System for Treating Skin Photoaging.

Skin photoaging, resulting from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is characterized by intricate biological changes involving oxidative damage and structural alterations. Despite an increasing demand for effective interventions, the current therapeutic options for treating skin photoaging are limited. We discovered through literature data search on PubMed that recent research has shifted its focus to the application of microneedle patches as an innovative approach to address this concern. Microneedle patches, serving as a novel transdermal delivery system, exhibit the potential to deliver bioactive substances such as cytokines, cellular vesicles, gene fragments and even alive algae to mitigate the effects of skin photoaging. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in research about utilizing microneedle patches for the treatment of skin photoaging and potential future directions in leveraging microneedle patches as clinical therapeutic agents for skin rejuvenation. Ultimately, we believe that microneedle patches have a broader application prospect in the fields of medical cosmetology and anti-photoaging.

Beyond Creams and Gels: The Emergence of Emulgels in Pharmaceutical Science

Background: Emulgels combine the properties of emulsions and gels, offering a unique drug delivery system that enhances the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs. This study reviews recent advancements in emulgels and their potential in pharmaceutical applications. Objective: To systematically review the current state of research on emulgels, focusing on formulation techniques, characterization methods, and therapeutic applications. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies published from 2010 to 2023. Inclusion criteria included articles discussing formulation techniques, characterization, and therapeutic applications of emulgels. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Various formulation techniques, such as high-energy emulsification, phase inversion, and solvent evaporation, have been explored to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Recent advancements introduced novel methods like microfluidization and ultrasound-assisted emulsification to improve formulation efficiency. Characterization techniques, including rheological analysis, particle size determination, and drug release studies, are crucial for optimizing emulgel formulations. Several patents have been filed, reflecting innovative approaches in emulgel technology, such as incorporating nanomaterials and targeted delivery systems. Therapeutic applications of emulgels have been extensively studied in dermatology, pain management, and antimicrobial therapy, showing promising results in enhancing drug efficacy and patient compliance. Conclusion: Emulgels present a versatile and efficient drug delivery system with significant potential in various therapeutic areas. Future research should focus on the large-scale production of emulgels and their long-term stability to facilitate their transition from research to clinical practice.

How big nanoparticles carry small ones into cells: Actions captured by transmission electron microscopy

The mechanism of cellular uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) is critical for both bio-application and risk evaluation of NPs, but is still not fully understood due to many influencing factors, among which particle size is a major one. Recent studies show that there is an unusual interplay among differently-sized NPs when they simultaneously interact with cells, e.g., 100 nm silica NPs (SNP100) can promote the cellular uptake of 50 nm silica NPs (SNP50). However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Herein, we manage to capture individual endocytosis events in HeLa and A549 cells after co-exposure to SNP50 and SNP100 for 2 hours, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images clearly show that there is a size threshold for SNPs to trigger clathrin-mediated endocytosis: One single SNP100 can efficiently trigger it, while it needs about 6 SNP50 to do so. Remarkably, TEM also captures how SNP100 triggers the endocytosis and carries nearby SNP50 into cells, and statistical data show that the average number of SNP50 carried by one SNP100 could be up to about 6. In addition, the mechanism was further verified by using mixed 60 nm SNPs (SNP60) and SNP100. This mechanism has an immediate implication for the design of drug-deliver nanocarriers, and as a proof-of-concept, more catalase functionalized SNP50 (CAT@SNP50) was delivered into HeLa cells by adding some SNP100, resulting in a more severe cell damage compared to CAT@SNP50 alone under same conditions. The findings have general impact on the nanotoxicity study of NP products that commonly have certain distributions in size, and provide new insights on designing efficient drug delivery systems by deliberately control the combinations of NPs of different sizes.

Preformulation Studies of Pitavastatin Calcium– A Primary Step in Further Design of Chronotherapeutic Formulation Synchronized with Circadian Rhythm.

The principal goal and objective of this present research work were to perform a preformulation analysis of Pitavastatin calcium to produce a further stable, efficient chroomodulated drug delivery system. Pitavastatin calcium was analyzed to study its micrometric properties, equilibrium solubility profile in different media, and determination of purity by subjecting to fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, by determining the absorption maxima in the medium along with differential scanning Calorimetry- DSC. Spectral analysis of UV studies and calibration curve plotting was done for further analytical research. The melting point was analyzed, and PXRD studies were conducted to identify the crystallinity. The Pitavastatin calcium micromeritic properties were found to be good with bulk density- 0.408 g/mL, tapped density 0.476 g/mL, Carr’s index 14.2%, Hausner’s ratio 1.16 with 32.0050 angle of repose. The equilibrium solubility study indicates drug has peak solubility in media 0.1 N Hcl and reduced solubility in distilled water. The infrared spectrum indicated peaks corresponding to functional groups conforming to the purity. The UV spectrum exhibited absorption maxima at 250 nm in media 0.1N HCl and 245 in pH phosphate buffer 6.8 and in all other mediums, which is the same as the standard literature indication. The calibration curve exhibited linearity in accordance with Beer Lambert’s law. The PXRD studies produced 2θ values corresponding to pitavastatin calcium as per literature conforming to the crystallinity. The Preformulation analysis concludes that the drug was pure pitavastatin calcium with corresponding absorption maxima, an infrared spectral functional group with crystallinity. It specifies that the drug mandates the improvement of solubility for further formulation development.

Interactions of human serum albumin with phosphate and Tris buffers: impact on paclitaxel binding and nanoparticles self-assembly

Aim To investigate the conformational changes in human serum albumin (HSA) caused by chemical (CD) and thermal denaturation (TD) at pH 7.4 and 9.9, crucial for designing controlled drug delivery systems with paclitaxel (PTX). Methods Experimental and computational methods, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), UV-Vis and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), in vitro release and protein docking studies were conducted to study the HSA denaturation and nanoparticles (NPs) preparation. Results TD at pH 7.4 produced smaller NPs (287.1 ± 12.9 nm) than CD at pH 7.4 with NPs (584.2 ± 47.7 nm). TD at pH 9.9 exhibited high EE (97.3 ± 0.2%w/w) with rapid PTX release (50% within 1h), whereas at pH 7.4 (96.4 ± 2.1%w/w), release only 40%. ζ-potentials were around −30 mV. Conclusion Buffer type and pH significantly influence NP properties. TD in PBS at pH 7.4, provided optimal conditions for a stable and efficient drug delivery system.

Development and characterization of polysiloxane-based gel loaded with phytoingredients encapsulated in phytosomes for scar management.

Recent research has emphasized the development of efficient drug delivery systems to facilitate the delivery of biological compounds such as polyphenols via skin absorption. Phytozomes have been employed as carriers of plant compounds in this context Hydrogen bonding between plant polyphenols and the phospholipid phosphate group enables efficient encapsulation of potent compounds for enhanced drug delivery systems. Additionally, the strong affinity of phytosomes for the skin's phospholipids enhances skin absorption. In this study, phytosomes were initially formulated using the thin-layer hydration method After optimizing the synthetic parameters, phytosomes were loaded with Resveratrol and Quercetin for enhanced delivery and skin absorption potential to assess the characteristics of the synthesized phytosomes, tests were conducted to determine particle distribution and size, zeta potential, and examine the microstructure morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, a siloxane gel base was formulated in this study, and the stability of the physicochemical and biological properties of the final prepared nanoformulation was investigated. The results of this study indicated that the formulated phytosomes exhibit optimal characteristics for facilitating high skin penetration of resveratrol and quercetin. A high skin absorption was observed after 60 days of synthesis. Additionally, the base of the siloxane gel can play a significant role in preventing the formation of scars by reducing the passage of water vapor.

A review on nanotechnological aspects in medicinal textile

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Nanoscience and Technology has become popular and touched almost every branch of science and technology. Textile engineering is also not exception. Various nanoparticles are being used in smart textiles and technical textile products. Medical textile is an important area and have much opportunities for innovation and discoveries. Therefore, nanomaterials are used in medical textiles to have exotic properties. Herein we have discussed several methods for the characterization of materials at nanoscale. The common spectroscopic techniques like UV-Visible spectroscopy and microscopic techniques like scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope routinely used in material characterization are discussed in detail. In the last section of the article we discussed various applications of nanomaterials in modern medical textile. The nanomaterials are used in surgical gowns, sanitary napkins, UV protection appliances, antimicrobial coating, sutures etc. Some advanced nanomaterials can be used in disease diagnosis, flame retardants, efficient drug delivery systems etc.</span></p>

Flow and heat transfer of non-miscible micropolar and Newtonian fluid in porous channel sandwiched between parallel plates

An analytical approach has been considered to inspect the flow and heat transfer of immiscible Newtonian and micropolar fluid in a porous medium. This study aims to elucidate the Darcy effect on the model in which isotropic porous regions with different permeability are used. The model of the current problem explains that the flow region is divided into two regions: Newtonian fluid flows in the upper layer, and micropolar fluid flows in the lower layer. Different constant temperatures imposed at boundary walls, heat transfer does not affect the pressure gradient. The governing equations are solved analytically by applying a linear differential equation (LDE). The effect of associated physical parameters such as material parameter, Darcy number, Eckert number, Prandtl number, and viscosity ratio on velocity, micro-rotation, heat transfer, flow rate, heat transfer rate, wall shear stress, and Nusselt number have been inspected. The most significant finding of this research work is that increasing the Darcy number signifies enhanced permeability, resulting in a higher flow rate. The heat transfer rate at the top occurs maximum when the material parameter’s range is minimum while raising the viscosity ratio leads to an increasing heat transfer rate at the bottom. Enhancement in material parameter influences Nusselt number and decreases in nature. The findings of our study are verified with the previously established results. The present work has a setup that is useful in petroleum extraction, transport problems in reservoir rock of an oil field, improving nutrient transport and thermal regulation in tissue engineering, and designing more efficient drug delivery systems and biomedical devices.